Thomas Essinger-Hileman, Danny Chmaytelli, Trevor Oxholm, Tatsat Parekh, Gage Siebert, Eric R Switzer, Joseph Watson, Alyssa Barlis, Emily M Barrentine, Jeffrey Beeman, Christine Chung, Paul Cursey, Sumit Dahal, Rahul Datta, Negar Ehsan, Jason Glenn, Joseph Golec, Andrew Lennon, Luke N Lowe, Jeffrey McMahon, Maryam Rahmani, Peter Timbie, Bruce Tretheway, Carole Tucker, Carolyn Volpert, Edward J Wollack
{"title":"Design and implementation of optics for the experiment for cryogenic large-aperture intensity mapping (EXCLAIM).","authors":"Thomas Essinger-Hileman, Danny Chmaytelli, Trevor Oxholm, Tatsat Parekh, Gage Siebert, Eric R Switzer, Joseph Watson, Alyssa Barlis, Emily M Barrentine, Jeffrey Beeman, Christine Chung, Paul Cursey, Sumit Dahal, Rahul Datta, Negar Ehsan, Jason Glenn, Joseph Golec, Andrew Lennon, Luke N Lowe, Jeffrey McMahon, Maryam Rahmani, Peter Timbie, Bruce Tretheway, Carole Tucker, Carolyn Volpert, Edward J Wollack","doi":"10.1063/5.0246814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0246814","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This work describes the design and implementation of optics for EXCLAIM, the EXperiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping. EXCLAIM is a balloon-borne telescope that will measure integrated line emission from carbon monoxide at redshifts z < 1 and ionized carbon ([CII]) at redshifts z = 2.5 - 3.5 to probe star formation over cosmic time in cross-correlation with galaxy redshift surveys. The EXCLAIM instrument is designed to observe at frequencies of 420-540 GHz using six microfabricated silicon integrated spectrometers with spectral resolving power R = 512 coupled to kinetic inductance detectors. A completely cryogenic telescope cooled to a temperature below 5 K provides low-background observations between narrow atmospheric lines in the stratosphere. Off-axis reflective optics use a 90-cm primary mirror to provide 4.2' full-width at half-maximum resolution at the center of the EXCLAIM band over a field of view of 22.5'. Illumination of the 1.7 K cold stop combined with blackened baffling at multiple places in the optical system ensures low (<-40 dB) edge illumination of the primary to minimize spill onto warmer elements at the top of the dewar.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"MEMS infrared light source stress optimization and reliable package design.","authors":"Xuesong Teng, Shenglin Yu, Cun Fang","doi":"10.1063/5.0230236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0230236","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aiming at the effects caused by stress and deformation on Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) sensors, the stress distribution in the radiation area of the MEMS infrared light source is investigated, and by simulating and optimizing the thickness of the composite support film of the chip structure in COMSOL, a film layer thickness matching with lower stress and deformation for the MEMS infrared light source is derived. The utilization of the particle swarm algorithm and backpropagation neural network model allowed for the optimization of simulation data, enabling regression prediction over a broader range of thicknesses and providing a more precise depiction of the stress distribution trend. In addition, the specifications of the MEMS device help us to analyze the design of the support film thickness in the processing of the residual stress within the controllable range. To ensure the long-term stability and functionality of MEMS infrared light source chips in harsh environments, a comprehensive set of packaging schemes has been devised. Through simulations, it has been demonstrated that these packaging schemes effectively enhance the thermal efficiency of the light source while mitigating thermal stress and deformation that may arise during its operation. Consequently, this packaged configuration proves to be more advantageous for the sensor's normal operation under challenging conditions such as rain and temperature fluctuations, as compared to utilizing a bare chip. Finally, the manufacturing flow and layout design for the MEMS infrared light source chip are provided to guide the process of chip fabrication.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142932347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xin Zhou, Qingfei Shen, Xinhua Pang, Yao Yao, Wei Tang, Yan Zhang, Hongyan Huo, Tong Wu
{"title":"The investigation of specific absorption rate measurement system for intelligent connected vehicles and its uncertainty analysis.","authors":"Xin Zhou, Qingfei Shen, Xinhua Pang, Yao Yao, Wei Tang, Yan Zhang, Hongyan Huo, Tong Wu","doi":"10.1063/5.0233227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0233227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radiation from wireless communication devices inside intelligent connected vehicles has been an expeditious growth of concern regarding possible adverse effects on human health. Due to the significant differences in the working scenarios compared to traditional mobile products, the traditional measuring systems of specific absorption rate (SAR) are not applicable to in-vehicle scenarios. This paper has developed a SAR measurement system and a SAR measurement method, which are suitable for in-vehicle scenarios. Since the measurement hardware and methods are significantly different from traditional systems, it is necessary to assess the measurement uncertainty for the new measurement system. Due to the significant influence of tissue fluid on the SAR, this paper focuses on analyzing the relationship between tissue fluid and SAR. Based on the validated electromagnetic simulation model, linear and quadratic fitting models reflecting the relationship between tissue fluid properties and SAR are established. Then, the uncertainty propagation was realized using both the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement and MCM (Monte Carlo Method) through these models. The results of uncertainty analysis were analyzed in combination with the fitting error. The results of the analyses show that the fitting error of the quadratic measurement model is smaller because there is no simple linear relationship between the tissue fluid properties and the SAR values, and thus, it is more reasonable to use the MCM method to evaluate the uncertainty.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142932351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olivia McCubbin Stepanic, Christopher J Pollock, Kara A Zielinski, William Foschi, Derek B Rice, Lois Pollack, Serena DeBeer
{"title":"Implementation of simultaneous ultraviolet/visible and x-ray absorption spectroscopy with microfluidics.","authors":"Olivia McCubbin Stepanic, Christopher J Pollock, Kara A Zielinski, William Foschi, Derek B Rice, Lois Pollack, Serena DeBeer","doi":"10.1063/5.0218572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0218572","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>X-ray spectroscopies are uniquely poised to describe the geometric and electronic structure of metalloenzyme active sites under a wide variety of sample conditions. UV/Vis (ultraviolet/visible) spectroscopy is a similarly well-established technique that can identify and quantify catalytic intermediates. The work described here reports the first simultaneous collection of full in situ UV/Vis and high-energy resolution fluorescence detected x-ray absorption spectra. Implementation of a fiber optic UV/Vis spectrometer and parabolic mirror setup inside the dual array valence emission spectrometer allowing for simultaneous measurement of microfluidic flow and mixing samples at the Photon-In Photon-Out X-ray Spectroscopy beamline is described, and initial results on ferricyanide and a dilute iron protein are presented. In conjunction with advanced microfluidic mixing techniques, this will allow for the measurement and quantification of highly reactive catalytic intermediates at reaction-relevant temperatures on the millisecond timescale while avoiding potential complications induced by freeze quenching samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142954088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigation of a flat-type piezoelectric motor using in-plane vibrations.","authors":"Chong Li, Cunyue Lu","doi":"10.1063/5.0219784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0219784","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper presents a flat-type piezoelectric motor utilizing in-plane vibration modes. Two piezoelectric ceramic plates in combination with a brass metal sheet were used to construct the stator. The superposition of two second order in-plane vibration modes can generate a traveling-wave inside the stator. The greatest advantage of the proposed motor lies in its sheet structure configuration, which significantly reduces the overall size of piezoelectric motors exploiting in-plane vibrations, particularly in terms of thickness. Meanwhile, the stator also demonstrates greater vibration displacements when compared to higher-order operating modes. Through discussing the impact of stator structure parameters on the vibration deflection angle θ, the excitation ways of operating modes were investigated. Subsequently, the finite element method was utilized to explore both the static and dynamic vibration properties of the stator. Simulation results suggest that at a steady state, stator driving points achieve vibrations at the micro-meter level, satisfying actual application requirements. Finally, a prototype motor was fabricated. Driven by two-phase alternating voltage with a frequency of 69.4 kHz, the no-load speed and stall torque of the prototype motor are 52 rpm and 3.2 mN m, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142954089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advanced measurement methods for high-power gallium nitride high electron mobility transistors.","authors":"Lu-Lu Wang, Wen-Rao Fang, Wen-Hua Huang, Zhi-Qiang Yang, Guang-Jian Deng, Chang-Kun Liu, Juan Zhao","doi":"10.1063/5.0226247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0226247","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The testing and modeling of semiconductor devices are the foundation of circuit design. The issue of high-power device testing urgently needs to be solved as the power level of the devices under test (DUTs) increases. This work proposes advanced measurement methods based on three aspects of \"measuring capability, security, and stability\" with a focus on the features of high output power, easy self-oscillation in mismatch tests, and safety risk in the measurement system of high-power transistors. In this paper, the wideband limiter and bias filter network are innovatively introduced to improve the stability and security of the measurement circuit. Meanwhile, the output signal of the DUT is suggested to be measured using a spectrum analyzer before the test to avoid damage to the circuit caused by the possible self-oscillation of the transistor. Moreover, an efficient test system of current parameters and S-parameters is developed, with coaxial fixtures offered to boost the test power capacity and cascade bridges adapted to satisfy the pulse operating conditions. Finally, based on the improved test methods, a gallium nitride high electron mobility transistor (GaN HEMT) with a gate width of 400 × 32 μm and a power density of roughly 10 W/mm was tested. A relatively complete I-V curve and a S-parameter curve were obtained, demonstrating the effectiveness and applicability of the improved methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143053452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aalok U Gaitonde, Justin A Weibel, Amy M Marconnet
{"title":"Range and accuracy of in-plane anisotropic thermal conductivity measurement using the laser-based Ångstrom method.","authors":"Aalok U Gaitonde, Justin A Weibel, Amy M Marconnet","doi":"10.1063/5.0238285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0238285","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High heat fluxes in electronic devices must be effectively dissipated to prevent local hotspots, which are critical for long-term device reliability. In particular, advanced semiconductor packaging trends toward thin form factor products increase the need for understanding and improving in-plane conduction heat spreading in anisotropic materials. The 2D laser-based Ångstrom method, an extension of traditional Ångstrom and lock-in thermography techniques, measures in-plane thermal properties of anisotropic sheet-like materials. This method uses non-contact infrared temperature mapping to measure the thermal response to periodic laser heating at the center of a suspended sample. The spatiotemporal temperature data are analyzed via an inverse fitting algorithm to extract thermal conductivities in the in-plane orthotropic directions that best adhere to the governing heat conduction equation. Using this algorithm, we present an approach to simultaneously fit data across multiple heating frequencies, which improves measurement sensitivity because the thermal penetration depth varies with frequency. The accuracy of this technique is assessed by tuning experimental parameters such as sample dimensions and heating frequency. A standardized workflow is proposed for measuring unknown materials and for processing the data, including filtering out regions influenced by laser absorption and heat sink boundary effects. Numerical simulations validate the method across a wide range of thermal conductivities (0.1-1000 W m-1 K-1) and material thicknesses (0.1-10 mm), with accuracy demonstrated for anisotropy ratios up to 1000:1. Experimental measurements on isotropic and anisotropic materials agree well with the benchmark values. Ultimately, standardization of this technique supports the development of engineered anisotropic heat-spreading materials for thermal management and packaging applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143010754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A new centrifugal hypergravity piston cylinder apparatus.","authors":"Muhua Jia, Yinqi Li, Yunmin Chen, Shufeng Yang, Bingjing Qiu","doi":"10.1063/5.0242255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0242255","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hypergravity high-temperature and high-pressure experiments are a powerful tool for studying geological processes over long periods. A new centrifugal hypergravity piston cylinder apparatus has been developed for beam centrifuge. The unique design of this centrifugal hypergravity piston cylinder apparatus is that the hydraulic system and the press are relatively independent. A maximum pressure of 31 kbar was reached, based on pressure calibrations using the melting curve of NaCl and the phase transition of quartz to coesite. The temperature distribution within the cell assembly was investigated by two thermocouples over a temperature range of 500-1300 °C. The hypergravity experiments were successfully carried out up to 120 g over the pressure and temperature ranges of 5-30 kbar and 500-1300 °C, respectively. The centrifugal hypergravity piston cylinder technique has been successfully applied to measure the viscosity of silicate melt, and it also can be applied to reproduce the geological evolution of the deep Earth.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143010815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D P Kapasi, T G McRae, J Eichholz, P A Altin, D E McClelland, B J J Slagmolen
{"title":"Low-vibration cryogenic test facility for next generation of ground-based gravitational-wave observatories.","authors":"D P Kapasi, T G McRae, J Eichholz, P A Altin, D E McClelland, B J J Slagmolen","doi":"10.1063/5.0236965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0236965","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present the design and commissioning of a cryogenic low-vibration test facility that measures displacement noise from a gram-scale silicon cantilever at the level of 10-16m/Hz at 1 kHz. This sensitivity is necessary for future tests of thermal noise models on cross sections of silicon suspension samples proposed for future gravitational-wave detectors. A volume of ∼36 l is enclosed by radiation shields cooling an optical test cavity that is suspended from a multi-stage pendulum chain providing isolation from acoustic and environmental noise. This 3 kg test cavity housing a crystalline silicon cantilever is radiatively cooled to 123 K in 41 h and held at that temperature over many months with a relative temperature stability of ±1 mK. The facility housing the test cavity is sensitive to cavity length changes, which can resolve thermal fluctuations at the desired sensitivity. It is capable of interferometrically measuring temperature-dependent broadband displacement noise directly between 50 Hz and 10 kHz, where current and future ground-based gravitational wave observatories are the most sensitive. With a suitable cantilever design, the cryogenic facility we describe here will allow for the measurement of broadband thermal noise in crystalline silicon at 123 K. This will guide the design of suspensions in planned future cryogenic ground-based gravitational-wave detectors such as LIGO Voyager and may have implications for suspensions in the Einstein Telescope. This facility is also suitable for the testing of new mirror coatings at cryogenic temperatures.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143010828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pulse power supply based on Marx-pulse transformer hybrid architecture with MOSFET-resistor-diode magnetic reset control method for dielectric barrier discharge application.","authors":"Caiyong Zou, Yunfeng Jiang, Yajun Zhao, Shanshan Jin, Zhi Fang","doi":"10.1063/5.0237906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0237906","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanosecond pulse power has many driving advantages in the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) application field, including better discharge effect, higher discharge efficiency, and lower electrode temperature. A high-voltage pulse voltage power supply (HV-PVPS) with a multi-turn ratio linear pulse transformer (PT) based on Marx circuit and PT topologies are suitable for most DBD plasma applications with fewer expansion modules, lower cost, smaller volume, and higher reliability comparing with the all-solid-state Marx nanosecond pulse power supply. However, during the process of DBD driven by an HV-PVPS based on Marx and PT topologies, the PT is prone to magnetic core saturation, which limits the application for DBD. This paper proposes a novel MOSFET-resistor-diode (MRD) reset method based on the Marx switching control logic to solve the problem. Not only can this novel method solve the problem of magnetic core saturation but also can improve some critical parameters of the plasma discharge so that it enhances the strength of the discharge and augments the number of charged particles in the discharge space. This paper establishes a multi-module Marx-PT system model with an MRD magnetic reset branch. It proposes a control method for the model to improve the performance and efficiency of the system. Finally, a 15 kV HV-PVPS prototype is built to verify the effectiveness of the proposed MRD PT magnetic reset method. The average pulse power output of the whole prototype is greatly improved, and it can achieve an average pulse power output of 400 W. Furthermore, the electrode loads of different DBD reactors can be driven well.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143010751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}