Review of Scientific Instruments最新文献_第3页

Design of a diamond-based in-vessel soft x-ray camera system for the SPARC tokamak. 用于SPARC托卡马克的钻石基容器软x射线相机系统的设计。

IF 1.6 4区工程技术

Review of Scientific Instruments Pub Date : 2026-10-01 DOI: 10.1063/5.0350758

S Normile, D Vezinet, B Frandeen, C Perks, F Bombarda, G Verona-Rinati, J E Rice

{"title":"Design of a diamond-based in-vessel soft x-ray camera system for the SPARC tokamak.","authors":"S Normile, D Vezinet, B Frandeen, C Perks, F Bombarda, G Verona-Rinati, J E Rice","doi":"10.1063/5.0350758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0350758","url":null,"abstract":"Soft x-ray tomography has been used in tokamaks for decades to interrogate a wide variety of phenomena; however, the standard silicon diodes coupled with beryllium filters will not be able to survive the high heat and neutron fluxes present in burning plasma devices like SPARC. Presented here is the design for a set of soft x-ray tomography cameras that use chemical vapor deposition (CVD) single-crystal diamonds and graphene filters for photodetection. Four of these cameras will be placed in the port plugs of SPARC with a large enough view of the poloidal cross section to enable tomographic inversion and sufficient time resolution to resolve the dynamics of low-m and -n magnetohydrodynamic modes. CVD diamonds have been used successfully for the detection of both vacuum ultraviolet and soft x-ray photons at the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade and have demonstrated the ability to maintain greater than 50% of their initial responsivity at a neutron fluence of 1016 cm-2. The neutron dose in SPARC will exceed this limit, providing a demonstration of how CVD diamonds fail in place while adding value to the early operation of a new tokamak. Numerical simulations indicate that graphene spectral filters will filter nearly as effectively as traditional beryllium ones and are able to resist significantly higher heat fluxes due to graphene's unique thermal properties. Simulated plasma emissivity profiles have been used to optimize both the camera placement and detector properties.","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149127908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

AMPS: Adaptable magnetic particle spectrometer for relativistic laser-plasma experiments. 适用于相对论激光等离子体实验的自适应磁粒子谱仪。

IF 1.6 4区工程技术

Review of Scientific Instruments Pub Date : 2026-10-01 DOI: 10.1063/5.0343917

W M Martin, G D Glenn, M Ikeya, K Charbonnet, C Schoenwaelder, M Berboucha, H Chen, A Gleason, S H Glenzer, M Gauthier

{"title":"AMPS: Adaptable magnetic particle spectrometer for relativistic laser-plasma experiments.","authors":"W M Martin, G D Glenn, M Ikeya, K Charbonnet, C Schoenwaelder, M Berboucha, H Chen, A Gleason, S H Glenzer, M Gauthier","doi":"10.1063/5.0343917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0343917","url":null,"abstract":"We present the design, magnetic field characterization, simulated response, and first experimental deployment of the Adaptable Magnetic Particle Spectrometer (AMPS) for broadband hot-electron diagnostics in laser-plasma experiments. AMPS uses a modular permanent-magnet assembly, adjustable entrance slit, and interchangeable detector holders to tune the trade-off between energy range, spectral resolution, and signal throughput. Three-dimensional magnetic fields calculated with Radia are benchmarked against Hall probe measurements and used in relativistic particle-tracing calculations to generate energy-position calibration curves for multiple detector and magnet geometries. In the configuration fielded at the Titan laser facility, the spectrometer provides electron spectral coverage from ∼125 keV to 70 MeV. Initial measurements from short-pulse irradiation of Cu wire targets show broadband electron spectra with MeV-scale effective temperatures. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of AMPS as a flexible diagnostic for resolving hot-electron distributions over a broad energy range suitable for relativistic short-pulse laser experiments. Future upgrades toward scintillator-based, high-repetition-rate operation are discussed.","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149184201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development and performance of a university-scale extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography source. 大学级极紫外光刻光源的研制与性能。

IF 1.6 4区工程技术

Review of Scientific Instruments Pub Date : 2026-10-01 DOI: 10.1063/5.0314577

D Qerimi, M Miles, N Bartlett, J Uhlig, D O'Dea, S Rojas, E Kaderli, A Doganer, T Tohara, D N Ruzic

{"title":"Development and performance of a university-scale extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography source.","authors":"D Qerimi, M Miles, N Bartlett, J Uhlig, D O'Dea, S Rojas, E Kaderli, A Doganer, T Tohara, D N Ruzic","doi":"10.1063/5.0314577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0314577","url":null,"abstract":"To expand our laboratory's capabilities in Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) photoresist research, we developed an in-house EUV light source that provides lithography exposures at a cost feasible for a university setting. The system uses an Nd:YAG laser to produce plasma on a tin target, generating EUV radiation without the expensive infrastructure of commercial tools. A 150 nm zirconium transmission filter isolates the EUV, allowing direct exposure of photoresist, and the dose is monitored in real time with an EUV-sensitive photodiode. Using this setup, we demonstrate a clear contrast curve with exposure times typically under 120 seconds, showing that the system delivers controlled and repeatable EUV doses. During optimization, we adjusted laser power, focusing conditions, chamber pressure, and target motion to stabilize the dose and improve EUV output. Plasma debris remains the primary challenge, and we continue to refine target handling and filtering to extend the lifetime of internal components. Compared with commercial platforms costing several million dollars, this tool offers a practical and flexible option for research, enabling the study of new photoresist materials, dose-response behavior, and exposure strategies without depending on limited industrial access. The system thus provides a meaningful bridge that allows academic groups to work directly in the EUV regime.","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149184205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Wire-sealed atomic gas cells for noble-gas nuclear magnetic resonance applications. 用于惰性气体核磁共振的金属丝密封原子气体电池。

IF 1.6 4区工程技术

Review of Scientific Instruments Pub Date : 2026-10-01 DOI: 10.1063/5.0338890

Sang Hyuk Hong, Younghoon Lim, Sin Hyuk Yim, Jeong Bin Nam, Sangkyung Lee, Taek Jeong, Hyeonjae Kim

{"title":"Wire-sealed atomic gas cells for noble-gas nuclear magnetic resonance applications.","authors":"Sang Hyuk Hong, Younghoon Lim, Sin Hyuk Yim, Jeong Bin Nam, Sangkyung Lee, Taek Jeong, Hyeonjae Kim","doi":"10.1063/5.0338890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0338890","url":null,"abstract":"We fabricate a wire-sealed atomic gas cell and evaluate its advantages over a conventional torch-sealed cell for noble-gas nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) applications. Wire sealing is performed by sweeping a resistively heated wire across a long stem tube at a constant speed. This approach adapts a previously reported technique for dividing a prefilled vapor cell into smaller cells. In our implementation, an XYZ translation stage precisely controls the wire motion. This reliably yields a predefined stem geometry, minimizes variations inherent to manual torch positioning, and thereby enhances geometric reproducibility. To quantitatively verify the geometric enhancements of the cells, we perform free induction decay measurements on both torch-sealed and wire-sealed Rb-Xe cells. Measurements of 129Xe transverse relaxation under applied magnetic field gradients indicate that, for cells with narrow stem apertures, the contribution of stem-induced asymmetry to the relaxation remains comparable despite visibly different stem heights. In contrast, measurements of 131Xe quadrupole splittings as a function of the bias magnetic field direction reveal that the asymmetry parameter of the wire-sealed cell, ηw = 0.13, is markedly smaller than that of the torch-sealed cell, ηt = 0.77. Our results demonstrate that wire sealing enables reproducible production of cells with reduced geometric asymmetry, offering a path toward suppressing asymmetry-induced systematic errors in NMR-based precision measurements.","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149220644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Real-time charge exchange recombination spectroscopy at DIII-D. DIII-D实时电荷交换复合光谱。

IF 1.6 4区工程技术

Review of Scientific Instruments Pub Date : 2026-10-01 DOI: 10.1063/5.0350505

C Chrystal, R J Groebner, E H W Linsenmayer, S R Haskey, B G Penaflor

{"title":"Real-time charge exchange recombination spectroscopy at DIII-D.","authors":"C Chrystal, R J Groebner, E H W Linsenmayer, S R Haskey, B G Penaflor","doi":"10.1063/5.0350505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0350505","url":null,"abstract":"At the DIII-D tokamak, the Charge Exchange Recombination (CER) spectroscopy diagnostic routinely measures impurity temperature, rotation, and density. The ability to make these measurements in real time within DIII-D's Plasma Control System (PCS) has recently been expanded and improved. High-speed network connections send raw data from 24 tangential CER views to the PCS, so spectral analysis can be performed. These views make measurements on the outboard midplane of DIII-D from the magnetic axis to the scrape off layer. Spectral analysis is completed quickly by a simplified least-squares fitting routine. Results are typically available within a millisecond of when the raw data become available and new raw data for all 24 views are typically sent to the PCS every 5 ms (for the most common CER sampling frequency). Fully ionized carbon is the most common impurity used for analysis, and analysis can also be performed for other highly charged impurities with relatively simple spectra such as boron, neon, and argon. The large majority of the real-time temperature and rotation measurements are within 20% of the most accurate automatic analysis available. As DIII-D discharges are typically separated by 10-15 min, the more rapid availability of the real-time analysis can be a major aid for control room analysis during an experiment. The real-time analysis can also be used in the PCS for control purposes (e.g., plasma profile feedback).","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149114542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

X-ray spectroscopy of hot dense plasmas using LLNL's upgraded Titan 2ω short-pulse laser. 使用LLNL升级的泰坦2ω短脉冲激光器的热致密等离子体的x射线光谱。

IF 1.6 4区工程技术

Review of Scientific Instruments Pub Date : 2026-10-01 DOI: 10.1063/5.0350551

A J Fairchild, D T Bishel, T Cordova, H Flores-Alimboyoguen, M F Gu, P Hamilton, N Hell, M J MacDonald, E W Magee, R C Mancini, E V Marley, R Shepherd, G V Brown

{"title":"X-ray spectroscopy of hot dense plasmas using LLNL's upgraded Titan 2ω short-pulse laser.","authors":"A J Fairchild, D T Bishel, T Cordova, H Flores-Alimboyoguen, M F Gu, P Hamilton, N Hell, M J MacDonald, E W Magee, R C Mancini, E V Marley, R Shepherd, G V Brown","doi":"10.1063/5.0350551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0350551","url":null,"abstract":"We are developing an experimental platform at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's Jupiter Laser Facility to characterize x-ray emission from highly charged ions in the high-density (ne > 1023 cm-3), high-temperature (Te ∼ 1 keV) regime, leveraging the recently upgraded frequency-doubled short-pulse Titan laser. These measurements will provide experimental benchmarks for high electron density effects on atomic structure, including Stark broadening, ionization potential depression, density-dependent line shifts, and suppression of dielectronic recombination, effects that are relevant to spectral modeling packages used by both the high-energy-density and astrophysics communities. Here, we describe the current status of the platform and present results from first experiments using the upgraded frequency-doubling capability, including calibrated K-shell spectra acquired from five time-integrated x-ray channels. Comparisons with multi-electron radiator line shape calculations and with spectra recorded at the atomic weapons establishment's Orion Laser Facility indicate that the upgraded Titan laser reliably produces the necessary plasma conditions, establishing a foundation for systematic benchmarking of high-density atomic physics in future campaigns.","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149114557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Conceptual design of high-dynamic-range spectroscopy for neutral flux measurements in SPARC. 高动态范围光谱法在SPARC中性通量测量中的概念设计。

IF 1.6 4区工程技术

Review of Scientific Instruments Pub Date : 2026-10-01 DOI: 10.1063/5.0350725

G Ronchi, J Lore, J-S Park, A Rosenthal, M Reinke, M Silva Sa, K Fujii

{"title":"Conceptual design of high-dynamic-range spectroscopy for neutral flux measurements in SPARC.","authors":"G Ronchi, J Lore, J-S Park, A Rosenthal, M Reinke, M Silva Sa, K Fujii","doi":"10.1063/5.0350725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0350725","url":null,"abstract":"We present a conceptual design for High-Dynamic-Range Spectroscopy (HDRS) to measure the penetration of neutrals into the confined plasma of the SPARC tokamak. HDRS detects these penetrating neutrals-hereafter core neutrals-in the far wings of the Balmer-series spectrum, rather than relying on spatial inversion, which is strongly affected by scrape-off layer (SOL) emission. These neutrals undergo charge exchange with high-temperature confined ions, producing significantly greater Doppler broadening than the SOL neutral emission. While this diagnostic concept has been applied to multiple devices, applying it to SPARC will pose unique challenges due to the device's high density and strong magnetic field. Stark broadening at divertor densities exceeding 1021 m-3 and Zeeman splitting at the ∼12 T magnetic field both broaden the edge emission toward the wavelengths where the core-neutral emission appears, and the metallic first wall can reflect bright divertor light into core-viewing sightlines. To quantify these effects, we developed a framework that couples plasma backgrounds from the scrape-off layer plasma simulation-ITER code, OpenADAS atomic data, and Cherab/Raysect ray tracing and used it to produce line-integrated spectra for illustrative chords and derive preliminary spectrometer requirements. The synthetic spectra identify a Dα core-neutral shoulder visible around 1-3 nm away from the line center, embedded in the Stark tail of the cold edge emission; Dγ, by contrast, remains Stark-dominated and provides an independent constraint on the edge electron density. The resulting spectrometer concept targets a resolving power of 20 000-40 000, a 7.5-15 nm bandwidth, and a 105-106:1 dynamic range.","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149114424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A broadband, high-dynamic-range, and high-fidelity distributed data acquisition instrument. 一种宽带、高动态范围、高保真分布式数据采集仪器。

IF 1.6 4区工程技术

Review of Scientific Instruments Pub Date : 2026-10-01 DOI: 10.1063/5.0354711

Meng Wang, Weijia Lyu, Jiangjun Fan, Tong Wang, Zicheng Liu, Hao Zeng

{"title":"A broadband, high-dynamic-range, and high-fidelity distributed data acquisition instrument.","authors":"Meng Wang, Weijia Lyu, Jiangjun Fan, Tong Wang, Zicheng Liu, Hao Zeng","doi":"10.1063/5.0354711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0354711","url":null,"abstract":"To address the need for distributed acquisition and high-quality reconstruction of broadband transient radar signals at multiple measurement points, a broadband, high-dynamic-range, and high-fidelity distributed data acquisition instrument is designed and implemented. The instrument comprises front-end acquisition boxes, receiving boxes, an Ethernet switch, and host-computer software. Each acquisition box integrates signal-conditioning circuits, a time-interleaved analog-to-digital converter, a low-jitter clock network, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), local buffering, and an optical-fiber interface to perform high-quality acquisition, digitization, and transmission of broadband signals. A joint amplitude-phase compensation filtering algorithm is implemented in the FPGA to compensate for amplitude and phase distortions and improve the amplitude-frequency response and transient waveform fidelity of the acquisition channel. Experiments demonstrate a maximum sampling rate of 10.4 GSPS, a 1 GHz operating bandwidth, an effective number of bits of at least 8.2 bits, and a dynamic range of at least 57 dB over all ranges. Within the target bandwidth, the passband flatness is within ±0.5 dB, the fast-edge rise time is below 350 ps, and the minimum measured synchronization time differences within one acquisition box and between different acquisition boxes are both less than one sampling period.","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149196120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

M3DI: A miniaturized three-dimensional ion velocity and mass imager for the topside ionosphere. M3DI：用于上层电离层的小型三维离子速度和质量成像仪。

IF 1.6 4区工程技术

Review of Scientific Instruments Pub Date : 2026-10-01 DOI: 10.1063/5.0321640

H Cha, G Grubbs, J Henn, D Kataria, G Miller, K Ogasawara, A S Reisig, J R Sekula

{"title":"M3DI: A miniaturized three-dimensional ion velocity and mass imager for the topside ionosphere.","authors":"H Cha, G Grubbs, J Henn, D Kataria, G Miller, K Ogasawara, A S Reisig, J R Sekula","doi":"10.1063/5.0321640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0321640","url":null,"abstract":"Precise characterization of low-energy ions in the topside ionosphere is important for understanding the dynamic coupling between the ionosphere and the magnetosphere but is often compromised by the restrictive volume constraints of modern small satellite missions. To address this challenge, the Miniaturized Three-Dimensional Ion Velocity and Mass Imager (M3DI) was developed to measure three-dimensional velocity distribution functions of major ionospheric ion species (H+, He+, O+, and NO+) in the 1-30 eV energy range while achieving a 70% volume reduction compared to its predecessor. The M3DI integrates an electrostatic analyzer, a deflector, post-acceleration optics, and a magnet-based mass spectrometer within a compact form factor. The optimization of the detector geometry utilizing a trapezoidal micro-pixel anode addresses the inherent azimuthal spread of ion trajectories within the compressed flight path. This geometric adaptation mitigates radial signal broadening and yields a mass resolution of R > 8 for primary ionospheric species (O+ and NO+). Laboratory validation utilizing a Ne+ beam confirms that the prototype functions accurately within the predicted performance regime, with ion landing positions aligning precisely with simulation models. These results demonstrate that the M3DI delivers the robust in situ measurements required for future constellation missions investigating magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling.","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149196128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A backtracking code and central region design of a compact superconducting cyclotron. 紧凑型超导回旋加速器的回溯编码与中心区域设计。

IF 1.6 4区工程技术

Review of Scientific Instruments Pub Date : 2026-10-01 DOI: 10.1063/5.0335723

P P Zheng, O V Karamyshev, G A Karamysheva, W Sh Wan, Zh M Dai

引用次数: 0