Review of Scientific Instruments最新文献

{"title":"A multi-pulse, multi-species laser blow-off system on DIII-D for impurity transport studies.","authors":"A Tema Biwole, N T Howard, T Odstrcil, J W Hughes, R Viera, R Leccacorvi, M Winkel, S Pierson","doi":"10.1063/5.0353742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0353742","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A Laser Blow-Off (LBO) impurity injection system was developed and installed on the DIII-D tokamak to enable controlled, repeatable studies of impurity and heat transport under reactor-relevant plasma conditions. The system employs a high-energy (up to 1.2 J), pulsed Nd:YAG laser, operating typically at 10 Hz and up to 50 Hz, coupled to a fast piezoelectric steering mirror assembly, allowing multiple, precisely timed impurity injections within a single plasma discharge, with accurate control of the injection location. Independent control of laser energy, beam size, and focal position enables selection of the target energy density and ablated particle number, facilitating controlled injection of trace to non-trace low- and high-Z materials, such as calcium and tungsten, with typical injected particle numbers spanning ∼1017-1019 (low-Z) and ∼1014-1016 (high-Z). The system supports injection of a wide range of materials (over 30 elements is available), enabling both non-perturbative trace impurity injections that nevertheless remain detectable in the plasma and perturbative impurity injections suitable for validation studies of impurity radiation effects on plasma performance. The injected impurities are monitored using DIII-D's comprehensive suite of spectroscopic diagnostics to characterize impurity evolution and radial transport. This work details the design and integration of the LBO system on DIII-D and presents impurity and thermal transport studies enabled by controlled impurity injection in quiescent H-mode, hybrid, negative triangularity, and resonant magnetic perturbation-induced edge-localized modes-suppressed plasmas.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149114497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnosis of compound fault of bearing with improve 1D local binary patterns and vector bispectrum.","authors":"Mingyue Yu, Xin Wang, Zhujun Wang, Fanzheng Meng, Wenyou Du","doi":"10.1063/5.0313200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0313200","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When bearing failure occurs, the fault information in the vibration signals is characterized by weakness, complexity, and a compound nature, making it difficult to accurately identify the compound fault of the bearing. 1D local binary patterns (1D-LBP) depict fault information of bearings from the aspect of local analysis. Unexpectedly, the quantitative 1D-LBP shows no consideration of the features of signals caused by bearing failure. Therefore, it is difficult to correctly quantize signals and extract failure information. The root mean square, an effective indicator of impact signatures in bearing faults, serves as the quantitative criterion for enhancing the 1D-LBP approach. Furthermore, signal fusion is applied to improve 1D-LBP, and quantized reconstructed signals are blended based on the harmonic fusion vector bispectrum (HFVB) to enhance failure features. Finally, the extraction of failure features and identification of faults in bearings are carried out through spectral analysis. The result of the comparison indicates that the proposed improved 1D-ILBP-HFVB method can extract feature information more accurately during bearing faults while effectively suppressing noise and distinguishing compound fault types in rolling bearings.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149114586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Piston-cylinder apparatus with a working volume of 22 cm3 and pressure up to 23 kbar for ultra-high-pressure synthesis in the liquid phase.","authors":"A G Kutasevich, Y S Novoselskaya, E V Nikitina, V N Khrustalev, N A Nikolaev, F I Zubkov, V V Brazhkin","doi":"10.1063/5.0337801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0337801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper, we provide a detailed description of a liquid-phase high-pressure apparatus with a working volume of 22 cm3 and a maximum pressure capacity of 23 kbar and temperatures up to 150 °C. Alongside the design of the ultra-high-pressure reactor, we also outline the structure of the three-layer steel reaction chamber. This apparatus was specifically developed for organic synthesis in the liquid phase and allows precise control of pressure and temperature-critical factors for optimizing reaction conditions. A key engineering achievement of this apparatus is its ability to facilitate reactions with standard solvents (such as methanol and dichloromethane) across a pressure range from atmospheric pressure to 23 kbar and at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 150 °C. Two representative examples demonstrate the use of the developed device in organic synthesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149114576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First results from the time resolved opacity spectrometer on the National Ignition Facility (invited).","authors":"Y P Opachich, P M Kozlowski, P A Bradley, J G Buscho, A C Carpenter, P B Cho, J W Corbin, E C Dutra, J Emig, B T Funsten, A M Garafalo, B Golick, J Heinmiller, M Hohenberger, H M Johns, C Kenstler, R Knight, K Larsen, B Lechleiter, D Max, S B Morioka, K J Moy, P R Nyholm, N Palmer, A E Peterson, R B Petre, R S Posadas, A M Sharp, W Stolte, J A Tabimina, V Tran, S D Trent, N Vazirani, M S Wallace, T Archuleta, A Zubelewicz, T S Perry, T J Urbatsch, R F Heeter","doi":"10.1063/5.0349364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0349364","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radiative opacity plays a central role in determining stellar structure, with iron contributing significantly to the solar opacity, particularly near the radiation-convection boundary. Current atomic models of opacity remain a major source of uncertainty, factoring into discrepancies between standard solar models and helioseismic observations. Agreement with models could be attained if key opacity values were 10%-50% larger, motivating high-precision experimental benchmarks at stellar interior conditions. The Opacity-on-National Ignition Facility campaign measures iron opacity via x-ray transmission through samples heated in a hohlraum. Previous measurements using the time-integrated opacity spectrometer (OpSpec) have been limited to temperatures <160 eV and electron densities ∼1021-1022 cm-3. Higher temperatures are achievable, but measurements were precluded by strong background emission. To address this limitation, a new time-resolved spectrometer, OpSpecTR, was developed. OpSpecTR employs an elliptically bent crystal and a grazing-incidence x-ray mirror to achieve high spectral purity, and a small crossover slit to minimize background. Time-resolved spectra in the 1-2 keV range are recorded on three ns-gated hCMOS detectors, simultaneously measuring transmitted, backlighter, and self-emission signals required for opacity extraction. Nanosecond-scale gating isolates the backlighter pulse and reduces background contributions by up to 70%. Spectral resolving power is also improved ∼2× relative to the time-integrated instrument. The first results from OpSpecTR presented herein demonstrate significantly improved fidelity in opacity measurements under high-temperature conditions, advancing experimental constraints on stellar opacity models.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149114603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurements of ripple decay in reflecting shocks in epoxy under high energy density conditions.","authors":"G Righi, N Kalantar, Y-J Kim, T M Hutchinson, S J Ali, N Acharya, J Shang, H Aluie, H-S Park","doi":"10.1063/5.0348956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0348956","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polymers are widely used in high energy density (HED) experiments, but rheological properties, such as viscosity and strength, are often assumed negligible in modeling despite limited experimental validation. We report initial measurements of rippled reflecting shocks in epoxy using the Sakharov shock perturbation decay technique supported by analytical formulation from Miller and Ahrens [Rev. Mod. Phys. 63(4), 919 (1991)]. Experiments at the Jupiter Laser Facility employed drive beams delivering a 10 ns, 800 J pulse across an ∼600 μm spot, launching a shock above 400 GPa into epoxy. The highly reflective shock in the epoxy sample was diagnosed using velocimetry and optical pyrometry. Velocimetry showed strong reflectivity and evidence of perturbation structure and streaked optical pyrometry clearly captured spatial evolution of the perturbed shock and showed amplitude growth, decay, and phase inversion, in agreement with hydrodynamic simulations using ARES. Our demonstration of technical viability and the observation of rippled reflecting shocks in epoxy establish a path toward future quantitative constraints on polymer rheology in HED experiments.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149138151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"External cavity quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy based on convolutional neural network algorithm for volatile organic compounds analysis.","authors":"Zhigang Hu, Ziwen Zhu, Tianqi Liu, Tianbo He, Minghui Zhang, Yuanqin Yu, Jingsong Li","doi":"10.1063/5.0349406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0349406","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic compounds having significant impacts on environmental and human health. In this paper, a laser absorption spectroscopy gas sensor system based on an external cavity quantum cascade laser was developed for analyzing multiple VOCs simultaneously. Acetone (C3H6O) and ethanol (C2H6O), as two typical VOCs, were selected as the objects of analysis. Given the overlapping interference issue of C3H6O and C2H6O absorption spectra, a one-dimensional spectral separation convolutional neural network algorithm was developed for VOC spectral signal processing. The experimental results indicated that the spectral fitting residuals were within 0.0028, achieving an 8.77-fold improvement over the traditional partial least squares method. The correlation coefficients for concentration predictions of C3H6O and C2H6O can be improved from 0.9991 and 0.9989 to 0.9996 and 0.9996, respectively, which shows good reliability of the developed algorithm model for both blended absorption spectrum separation and concentration retrieval in the simultaneous detection of multiple gas components.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149184124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of a high-efficiency, streaked x-ray spectrometer for warm-dense matter studies on the National Ignition Facility (invited).","authors":"D T Bishel, S Stoupin, J Buscho, M J MacDonald, T Gawne, M Böhme, T Cunningham, D H Kalantar, S F Khan, P Nyholm, J Rips, T Döppner","doi":"10.1063/5.0353196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0353196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>X-ray scattering is a powerful diagnostic for characterizing warm-dense matter, as the scattering spectrum simultaneously encodes details of the plasma thermodynamic state, ionization, and electron correlations. However, scattering measurements from laser-driven samples must contend with not only a short-lived and rapidly evolving state but also small scattering cross sections. A continuous, time-resolved scattering measurement would characterize the evolving thermodynamic state while providing unprecedented access to the temporal evolution of the ion-plasma interaction. To provide the required diagnostic capability for such a measurement, we have designed a high-efficiency x-ray spectrometer coupled to a streak camera for use on the National Ignition Facility. The spectrometer utilizes a conically curved crystal to increase solid angle collection and to sagittally focus the signal onto the millimeter-scale streak camera slit. Characterization of the crystals with a Bremsstrahlung x-ray source demonstrates sensitivities 1000-fold higher than existing spectrometers on the National Ignition Facility. By enabling continuous, time-resolved temperature measurements via x-ray scattering, this new spectrometer will provide key constraints for improving equation-of-state and atomic-physics models of warm-dense matter.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149127868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detective quantum efficiency (DQE)-oriented design of a transparent scintillator tandem x-ray/optical microscope for photon-starved 7.2-keV radiography at the National Ignition Facility (NIF).","authors":"N Izumi, J Prince, J Huckins, J Tabimina, M Beach, J Holder, M T Burkey, S Y Cheng, K S Raman, G N Hall, D K Bradley, T Ebert, A Do, B Kozioziemski, A M Rasmus, A M Ames, C H Allen, E A Merritt, F W Doss, S T Prisbrey, S R Nagel","doi":"10.1063/5.0349917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0349917","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>X-ray radiography at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) must simultaneously achieve micron-scale spatial resolution and adequate signal-to-noise ratio with a limited number of 7.2-keV photons. To address this coupled resolution-throughput challenge, we developed a scintillator-based x-ray imager using a tandem microscope architecture. A curved Bragg-crystal x-ray microscope forms a magnified 7.2-keV image on a transparent thallium-doped cesium iodide [CsI(Tl)] scintillator, and a visible-light microscope relays the scintillation image to an oversampled complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) detector. This separation of x-ray image formation and optical readout enables high-resolution, quasi-monochromatic x-ray imaging while suppressing lateral light diffusion in the scintillator. We present a component-level model for optimizing detective quantum efficiency (DQE) that includes x-ray absorption, scintillation conversion, optical collection, sensor quantum efficiency, event-yield variance, and CMOS readout noise. Using measured component throughputs, the model conservatively predicts a zero-spatial-frequency DQE DQE0 of ∼32% for a 7.2-keV photon fluence of 2.45×108photonscm-2 incident on the scintillator plane, while integrated measurements demonstrate an object-plane resolution of ∼5 μm. These results provide a quantitative design path for photon-starved, high-resolution x-ray radiography at NIF.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149196144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of spectral slit functions of magnetic particle spectrometers.","authors":"Rayner Sutardja, Derek B Schaeffer, Hui Chen, Gennady Fiksel","doi":"10.1063/5.0347726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0347726","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnetic spectrometers are routinely used to measure high-energy (keV to MeV) charged particles produced by experiments using high power lasers. Understanding magnetic spectrometer spectral slit functions are critical to estimate the spectrometer's resolving power (E/dE), which is needed to forward model energy spectra prior to the experiment, optimize the spectrometer setup to a desired resolution, and fit experimental data afterward. Spectral slit functions vary with spectrometer magnetic field, slit size, slit shape, and image plate geometry. We have developed a model to determine the energy dispersion curve for particles entering at different points and angles on the entrance slit for an arbitrary spectrometer geometry and magnetic field profile. This information is then used to construct the multiple dispersion curves needed to compute spectral slit functions at any given particle energy. As an example, we show computations for the electron-positron-proton spectrometer on the National Ignition Facility with peak fields of 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 T and their corresponding spectral slit functions. We also find that each particle energy has a focal point within the spectrometer where the energy resolution is near perfect. Finally, we compute an optimal image plate geometry such that resolving power is maximized across all energies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149220701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous full- and half-energy Stark polarization measurements using a modified background polychromator motional Stark effect system.","authors":"Juyoung Ko, Jinseok Ko","doi":"10.1063/5.0350847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0350847","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The radial electric field (Er) is important for turbulence suppression and transport barrier formation in magnetically confined plasmas. To establish the diagnostic capability required for its future determination, the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) Motional Stark Effect Background Polychromator was modified to measure the polarization angles of the full-energy π and half-energy σ Stark components simultaneously along a common line of sight (LOS). Interference filters and operating temperatures were selected using the calculated Stark spectra and the existing filter inventory. The modified configuration was implemented on seven lines of sight and evaluated in four KSTAR discharges at a toroidal magnetic field of 2.5 T with a continuously injected 90-keV neutral beam injection 1-B diagnostic beam. Usable simultaneous measurements were obtained from four lines of sight. The polarization angle difference, Δγ = γF - γH, exhibited distinguishable temporal and channel-dependent responses under internal transport barrier and off-axis neutral-beam-current-drive scenarios. The propagated statistical uncertainties of the reference-subtracted 1-s mean values ranged from ∼0.010° to 0.079°. At LOS 14, the peak changes in two off-axis discharges were 0.358° ± 0.028° and 0.365° ± 0.028°; their 0.007° difference was smaller than the combined statistical uncertainty of 0.039°. These results demonstrate the feasibility of simultaneously resolving full- and half-energy Stark polarization responses using the existing KSTAR diagnostic infrastructure, providing an experimental basis for future quantitative Er reconstruction through updated calibration and complete forward analysis development.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149138121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}