Izvestia of Smolensk State University最新文献_第8页

Taboo Language as a Means of the Category of Impoliteness in the English Language 禁忌语作为英语不礼貌范畴的一种手段

Izvestia of Smolensk State University Pub Date : 2023-04-12 DOI: 10.35785/2072-9464-2022-60-4-106-115

{"title":"Taboo Language as a Means of the Category of Impoliteness \u0000in the English Language","authors":"","doi":"10.35785/2072-9464-2022-60-4-106-115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2022-60-4-106-115","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers means of the linguistic category of impoliteness, and the research is based on the pragmatic approach in linguistics. Impoliteness is associated with the so-called communicative sabotage, behavior violating communicative norms. To interpret the speaker’s verbal behavior one should judge not only by the wording, but take into consideration the communicative situation, which, in some cases, is of paramount importance. In the research, impoliteness \u0000is understood as a language used to offend or / and is perceived as offensive. But the analysis touches upon the instances with marked vocabulary, which cause damage to the addressee. All the tabooed words in English are classified into four big semantic groups. The first group includes the semes related to the Christian \u0000religion that used to be associated with blasphemy but now have lost their initial capacity, especially among teenagers. The second group embraces roots with the meaning ‘sexual relations,’ ‘excretion’ but nowadays they lack their original status in most contexts and mostly perform the function of catharsis. The third group is mentioned as zoovocatives and, according to the research, are used to diminish the addressee’s importance, to rise in the estimation of the public. The last group comprises the words with the seme ‘blood’ which no longer refers to Jesus’s blood and has undergone desemantization. It mostly performs expletive function – emphasizes the speaker’s negative emotions.","PeriodicalId":211127,"journal":{"name":"Izvestia of Smolensk State University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131000546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Development of Military Medicine in the Era of the «Military Revolution in Europe» in France 法国“欧洲军事革命”时期军事医学的发展

Izvestia of Smolensk State University Pub Date : 2023-04-12 DOI: 10.35785/2072-9464-2022-60-4-208-227

{"title":"The Development of Military Medicine in the Era of the «Military Revolution in Europe» in France","authors":"","doi":"10.35785/2072-9464-2022-60-4-208-227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2022-60-4-208-227","url":null,"abstract":"The subject of the study is the main aspects of the formation of the military medical service of the French Kingdom of the epoch of the Great Century. The purpose of the review is to demonstrate the integration of the Institute of military Medicine into the ideological machine of the Sun King. The author pays attention to the political, economic and socio-cultural aspects of this process, which took place against the background of the formation of absolutism as a military-political concept. \u0000The author demonstrates the transformation of military medicine as a specific sociocultural practice into an integral part of the life of the French army of the era of the military revolution, which was primarily an element of propaganda, which was associated with the regular actualization of the thesis that the actions of doctors are an act of goodwill on the part of the crown, as well as the supply of units, clothing provisions and ammunition. This increased the morale of the troops, despite the removal \u0000from the camps of the baggage women, who had already received the idyllic name \"Aphrodite's army\" at that time. The characterized phenomenon is presented in the article as an example of the instrumentalization of the ancient (in particular, the Ro- \u0000man heritage), which is an integral part of the transformation of the military and political mechanisms of European political states. In many ways, an unobvious manifestation of this process is the widespread introduction of the simplest sanitary and hygienic standards into army use, such as, for example, the use of a block system for the location of the main components of the camp, which made its structure more orderly and efficient.","PeriodicalId":211127,"journal":{"name":"Izvestia of Smolensk State University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133006878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Structure and Functions of the Chronotope in Oleg Ermakov's Travelogue Novel «The Song of Tungus» 试论奥列格·叶尔马可夫游记《通古斯之歌》中计时盘的结构与功能

Izvestia of Smolensk State University Pub Date : 2023-04-12 DOI: 10.35785/2072-9464-2022-60-4-36-46

V. Suchov

{"title":"The Structure and Functions of the Chronotope \u0000in Oleg Ermakov's Travelogue Novel «The Song of Tungus»","authors":"V. Suchov","doi":"10.35785/2072-9464-2022-60-4-36-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2022-60-4-36-46","url":null,"abstract":"The subject of the study in the article is the chronotope and the features of its functioning in Oleg Ermakov's travelogue novel «The Song of Tungus» (2017). The purpose of the study is to identify and classify the types of chronotopes characteristic \u0000of the author's work, to show their structure and role in the representation of the author's picture of the world. Oleg Ermakov's travelogue is based on the opposition \u0000of the event and historical and cultural chronotope associated with the ancient traditions and rituals of the Evenks. Аt the event level, the novel «Song of Tungus» represents two parallel developing storylines: the wanderings of a hereditary Evenk, \u0000later a «fugitive criminal», Mishka Malchakitov and the story of a young forester Oleg Shustov, who escaped from the army and the world of civilization to the edge of pristine nature. However, the historical and cultural chronotope is above the event chronotope, which is based on the idea of finding a homeland-paradise and its true purpose. It is he who represents the spiritual journey of the hero. Oleg Ermakov's novel is polyphonic. Different types of characters are shown here, and many of them have their own journey, their own path to the cherished goal, either inscribed in the mythopoetic tradition, or existing separately from it. For example, Dmitriev's goal – to become the director of the reserve – is fundamentally different from the goal of Shustov and similar young ascetics who seek to create a model of an ideal reserve. \u0000This line is especially vividly demonstrated in the third part of the novel, where the author renounces monosubjectivity and a «chorus of voices» sounds.","PeriodicalId":211127,"journal":{"name":"Izvestia of Smolensk State University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114553555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Apple as an Object and Subject of the Image (on the Question of Studying the Phenomenon in Poetic Speech 苹果作为意象的客体和主体(论诗歌言语现象研究问题)

Izvestia of Smolensk State University Pub Date : 2023-04-12 DOI: 10.35785/2072-9464-2022-60-4-46-54

E. Balashova, Mayorova Anastasia

{"title":"The Apple as an Object and Subject of the Image \u0000(on the Question of Studying the Phenomenon in Poetic Speech","authors":"E. Balashova, Mayorova Anastasia","doi":"10.35785/2072-9464-2022-60-4-46-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2022-60-4-46-54","url":null,"abstract":"In the article the apple acts as a semiotic code containing significant cultural meanings that speak of universal gravity: the biblical story of Adam and Eve echoes the story of Newtonian discovery. Also, using some specific texts of poets of the \u0000XX–XXI centuries in their historical and cultural dynamics (G. Semenov, E. Kasyan, V. Polozkova), the interaction of the image of the apple with such levels of the work as the symbolic system, the image of the hero is investigated. The invariant presence of \u0000the apple in people's lives is solved individually in each of the poetic testimonies. The dialogical relations between man and apple are cannot be ignored: each of the poets \u0000depicts them from a special angle. Thanks to the comparative typological method, it became possible to identify common and variable properties of the image. \u0000As for the degree of elaboration of this image in Russian literature, it is necessary to note here a very wide range of issues related to the hero's attitude to the apple, which are subjected to poetic – not scientific analysis. Directly or indirectly, seriously or ironically, the image of the apple is interpreted more and more often by poets, but not by literary critics. \u0000The relevance of the work is due to the fact that its topic is at the intersection of very extensive cultural spheres currently being developed by modern humanities. Secondly, this study is directly related to such a theoretical problem as an ambiguous \u0000approach to the selection of a lyrical subject and object in a poetic text. \u0000The methodology of the research is based on the classical works of Russian scientists devoted to the immanent analysis of the poetic text.","PeriodicalId":211127,"journal":{"name":"Izvestia of Smolensk State University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122603136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Image of King in «Norna-gests þáttr»: the Epic Chieftain and the King from Chronicles 国王的形象在«Norna-gests þáttr»:史诗酋长和国王从编年史

Izvestia of Smolensk State University Pub Date : 2023-04-12 DOI: 10.35785/2072-9464-2022-60-4-178-190

Anna Malkova

引用次数: 0

Imagine Standards of Russian Comparisons Describing the World of Objects 想象一下俄文比较的标准描述物体的世界

Izvestia of Smolensk State University Pub Date : 2023-04-12 DOI: 10.35785/2072-9464-2022-60-4-54-65

{"title":"Imagine Standards of Russian Comparisons \u0000Describing the World of Objects","authors":"","doi":"10.35785/2072-9464-2022-60-4-54-65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2022-60-4-54-65","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the features of the system of image standards of Russian stable comparisons that characterize objects which surround people. The classification of standards considers different criteria: the component composition of units, their thematic belonging, their potential complexity for foreign students. Image standards are divided into 35 thematic groups, which include sections and subgroups. The thematic subgroup of standards describing paradoxical situations is described in detail. Semantic models for the construction of standards related to the \u0000variant-synomistic series of phraseological units of this group are given. The standards that can be used with different bases of comparison are considered separately, the most popular of them are highlighted. The standards are also divided by structural features, single-component and multi-component units are singled out. The data of the analysis of the units functioning in context are presented. Also the experiment results, the purpose of which was to identify the most common and relevant standards \u0000of comparison for native speakers are given. \u0000The results of the study can be used in the preparation of an educational \u0000linguoculturological dictionary or a stratified manual, as well as in practical \u0000classes in Russian as a foreign language.","PeriodicalId":211127,"journal":{"name":"Izvestia of Smolensk State University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121033609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Statics and Dynamics of Description in S.T. Coleridge’s Poem «The Rime of the Ancient Mariner» 柯勒律治诗歌《古水手咏》中描写的静态与动态

Izvestia of Smolensk State University Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.35785/2072-9464-2022-59-3-118-129

I. Zinoveva

{"title":"Statics and Dynamics of Description \u0000in S.T. Coleridge’s Poem «The Rime of the Ancient Mariner»","authors":"I. Zinoveva","doi":"10.35785/2072-9464-2022-59-3-118-129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2022-59-3-118-129","url":null,"abstract":"The research task is to study the nature of the correlation of the three main parts of speech in the text of the poem by S.T. Coleridge’s «The Rime of the Ancient Mariner», one of the first poetic works of English romanticism. Part-of-speech features are involved in the study, reflecting the nominality and nature of \u0000the description: nouns, verbs and adjectives. \u0000The study uses both directly observed frequencies and indexes reflecting them. The absolute frequency numbers of nouns, verbs, and adjectives recorded in each part have been normalized through dividing by the number of words in \u0000each part, which made it possible to obtain comparable data for parts of the poem that differ significantly in volume. \u0000A number of statistical procedures are used for the analysis: Busemann \u0000coefficients, and the coefficient of variation, chi-square test. Their application made it possible to determine the relationship between statics and dynamics in the text. A power function is used to reflect the frequency distribution of nouns, \u0000which proved to be very successful for this material. It allows us to determine the \u0000degree of nominalization of various parts in the poem. \u0000The results of the study indicate a fairly high stability of Coleridge’s style within the framework of the poem in terms of nominalization and dynamics of description. In addition, the article notes strong prevalence of the dynamic description over the static one.","PeriodicalId":211127,"journal":{"name":"Izvestia of Smolensk State University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114659401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Subject Plot Symbolism in Armenian Proverbs 亚美尼亚谚语中的主题情节象征主义

Izvestia of Smolensk State University Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.35785/2072-9464-2022-59-3-80-89

V. Karasik

引用次数: 0

Solution of the Personnel Issue in the City Police of the Russian Empire at the End of the 18th – the First Qarter of the 19th Centuries: Normative and Legal Regulation 18世纪末至19世纪上半叶俄罗斯帝国城市警察人员问题的解决:规范与法律规制

Izvestia of Smolensk State University Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.35785/2072-9464-2022-59-3-155-168

S. Chikov

{"title":"Solution of the Personnel Issue in the City Police of the Russian Empire at the End of the 18th – the First Qarter of the 19th Centuries: Normative and Legal Regulation","authors":"S. Chikov","doi":"10.35785/2072-9464-2022-59-3-155-168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2022-59-3-155-168","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the evolution of the legislation of the Russian Empire \u0000in the field of personnel policy in the city police of the declared period. When \u0000considering the degree of the problem under study, special attention is paid to \u0000modern historiography. The source base of the study is represented mainly by the \u0000legal acts of the Russian Empire at the end of the 18th – the quarter third of the \u000019th centuries. \u0000The analysis of legal documents allowed the author to conclude that the \u0000dynamics of personnel policy in the field of work of city police in the late 18th – \u0000first quarter of the 19th centuries were aimed at strengthening public order and \u0000security. At the same time, the maintenance of the city police was shifted to the local authorities. A special role in the appointment of officer ranks in the city \u0000police was played by the Committee of August 18, 1814. \u0000It is noted that the following circumstances had an inhibitory effect on the \u0000implementation of an effective personnel policy in the field of public order. \u0000Firstly, the class structure of society limited the opportunities for recruiting and \u0000promotion of people from the unprivileged classes, which was also reflected in \u0000the different approaches to working with officers and lower ranks. Secondly, the \u0000solution to the problems of the city police was seen in increasing its staffing, and \u0000not in strengthening its material base, raising salaries, improving training and \u0000retraining of personnel.","PeriodicalId":211127,"journal":{"name":"Izvestia of Smolensk State University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125088744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Burgomasters as Representatives of the Merchant Elite of a Russian Provincial Town in the 18th Century (Based on the Materials of Vyazma) 18世纪俄国省城商人精英的代表——市长(基于维亚济马史料)

Izvestia of Smolensk State University Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.35785/2072-9464-2022-59-3-139-154

Elena Bespalenok

{"title":"Burgomasters as Representatives of the Merchant Elite of a Russian Provincial Town in the 18th Century (Based on the Materials of Vyazma)","authors":"Elena Bespalenok","doi":"10.35785/2072-9464-2022-59-3-139-154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2022-59-3-139-154","url":null,"abstract":"The article explores the life of a Russian provincial town of the 18th century \u0000on the basis of anthropological and systemic approaches. In particular, an attempt \u0000is made to find out who were the people elected by the inhabitants of Russian cities \u0000from their community to the position of burgomasters. Based on the analysis of doc- \u0000uments of the 17th and 18th centuries that are stored mainly in the funds of the Rus- \u0000sian State Archive of Ancient Acts, the origin of the Vyazma burgomasters has been \u0000clarified and the entrepreneurial activity of their ancestors and themselves has been \u0000investigated. The focus was on the problem of upholding the interests of the town citizens by the burgomasters in various conflict situations. The work considers the \u0000relations of burgomasters with the township society in general and with individual merchants in particular. A certain place is occupied by the study of the burgomasters’ \u0000personal qualities, which could affect the performance of their duties. The article has investigated accusations of their abuse by the town citizens. Our special attention is paid to the study of the conflict of the burgomaster F.T. Yudichev with residents of Vyazma. We have studied the issue of the participation of \u0000burgomasters and their close relatives in the construction of Vyazma temples, which makes it possible to identify this type of charitable activity as a way to increase the authority of these merchants among the urban community.","PeriodicalId":211127,"journal":{"name":"Izvestia of Smolensk State University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134061610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0