Review of Scientific Instruments最新文献

{"title":"Visualization of energetic electron loss channels of electron cyclotron heating (ECH) plasma in ring trap 1 (RT-1) using an x-ray CCD camera.","authors":"H Saitoh, S Aoyagi, K Watanabe, R Ishikawa, K Ueda, N Kenmochi, M Nishiura","doi":"10.1063/5.0355015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0355015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An x-ray CCD camera was installed on RT-1, a dipole magnetic field device with a magnetically levitated superconducting (SC) coil. The diagnostic was used to investigate the loss channels of energetic electrons in electron cyclotron heating plasmas by imaging bremsstrahlung x rays generated at material surfaces. The camera views a region including the SC coil case and the coil elevator structures and has sensitivity to photons in the energy range of ∼1-12 keV. It can, therefore, visualize locations where energetic electrons, which produce a major fraction of the plasma pressure, are lost to metallic surfaces. Initial measurements were performed under mechanically supported, partially levitated, and fully levitated coil conditions. In the mechanically supported case, intense localized x-ray emission was observed from the support structure located in the relatively low-field region, indicating that this structure is the dominant energetic-electron loss surface. Magnetic levitation strongly reduced the localized emission and revealed a weaker ring-shaped loss region near the inner surface of the SC coil. Test particle orbit calculations were consistent with the observed x-ray emission patterns and qualitatively reproduced the upward shift of the energetic electron loss locations under the partially levitated condition. These observations demonstrate that energetic-electron losses in mechanically supported dipole plasmas are strongly influenced by the magnetic connectivity between the ECR region and exposed support structures. The results highlight the importance of considering energetic-electron orbit losses, in addition to mechanical constraints, when designing coil-support structures for higher-field dipole devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149114606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tungsten impurity behaviors from x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer on Korea superconducting tokamak advanced research (KSTAR).","authors":"S G Lee","doi":"10.1063/5.0345810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0345810","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Highly charged tungsten impurity behaviors measured from the x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer (XICS) utilizing a double crystal assembly (DCA) for the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) are studied. The XICS equipped with the DCA can provide multiple impurity lines depending on the electron temperature and discharge conditions since the measurable wavelength range is wide, from 3.9480-4.0250 Å from the first quartz (110) crystal to 3.6650-3.7350 Å from the second quartz (102) crystal. Therefore, XICS is used to investigate impurity identification within the measurable wavelength range, including tungsten lines, since the full W tiles in the lower diverter are installed in KSTAR. A reduction of highly charged W radiation following electron cyclotron heating (ECH) termination is observed in KSTAR plasmas where the strike points face the W divertor with a lower power on-axis ECH injection.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149196243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of radial electron density and temperature profile in the Wendelstein 7-X scrape off layer using the new outboard midplane thermal helium beam diagnostic.","authors":"Foisal B T Siddiki, M Krychowiak, O Schmitz, M Vécsei, A Knieps, F Henke, D Gradic, Y Boumendjel, C Killer, A Pandey","doi":"10.1063/5.0350709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0350709","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A new helium beam diagnostic has been implemented at the outboard midplane of the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) to measure edge plasma parameters in the scrape-off layer (SOL). The system provides localized measurements of electron density (ne) and temperature (Te) through spectroscopic observation of atomic helium emission lines combined with a collisional radiative model (CRM) with a radial spatial resolution of 4.5 mm. A gaseous beam of neutral helium atoms is injected radially into the plasma, and the resulting line emission is collected using a Schmidt Czerny Turner spectrometer. In this work, we discuss the successful implementation of the diagnostic, including the optical setup, data acquisition, and the analysis approach to obtain the ne(R, t) and Te(R, t) profiles using an advanced CRM. The diagnostic is benchmarked against a colocated alkali beam diagnostic and compared with other edge diagnostics, including the Multipurpose Manipulator, divertor Langmuir probes, and the divertor helium beam. These comparisons show that the midplane helium beam measurements are consistent with the expected edge plasma parameter range. A magnetic field line mapping methodology has also been established to enable cross-diagnostic comparisons in the three-dimensional island SOL geometry of W7-X. First, measurements from recent experimental campaigns demonstrate that the diagnostic can resolve radial ne and Te profiles in the main SOL region, providing a new capability for characterizing edge transport in W7-X.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149169755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cauchois x-ray spectrometer sensitivity variation as 1/R with distance from the source.","authors":"John Seely, Jack Glover, Albert Henins, Csilla I Szabo, Maylis Dozieres","doi":"10.1063/5.0348457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0348457","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High resolution molybdenum K-shell spectra were recorded by a Cauchois x-ray spectrometer as a function of the distance from the source. The intensities of the Mo Kα1 and Kα2 spectral lines near 17.4 keV energy were found to vary inversely with distance (1/R) from the crystal to the x-ray source at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m. The spectrometer consists of a cylindrically bent transmission crystal and an image plate detector placed on the Rowland circle where the spectral lines are focused. Ray tracing indicates the 1/R intensity variation results from the collection and focusing of the spectral lines on the Rowland circle detector and the divergence of rays in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the Rowland circle. This enhanced signal, compared to non-focusing instruments (1/R2), results in higher signal levels that are particularly important in applications where the spectrometer is far from the source, such as at pulsed-power and laser-driven fusion energy facilities where debris mitigation is an issue.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148977994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exact computation of lock-in amplifier outputs for arbitrary frequency modulations using Gauss-Chebyshev quadrature.","authors":"Dennis Lönard, Stefan Johansson, Alena Erlenbach, Jonas Gutsche, Artur Widera","doi":"10.1063/5.0340771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0340771","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The technique of lock-in amplification is widely used across many fields to separate a signal from a noisy background. The mathematical descriptions of frequency-modulated signals are, however, often approximated in a regime of small modulation deviation, potentially leading to inaccurate calculations of optimal modulation parameters. Here, we present an approximation-free numerical approach based on Gauss-Chebyshev quadrature that is able to calculate the lock-in amplifier output for any modulation type, modulation function, input signal, and modulation deviation. Our numerical technique is exact, straightforward, fast to compute, and general for any lock-in-amplified experiment. We apply our findings as an example to nitrogen-vacancy center-based magnetometry and use them to determine the optimal modulation parameters for this use case. Our analysis is accompanied by an open-source Python package containing a reference implementation of our numerical approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148913247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-resolution calorimetric sample platforms for cryogenic thermodynamic studies with multimodal synchrotron x-ray compatibility.","authors":"U Patel, H Zheng, A Schaeffer, E Kisiel, J L McChesney, U Welp, Z Islam, A Miceli","doi":"10.1063/5.0324005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0324005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>X-ray calorimetric sample platforms combining specific heat and synchrotron x-ray measurements provide a powerful means to investigate fundamental material properties. Calorimeter cell designs featuring a compact heater and thermometer arranged in a sidecar geometry, with the sample positioned directly above the heater at the center of a silicon nitride membrane, are presented. High-yield, wafer-level batch fabrication of precision calorimetric sensor chips along with beamline and laboratory cryostat plugins with sensor mounting and packaging are described. Using our calorimetric sensors, we present specific heat measurements on samples with masses ranging from 4 to 145 μg. The sample and reference cells are characterized with relaxation and ac steady-state measurements. The thermal response is captured using lock-in detection at carefully optimized measurement frequencies, with phase-lag correction ensuring precise extraction of heat capacity. The reference cell's background heat capacity was measured to be under 320 nJ/K at 300 K, decreasing to just 0.4 nJ/K at 0.7 K. The calorimeter performance is illustrated by studying the specific heat of small samples of superconducting Nb and a 4 μg piece of superconducting Al under different magnetic field strengths. The determination of fundamental thermodynamic quantities from low-temperature electronic and lattice specific heat measurements is discussed. These versatile, high-throughput sample platforms are engineered for small-sample calorimetry across a broad cryogenic temperature range, and they support scalable integration with a wide range of cryostats, including beamline cryostats at the Advanced Photon Source. They accommodate multimodal geometries and enable operation under ultrahigh vacuum, cryogenic temperatures, magnetic fields, and x-ray illumination.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148913261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-ground calibration and performance evaluation of the Martian moons eXploration (MMX) infrared spectrometer (MIRS) for the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) MMX mission. II. Data analyses and results of the on-ground calibration campaign.","authors":"Frederic Merlin, Sonia Fornasier, Laurent Jorda, Giovanni Poggiali, Gaël David, Koki Yumoto, Cassandre Chaudesaygues, Noëmie El-Bez-Sebastien, Pernelle Bernardi, Marion Bonafous, Jean Tristan Buey, Karim Hussein, Jérôme Parisot, Jean-Michel Reess, Didier Zeganadin, Thomas Gautier, Antonin Wargnier, Matthieu Castelnau, Nicolas Théret, Anne Rouvié, Alain Doressoundiram, Robin Sultana, Christophe Donny, Maria A Barucci","doi":"10.1063/5.0331881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0331881","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) mission of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency is equipped with different cameras and one spectrometer [K. Kuramoto et al., Earth, Planets Space 74, 12 (2022)] called the MMX InfraRed Spectrometer (MIRS). The instrument is devoted to investigate the origin of the Martian moons, Phobos and Deimos, as well as the Martian atmosphere and surface [M.A. Barucci et al., Earth, Planets Space 73, 211 (2021) and M. A. Barucci et al., Prog. Earth Planet. Sci. 12, 69 (2025)]. It is designed to identify spectral features attributed to ice, dust, water vapor, minerals and organics, all detectable within the [0.9-3.6] μm wavelength range of the instrument. MIRS itself is composed of different parts, namely, the electronic box and the OBOX (optical box), which are both linked by an electronic harness. This paper presents the second part of the MIRS calibration. The first paper [G. Poggiali et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 97, 054501 (2026)] aimed to explain the calibration plan, present the materiel and the list of measurements performed, and demonstrate MIRS' compliance with the scientific and technical objectives. This paper details the methodology used to extract the spectral registration, correct data from distortion, verify the radiometric curve against the theoretical optical one and enhance it, and extract the pixel-to-pixel response of the instrument. Effect of the OBOX temperature and the scanner orientation will also be discussed as the current caveats, which will be addressed using inflight calibration during the cruise and the main phases of the MMX mission.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148913295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an integrated cryogenic diamond anvil cell for photoluminescence of CrSBr.","authors":"Luther J Langston, Jacob Hause, Carla Boix-Constant, Samuel Mañas-Valero, Eugenio Coronado, Janice L Musfeldt","doi":"10.1063/5.0337421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0337421","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present the design and calibration of a cryogenic adapter for a diamond anvil cell (DAC) that enables optical spectroscopy under simultaneous low temperature and high pressure conditions. What differentiates our design from prior efforts is the straightforward construction and opportunity for rapid implementation using common cryogenic hardware. The motivation for this development work arose from room temperature photoluminescence measurements of CrSBr, a chalco-halide that exhibits strong quenching of the emission intensity on approach to the pressure-induced transition near 7.6 GPa. Normalized spectra reveal reversible red and blue shifts of the broad emission band with compression and decompression, consistent with pressure-tuned changes in the inter-layer interactions. To host such measurements, the cryo-DAC adapter provides thermally stable cryogenic operation (with either liquid nitrogen or helium) while maintaining optical access and precise pressure calibration. These measurements demonstrate that compression suppresses exciton-phonon coupling in CrSBr. Construction details, required instrumentation, pressure calibration using ruby fluorescence and temperature control are described. Typical cryogen consumption is 4-5 liters per run.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148866811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laser-plasma source of soft x-ray and extreme ultraviolet radiation for high precision reflectometry.","authors":"Ivan Devyataykin, Nikolay I Chkhalo, Sergey Garakhin, Svyatoslav Morozov, Alexander Perekalov, Boris Ulasevich, Pavel Veprev","doi":"10.1063/5.0338151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0338151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The paper presents the results of developing a laser-plasma source (LPS) for soft x-ray and extreme ultraviolet radiation intended for high-accuracy laboratory reflectometry. The design of key components of the LPS is described in detail. Plasma excitation is achieved using focused laser pulses with the following parameters: wavelength-1064 nm, pulse energy-800 mJ, duration-5 ns, frequency-10 Hz, divergence <5 mrad, impinging on a rotating solid target at an angle of 45° relative to normal incidence. To protect the optical input and monochromator optics from contamination by target debris, the vacuum chamber is equipped with magneto-gas-dynamic units. The source size measured as full width at half maximum (FWHM) was ∼56 μm, while the target surface oscillation amplitude during rotation was less than 5 μm. The operational wavelength range of the source spans 3-30 nm, within which spectral power density varies between 1 and 3 × 1013 photons/(0.1 nm × pulse × sr). The temporal stability of the signal over a 1-h observation period shows a standard deviation root-mean-square of 0.52%. The target lifetime is about one year.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149070022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refinement of an experimental technique for measuring birefringence by the polarization-dependent transmission method.","authors":"A Karandikar, S Wats, P Kumar","doi":"10.1063/5.0340266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0340266","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We discuss a modified polarization-dependent transmission method to measure birefringence in a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) cell of moderate thickness. Determining birefringence accurately by monitoring the transmitted intensity in a thick NLC cell (and hence a large path difference) is challenging for the following two reasons: (a) a large drop in transmitted light intensity due to scattering losses near the clearing temperature and (b) a sharp jump in the birefringence over a narrow temperature window close to the clearing point. To detect the transmitted light intensity profile precisely, we converted the incident laser into a modulated signal using an optical chopper and measured the transmitted light intensity using a sensitive photodetector coupled to a lock-in amplifier (LIA). Furthermore, the transmitted intensity was normalized against a reference beam to account for any fluctuations in the laser source. The birefringence and the critical exponents (β and α) calculated using this method agree with reported data within experimental error.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148866818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}