Review of Scientific Instruments最新文献

{"title":"An ultra-low noise and high-gain servo controller for ultra-stable laser systems.","authors":"Wen-Chao Ji, Xian-Qing Zhu, Yi Hu, De-Quan Kong, Zhi-Peng Jia, Xiang-Pei Liu, Xing-Yang Cui, Ping Xu, Han-Ning Dai, Sheng-Kai Liao, Yu-Ao Chen, Xiao Jiang","doi":"10.1063/5.0261054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0261054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>State-of-the-art ultra-stable laser systems exhibit fractional frequency stability on the order of 10-17. The imminent challenge lies in advancing this stability to the 10-18 range, thereby approaching the fundamental limit imposed by thermal noise. To achieve such a milestone, it is necessary that all technical noise sources, particularly electrical noise, be suppressed well below the level of thermal noise. As an initial stride toward 10-18 stability, we have improved an ultra-stable laser system through the redesign of its frequency stabilization feedback electronics, introducing an innovative servo controller architecture. This innovative servo controller incorporates a pre-amp stage comprising 16 parallel operational amplifiers, which feeds into a high-gain stage constituted by four cascaded integrators. This design yields an impressive input noise floor of 1.4 nV/Hz at 1 Hz and delivers a substantial servo gain of 230 dB at 1 Hz. Consequently, the upgraded ultra-stable laser system exhibits a residual in-loop error noise that contributes a mere fractional frequency stability of 4.7 × 10-20, signifying an improvement of two orders of magnitude. This significant advancement not only paves the way for addressing other technical noise challenges but also holds immense appeal for applications demanding utmost precision, including ultra-stable laser systems, gravitational wave detectors, and optical clocks.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144034577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High positioning accuracy coded aperture gamma camera based on monolithic CeBr3 crystal.","authors":"Huixing Gong, Xianchao Huang, Shenghao Fang, Zhuoran Wang, Xiangtao Zeng, Jiajia Zhai, Xiuzuo Liang, Hang Yuan, Shihan Yang, Zhiming Zhang, Long Wei","doi":"10.1063/5.0250404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0250404","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A monolithic CeBr3 crystal was utilized in a coded aperture camera system instead of the traditional array-type crystal, leading to enhanced energy resolution and improved accuracy in determining the angular position of the radiation source, particularly for the detection of single-point sources. The dimensions of the monolithic CeBr3 crystal are 26 × 26 × 10 mm3, and it is coupled to an 8 × 8 SiPM array. The coded aperture mask is constructed from tungsten blocks (1.7 × 1.7 × 8 mm3) arranged on a photosensitive resin frame, following a 2 × 2 mosaic of the rank 11 MURA pattern. By utilizing a convolutional neural network, we achieved a spatial resolution of ∼1.2 mm and a depth resolution of ∼2 mm in the CeBr3 crystal. Imaging experiments were conducted using Co-57, Na-22, Cs-137, and Co-60 sources to evaluate the performance of the gamma camera system. With the application of position-segmented energy calibration, we obtained an energy resolution better than 5% @662 keV. The methods of balanced decoding following fine sampling and the weighted averaging after depth of interaction stratification were employed to enhance the positioning accuracy of the radiation source, ultimately attaining an image angular resolution of 5.2° and an angular accuracy of 3.44° with a field of view of 44°.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144036622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generation of ultrafast user defined multi-micro-pulse burst structure from a femtosecond mode-locked fiber oscillator by using semiconductor optical amplifier for photoinjector.","authors":"Bappa Karmakar, A Aryshev, Joydeep Karmakar, Madhuri Aggarwal, B K Sahu, P Patra, Subhendu Ghosh, P K Mukhopadhyay, Triveni Rao, Sunil Kumar","doi":"10.1063/5.0255616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0255616","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We demonstrate and present detailed technical insights into the generation of a user-defined multi-micro-pulse burst structure from an in-house developed femtosecond mode-locked fiber oscillator using a standard semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), which acts as an excellent candidate for an ultrafast fiber-based pulse-picker. An in-house developed 130 MHz mode-locked fiber oscillator followed by a 500 m long optical fiber as the pulse stretcher along with polarization control units was used to achieve a highly stable multi-micro-pulse structure at variable repetition rates by using and adapting a fiber coupled SOA. The timing system with a synchronous trigger setup has been explained in detail to achieve the multi-micro-pulse structure from the fiber laser system, which is being used to generate multi-micro-electron bunches in a photoinjector based free electron laser facility at IUAC named as Delhi Light Source. The technical insights from the detailed experimentation and results help bring out various advantages and challenges in the use of an SOA as an ultrafast pulse-picker for generating a multi-micro-pulse structure, which will be useful for widespread applications of the modern compact femtosecond lasers and in the field of photoinjector based systems for higher electron currents.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144043472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Droplet heterogeneous nucleation in a rapid expansion aerosol chamber.","authors":"Martin A Erinin, Cole R Sagan, Ilian Ahmed, Gwenore F Pokrifka, Nadir Jeevanjee, Marissa L Weichman, Luc Deike","doi":"10.1063/5.0255658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0255658","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present a new experimental facility to investigate the nucleation and growth of liquid droplets and ice particles under controlled conditions and characterize processes relevant to cloud microphysics: the rapid expansion aerosol chamber (REACh). REACh is an intermediate size chamber (∼0.14 m3) combining the principle of an expansion chamber with the ability to probe the influence of turbulent flows. Water droplet heterogeneous nucleation onto seeding aerosols is achieved via a sudden pressure drop accompanied by a temperature drop, which can cause humid air to condense into a cloud of droplets under appropriate thermodynamic conditions. REACh features tight control and monitoring of the initial saturation ratio of water vapor, identity and concentration of seeding aerosol particles, temperature, pressure, and air flow mixing, together with high speed real-time measurements of aerosol and droplet size and number. Here, we demonstrate that the minimum temperature reached during each expansion can be reasonably described by the thermodynamics of dry or moist adiabats for a range of initial relative humidities. The size and number of droplets formed and the overall lifetime of the cloud are characterized as a function of the aerosol concentration and initial water vapor saturation ratio. The total droplet concentration scales linearly with the seeding aerosol concentration, suggesting that all injected aerosol particles serve as condensation nuclei. While the total number of droplets formed increases with aerosol concentration, the mean droplet size decreases with the concentration of seeding aerosols as a result of competition for the available water vapor. Theoretical considerations provide a quantitative prediction for the mean droplet size over a range of conditions. The high repetition rate of experiments that we can perform with the REACh facility will permit extensive characterization of aerosol processes, including droplet and ice nucleation onset and growth, and the importance of turbulence fluctuations. We will leverage the capabilities of this facility to explore a wide range of physical parameters encompassing regimes relevant to cloud microphysics.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144045543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved strong tracking Sage-Husa adaptive algorithm for multi-MEMS IMU data fusion.","authors":"Kunpeng Li, Kaixuan Wang, Sujing Song, Xuan Liu, Xiaowei He, Yuqing Hou, Sheng Tang","doi":"10.1063/5.0256636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0256636","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A circuit array of 16 micro-electro-mechanical system inertial measurement unit (IMUs) is developed, and an improved multi-IMU data fusion method based on the strong tracking Sage-Husa adaptive Kalman filter (ST-SHAKF) is proposed to achieve high-precision inertial measurement at low cost. The traditional Sage-Husa adaptive (SHAKF) algorithm is simplified for adaptive parameterization, with improved measurement noise variance estimation to ensure positive-definiteness. Filter divergence is addressed by supplementing the SHAKF with a strong tracking filter to maintain convergence. Dynamic weight allocation via minimum variance estimation enables effective multi-IMU data fusion. Experiments show that the proposed method significantly outperforms the traditional Sage-Husa adaptive Kalman filter in terms of Allan variance and standard deviation. Compared to traditional SHAKF, the proposed method achieves better noise suppression and improved fusion accuracy for both acceleration and angular velocity under both static and dynamic conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144045560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and analysis of two degrees of freedom flexure hinges with remote center of motion.","authors":"Zhenzhuo Yan, Jianwei Wu, Yifan Li, Ran Zhao, Hai Zhu","doi":"10.1063/5.0250095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0250095","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper presents the design, analysis, fabrication, and testing of a series of two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) Remote Center of Motion (RCM) flexure hinges. These hinges are constructed using planner generalized cross-spring pivots according to the building block approach. Load-rotation relationships for the flexure hinge are established through the beam constraint method, with finite element analysis confirming theoretical predictions and elucidating parametric dependencies of critical dimensions. An illustrative application of the flexure hinge is presented, showcasing its capability to transform planar linear motion into spatial 2-DOF RCM movements. Experimental validation substantiates the functionality and efficacy of the designed mechanism, reinforcing its potential practical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144044800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing full-field TXM with low emittance synchrotron sources: Mono-capillary condenser shaker optimization.","authors":"Fen Tao, Naxi Tian, Jun Wang, Guohao Du, Ling Zhang, Yichi Zhang, Biao Deng","doi":"10.1063/5.0256187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0256187","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Synchrotron radiation based full-field transmission hard x-ray microscope (TXM) achieves spatial resolutions ranging from a few to tens of nanometers. The field of view (FOV) and resolution are contingent upon the illumination characteristics of the condenser, the zone plate, and the detector. With the technological advancements in synchrotron radiation accelerators, there has been a progressive reduction in the electron beam emittance. The focused spot by the condenser in TXM systems utilizing a mono-capillary condenser has also become smaller, consequently narrowing the TXM's FOV. Additionally, due to slope errors of the mono-capillary condenser, the focused spot is non-uniform, leading to a non-uniform FOV in TXM. To address these issues, a condenser shaker has been implemented. This study presents theoretical analysis, simulations, and experimental data, illustrating the impacts of different amplitudes and frequencies of the condenser shaker on the focused spot, TXM's FOV, and imaging quality. The results indicate that the FOV of TXM increases nearly double when the condenser shaker is optimally applied, compared to its absence. These enhancements signify that the optimization of mono-capillary condenser shaking in the TXM system can expand the FOV and significantly enhance the overall imaging quality. Through this optimization, three-dimensional nano-imaging of a battery particle with a 28 μm diameter and 96 nm micro-structures was successfully achieved.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143993848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An alternative high-voltage switch consisting of gas discharge tubes (GDTs) for high-power pulse applications.","authors":"Juan Luo, Lirun Tang, Cong Xu","doi":"10.1063/5.0246529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0246529","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The high-voltage switch used in the exploding foil initiator system (EFIS), generally a triggered spark gap, plays a key role in converting the electrical energy from the high-voltage capacitor to the metallic bridge foil. In this paper, a kind of high-voltage switch consisting of two gas discharge tubes (GDTs) was proposed to realize the function of the triggered spark gap. With the help of multi-physics analysis software, the conduction mechanism of the switch was first investigated, and simulation results reveal that the switch can work under a single, positive, high-voltage trigger pulse within a very short time, and two GDTs are broken down successively. Then, the electrical characteristics of the switch were studied at a series of applied voltages ranging from 1300 to 2000 V, and experimental results show that (1) the current peak increases with the rise of applied voltage linearly, (2) the switch resistance is almost constant after the switch closes, and (3) adding an additional GDT in a parallel way has little influence on the current peak. Finally, micro-chip metallic bridge foils developed by micro-electro-mechanical system technologies were utilized to validate the possibility of applying the switch in EFIS, and the results indicate that the metallic bridge foils can be totally exploded by operating the switch. All the results make it clear that the switch can be used to replace the traditional triggered spark gaps.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144079886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical design of spectral filtering system in sequentially timed all-optical mapping photography for enhancing temporal resolution.","authors":"Keitaro Shimada, Kohei Azuma, Yuki Inada, Keiichi Nakagawa","doi":"10.1063/5.0240730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0240730","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ultrafast imaging is crucial for understanding phenomena in the femtosecond to nanosecond time domains. Among ultrafast imaging techniques, sequentially timed all-optical mapping photography utilizing spectral filtering enables single-shot acquisition of ultrafast images with high spatial resolution and high quality. However, conventional designs based on Fourier optics struggle to achieve high temporal resolution while maintaining high pixel resolution, because the spatial-spectral dependence in this configuration makes laser wavelengths within each frame broad, resulting in longer exposure times. Here we propose an optical design that minimizes the bandwidth of laser wavelengths within each frame to achieve high temporal resolution by collimating the beam incident on the diffractive optical element. Numerical analysis showed that increasing the magnification of the imaging system before the diffractive optical element sufficiently narrows the bandwidth within each frame compared to the conventional designs. We experimentally demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed configuration, achieving a bandwidth of 0.9 nm and a wavelength interval of 2.1 nm. These spectral properties enabled imaging with a 1.4 ps frame interval and an exposure time of 0.8 ps, which is 40% of the exposure time in the conventional Fourier configuration with similar setup parameters. Furthermore, the proposed configuration maintained a high pixel resolution of 480 pixels × 480 pixels for each of the five frames and was successfully applied to visualize laser ablation of glass. This article presents a highly spatiotemporally resolved imaging method for the detailed analysis of ultrafast phenomena such as laser ablation, shockwaves, and electric discharges.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144021885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction and characterization of inexpensive PRT differential thermometer in temperature interval 20-100 °C.","authors":"Ivo I Lozanov, Lyudmil G Lyutov","doi":"10.1063/5.0257253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0257253","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A precise, inexpensive, and mercury-free differential platinum resistance thermometer based on the widely known and used 4 × Pt1000 Wheatstone bridge scheme has been constructed and tested for direct temperature difference measurements. Both a theoretical overview and an experimental study of the 4 × Pt1000 differential thermometer were conducted in laboratory conditions at a temperature interval of 20-100 °C. A comparison between the parameters of the 4 × Pt1000 measurement instrument and those of an alternative less accurate 2 × Pt1000 differential thermometer was made. The results show that the 4 × Pt1000 thermometer performs significantly better in terms of stability and accuracy. A maximal relative error below 0.9% has been achieved with the 4 × Pt1000 measurement device, which equals 0.20 °C in absolute units. Such accuracy is considered higher than that of some reference thermocouples, type S (0.5-1.0 °C). The presented 4 × Pt1000 differential thermometer is a low-cost substitute for thermocouples in various precise narrow-margin measurements of temperature differences in the fields of physics, metrology, chemistry, etc.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144033428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}