Review of Scientific Instruments最新文献_第2页

Developing time-resolved x-ray diffraction diagnostics at the National Ignition Facility (invited) 在国家点火装置开发时间分辨 X 射线衍射诊断技术（特邀）

IF 1.6 4区工程技术

Review of Scientific Instruments Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1063/5.0219574

N. E. Palmer, L. R. Benedetti, C. E. Vennari, P. R. Nyholm, R. B. Petre, N. Bhandarkar, A. C. Carpenter, S. R. Nagel, J. H. Eggert, D. K. Bradley, A. J. Mackinnon, Y. Ping

{"title":"Developing time-resolved x-ray diffraction diagnostics at the National Ignition Facility (invited)","authors":"N. E. Palmer, L. R. Benedetti, C. E. Vennari, P. R. Nyholm, R. B. Petre, N. Bhandarkar, A. C. Carpenter, S. R. Nagel, J. H. Eggert, D. K. Bradley, A. J. Mackinnon, Y. Ping","doi":"10.1063/5.0219574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0219574","url":null,"abstract":"As part of a program to measure phase transition timescales in materials under dynamic compression, we have designed new x-ray imaging diagnostics to record multiple x-ray diffraction measurements during a single laser-driven experiment. Our design places several ns-gated hybrid CMOS (hCMOS) sensors within a few cm of a laser-driven target. The sensors must be protected from an extremely harsh environment, including debris, electromagnetic pulses, and unconverted laser light. Another key challenge is reducing the x-ray background relative to the faint diffraction signal. Building on the success of our predecessor (Target Diffraction In Situ), we implemented a staged approach to platform development. First, we built a demonstration diagnostic (Gated Diffraction Development Diagnostic) with two hCMOS sensors to confirm we could adequately protect them from the harsh environment and also acquire acceptable diffraction data. This allowed the team to quickly assess the risks and address the most significant challenges. We also collected scientifically useful data during development. Leveraging what we learned, we recently developed a much more ambitious instrument (Flexible Imaging Diffraction Diagnostic for Laser Experiments) that can field up to eight hCMOS sensors in a flexible geometry and participate in back-to-back shots at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The design also allows for future iterations, such as faster hCMOS sensors and an embedded x-ray streak camera. The enhanced capabilities of the new instrument required a much more complex design, and the unexpected issues encountered on the first few shots at NIF remind us that complexity has consequences. Our progress in addressing these challenges is described herein, as is our current focus on improving data quality by reducing x-ray background and quantifying the uncertainties of our diffraction measurements.","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142258159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

XUV-beamline for photoelectron imaging spectroscopy with shaped pulses 利用异形脉冲进行光电子成像光谱分析的 XUV 光束线

IF 1.6 4区工程技术

Review of Scientific Instruments Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1063/5.0223450

M. Behrens, L. Englert, T. Bayer, M. Wollenhaupt

{"title":"XUV-beamline for photoelectron imaging spectroscopy with shaped pulses","authors":"M. Behrens, L. Englert, T. Bayer, M. Wollenhaupt","doi":"10.1063/5.0223450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0223450","url":null,"abstract":"We introduce an extreme ultraviolet (XUV)-beamline designed for the time-resolved investigation and coherent control of attosecond (as) electron dynamics in atoms and molecules by polarization-shaped as-laser pulses. Shaped as-pulses are generated through high-harmonic generation (HHG) of tailored white-light supercontinua (WLS) in noble gases. The interaction of shaped as-pulses with the sample is studied using velocity map imaging (VMI) techniques to achieve the differential detection of photoelectron wave packets. The instrument consists of the WLS-beamline, which includes a hollow-core fiber compressor and a home-built 4f polarization pulse shaper, and the high-vacuum XUV-beamline, which combines an HHG-stage and a versatile multi-experiment vacuum chamber equipped with a home-built VMI spectrometer. The VMI spectrometer allows the detection of photoelectron wave packets from both the multiphoton ionization (MPI) of atomic or molecular samples by the tailored WLS-pulses and the single-photon ionization (SPI) by the shaped XUV-pulses. To characterize the VMI spectrometer, we studied the MPI of xenon atoms by linearly polarized WLS pulses. To validate the interplay of these components, we conducted experiments on the SPI of xenon atoms with linearly polarized XUV-pulses. Our results include the reconstruction of the 3D photoelectron momentum distribution (PMD) and initial findings on the coherent control of the PMD by tuning the spectrum of the XUV-pulses with the spectral phase of the WLS. Our results demonstrate the performance of the entire instrument for HHG-based photoelectron imaging spectroscopy with prototypical shaped pulses. Perspectively, we will employ polarization-tailored WLS-pulses to generate polarization-shaped as-pulses.","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142258165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fast photodiode arrays for high frequency fluctuation measurements of reconnecting flux ropes 用于重新连接通量绳高频波动测量的快速光电二极管阵列

IF 1.6 4区工程技术

Review of Scientific Instruments Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1063/5.0219515

Thomas Rood, Sonu Yadav, Gustavo Bartolo, Earl Scime

引用次数: 0

Integration of scanning probe microscope with high-performance computing: Fixed-policy and reward-driven workflows implementation 扫描探针显微镜与高性能计算的集成：固定政策和奖励驱动工作流的实施

IF 1.6 4区工程技术

Review of Scientific Instruments Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1063/5.0219990

Yu Liu, Utkarsh Pratiush, Jason Bemis, Roger Proksch, Reece Emery, Philip D. Rack, Yu-Chen Liu, Jan-Chi Yang, Stanislav Udovenko, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Sergei V. Kalinin

引用次数: 0

Diagnosing up-scattered deuterium–tritium fusion neutrons produced in burning plasmas at the National Ignition Facility (invited) 诊断国家点火装置燃烧等离子体中产生的向上散射氘氚聚变中子（特邀）

IF 1.6 4区工程技术

Review of Scientific Instruments Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1063/5.0219671

J. Jeet, B. D. Appelbe, A. J. Crilly, L. Divol, M. Eckart, K. D. Hahn, E. P. Hartouni, A. Hayes, S. Kerr, Y. Kim, E. Mariscal, A. S. Moore, A. Ramirez, G. Rusev, D. J. Schlossberg

{"title":"Diagnosing up-scattered deuterium–tritium fusion neutrons produced in burning plasmas at the National Ignition Facility (invited)","authors":"J. Jeet, B. D. Appelbe, A. J. Crilly, L. Divol, M. Eckart, K. D. Hahn, E. P. Hartouni, A. Hayes, S. Kerr, Y. Kim, E. Mariscal, A. S. Moore, A. Ramirez, G. Rusev, D. J. Schlossberg","doi":"10.1063/5.0219671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0219671","url":null,"abstract":"In the push to higher performance fusion plasmas, two critical quantities to diagnose are α-heat deposition that can improve and impurities mixed into the plasma that can limit performance. In high-density, highly collisional inertial confinement fusion burning plasmas, there is a significant probability that deuterium–tritium (DT) fusion products, 14.1 MeV neutrons and 3.5 MeV α-particles, will collide with and deposit energy onto (“up-scatter”) surrounding deuterium and tritium fuel ions. These up-scattered D and T ions can then undergo fusion while in-flight and produce an up-scattered neutron (15–30 MeV). These reaction-in-flight (RIF) neutrons can then be uniquely identified in the measured neutron energy spectrum. The magnitude, shape, and relative size of this spectral feature can inform models of stopping-power in the DT plasma and hence is directly proportional to α-heat deposition. In addition, the RIF spectrum can be related to mix into the burning fuel, particularly relevant for high-Z shell and other emerging National Ignition Facility platforms. The neutron time-of-flight diagnostic upgrades needed to obtain this small signal, ∼10−5 times the primary DT neutron peak, will be discussed. Results from several gain &gt; 1 implosions will be shown and compared to previous RIF spectra. Finally, comparisons of experimental data to a simplified computational model will be made.","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142258170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Radiated power and soft x-ray diagnostics in the SMART tokamak SMART 托卡马克中的辐射功率和软 X 射线诊断技术

IF 1.6 4区工程技术

Review of Scientific Instruments Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1063/5.0219506

J. Salas-Suárez-Bárcena, L. F. Delgado-Aparicio, J. Segado-Fernández, A. Rodríguez-González, K. A. McKay, D. J. Cruz-Zabala, J. Hidalgo-Salaverri, J. García-Domínguez, M. García-Muñoz, E. Viezzer, J. Galdón-Quiroga

{"title":"Radiated power and soft x-ray diagnostics in the SMART tokamak","authors":"J. Salas-Suárez-Bárcena, L. F. Delgado-Aparicio, J. Segado-Fernández, A. Rodríguez-González, K. A. McKay, D. J. Cruz-Zabala, J. Hidalgo-Salaverri, J. García-Domínguez, M. García-Muñoz, E. Viezzer, J. Galdón-Quiroga","doi":"10.1063/5.0219506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0219506","url":null,"abstract":"A multi-energy soft x-ray diagnostic is planned to operate in the small aspect ratio tokamak (SMART), consisting of five cameras: one for core measurements, two for edge, and two for divertors. Each camera is equipped with four absolute extreme ultra-violet diodes, with three of them filtered by Ti and Al foils for C and O line emissions, respectively, and Be foils for temperature measurements. In addition, two spectrometers will be installed with a vertical line of sight for impurity control. This study introduces a synthetic model designed to characterize radiated power and soft x-ray emissions. The developed code extracts the radiated power and Zeff values by leveraging distributions of electron density, temperatures, and impurity concentrations. The investigation is centered on the predicted scenarios of SMART’s first phase of operation (Ip = 100 kA; Bt = 0.1 T), employing a double-null configuration with positive and negative triangularity. The anticipated impurities encompass C (1%) and Fe (0.01%) from the vessel, as well as O and N (0.1%) from air and water. For simplicity, the distribution is assumed to be homogeneous within the plasma, considering different mixtures with Zeff values ranging between 1 and 2. Finally, the model estimates signal strength for the diagnostic design, proving its feasibility.","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142258166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Upgrade of DIII-D radial interferometer–polarimeter for large bandwidth, low noise, and toroidal mode number measurements 升级 DIII-D 型径向干涉仪-偏振计，以进行大带宽、低噪声和环形模式数测量

IF 1.6 4区工程技术

Review of Scientific Instruments Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1063/5.0217020

G. Prabhudesai, J. Chen, D. L. Brower, D. Finkenthal

{"title":"Upgrade of DIII-D radial interferometer–polarimeter for large bandwidth, low noise, and toroidal mode number measurements","authors":"G. Prabhudesai, J. Chen, D. L. Brower, D. Finkenthal","doi":"10.1063/5.0217020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0217020","url":null,"abstract":"Near ion-cyclotron frequency (fci) fluctuations, such as those originating from Global and Compressional Alfvén Eigenmodes (GAEs/CAEs), are expected to be present in future fusion reactors but are not well understood due to the limited availability of core measurements in present-day tokamaks. The measurement bandwidth of the Radial Interferometer–Polarimeter (RIP) diagnostic has been upgraded from 1 to 5 MHz to detect these fluctuations in DIII-D. RIP adopts the three-wave technique for simultaneous polarimetric and interferometric measurements. Solid-state microwave sources operating at 650 GHz are used as probe beams and provide 5 MHz bandwidth for both polarimetric and interferometric measurements. Bandwidths of related hardware, including mixer amplifier, signal cable, and digital phase demodulator, are increased correspondingly. Measurement noise is minimized by reducing the time delay between reference and probe signals to nanosecond level and employing correlation-based techniques. Using the upgraded diagnostic, CAE/GAE-like bursting fluctuations are observed in neutral-beam heated plasmas with toroidal magnetic field Bφ ≈ 1 T. Current upgrades being undertaken would enable the evaluation of toroidal mode number for these modes. This work opens the possibility of better understanding near ion-cyclotron frequency fluctuations in fusion relevant plasmas.","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142258168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Formation of directed wide-aperture flows of runaway electrons in air-filled magnetized diodes 在充气磁化二极管中形成定向宽孔径失控电子流

IF 1.6 4区工程技术

Review of Scientific Instruments Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1063/5.0218882

L. N. Lobanov, K. A. Sharypov, V. G. Shpak, S. A. Shunailov, M. I. Yalandin, N. M. Zubarev

{"title":"Formation of directed wide-aperture flows of runaway electrons in air-filled magnetized diodes","authors":"L. N. Lobanov, K. A. Sharypov, V. G. Shpak, S. A. Shunailov, M. I. Yalandin, N. M. Zubarev","doi":"10.1063/5.0218882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0218882","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of research, development, and testing of magnetically insulated air diodes with replaceable graphite and stainless-steel tubular and coaxial cathodes of various configurations capable of generating directed bunches of runaway electrons. At the anode, the bunches have cross sections shaped as circles or rings with an outer diameter of 1–2 cm. The durations of the bunches, which carry currents of a few to tens of amperes, range from tens of picoseconds to 100 ps, and their charges range from tenths of a nanocoulomb to a few nanocoulombs. The kinetic energy of the bunch electrons at the peak of the current pulse is typically of the order of 150 keV. The bunch parameters are set (and varied) by varying the amplitude and duration of the subnanosecond high-voltage pulse driving the diode; they depend on the cathode material and on the strength and profile of the applied external magnetic field. The bunches, retaining their cross-sectional structure, are brought out from the diode, along the field lines, through a thin foil or mesh anode into the open space with a quasi-uniform magnetic field between two Helmholtz coils. In this space, the samples to be irradiated with electrons, similarly to objects exposed to radiation in various experiments and technological applications, can be placed.","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142258167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

AC Zeeman effect in microfabricated surface traps 微加工表面陷阱中的交流泽曼效应

IF 1.6 4区工程技术

Review of Scientific Instruments Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1063/5.0204413

M. Ivory, C. D. Nordquist, K. Young, C. W. Hogle, S. M. Clark, M. C. Revelle

{"title":"AC Zeeman effect in microfabricated surface traps","authors":"M. Ivory, C. D. Nordquist, K. Young, C. W. Hogle, S. M. Clark, M. C. Revelle","doi":"10.1063/5.0204413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0204413","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum processors and atomic clocks based on trapped ions often utilize an ion’s hyperfine transition as the qubit state or frequency reference, respectively. These states are a good choice because they are insensitive in first order to magnetic field fluctuations, leading to long coherence times and stable frequency splittings. In trapped ions, however, these states are still subject to the second order AC Zeeman effect due to the necessary presence of an oscillating magnetic field used to confine the ions in a Paul trap configuration. Here, we measure the frequency shift of the 2S1/2 hyperfine transition of a 171Yb+ ion caused by the radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field used to create confinement in several microfabricated surface trap designs. By comparing different trap designs, we show that two key design modifications significantly reduce the AC Zeeman effect experienced by the ion: (1) an RF ground layer routed directly below the entire RF electrode, and (2) a symmetric RF electrode. Both of these changes lead to better cancellation of the AC magnetic field and, thus, overall reduced frequency shifts due to the AC Zeeman effect and reduced variation across the device. These improvements enable a more homogeneous environment for quantum computing and can reduce errors for precision applications such as atomic clocks.","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142258169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A magnetic diagnostic suite for the Pegasus-III experiment 飞马座-III 试验的磁性诊断套件

IF 1.6 4区工程技术

Review of Scientific Instruments Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1063/5.0219341

J. A. Reusch, M. W. Aslin, M. W. Bongard, S. J. Diem, J. A. Goetz, M. D. Nornberg, A. S. Rajendra, S. Redd, C. Rodriguez Sanchez, R. K. Sassella, A. C. Sontag, J. D. Weberski, G. R. Winz

{"title":"A magnetic diagnostic suite for the Pegasus-III experiment","authors":"J. A. Reusch, M. W. Aslin, M. W. Bongard, S. J. Diem, J. A. Goetz, M. D. Nornberg, A. S. Rajendra, S. Redd, C. Rodriguez Sanchez, R. K. Sassella, A. C. Sontag, J. D. Weberski, G. R. Winz","doi":"10.1063/5.0219341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0219341","url":null,"abstract":"Pegasus-III is an ultralow aspect ratio spherical tokamak providing a dedicated US experiment for comparative solenoid-free startup studies. A new magnetic diagnostic suite for equilibrium and low frequency (&lt;200 kHz) magnetohydrodynamic mode analysis has been installed. These new diagnostics address the significant challenges of measuring magnetic field in a high noise environment with the majority constrained to fit in an 8 mm diagnostic gap on the high field side. Electrostatic switching noise generated by the 16 independent current feedback-controlled power supplies produces dVcm/dt ∼ 1 kV/μs and volt level common mode noise on the magnetics. Immunity to this switching noise is accomplished through differential signal runs and signal processing, along with end-to-end electromagnetic interference shielding. The magnetic measurements are simultaneously digitized at 1 MHz and conditioned by precision 8 pole Butterworth filters with a corner frequency of 200 kHz to prevent aliasing down to the 16-bit level over the full passband. Ex-vessel calibrations of the Bp coils were completed with a typical uncertainty of &lt;0.5%. Stray toroidal field pickup from coil misalignment or positioning errors is corrected using a physics-based model. Comparisons of the corrected measurements to modeling agree to within 1.3% on average. This is within the 1.5% measurement uncertainty that a sensitivity analysis determined is needed for accurate fast boundary and equilibrium reconstruction.","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0