Review of Scientific Instruments最新文献

{"title":"Using real-time nuclear activation detectors for measuring neutron yields from D(D, T)n reactions on the national ignition facility (NIF).","authors":"B Lahmann, K D Hahn, E A Henry, F Munteanu, D J Schlossberg, R M Bionta","doi":"10.1063/5.0213464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0213464","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The National Ignition Facility (NIF) has 48 Real-Time Nuclear Activation Detectors distributed around the target chamber capable of measuring deuterium-triton reaction neutron yields with high precision. In this work, we extend this functionality to deuterium-deuterium (DD) reaction neutrons using a nuclear reaction that occurs in the detector's scintillator material. The corresponding decay of the activated material has a very short half-life of 5 s, which necessitates rapid data collection immediately following an experiment. In this regime, dead time can be very high (>50%) adding significant uncertainty to the measurement. To combat this, we have developed a dead time model that can self-consistently describe the measured data. Initial results show reasonable agreement (within 20%) with DD neutron yields from neutron time-of-flight spectrometers.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143557608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endoscopic Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy through a fiber microprobe.","authors":"Jaehyeon Kim, Yue Tian, Guanhua Qiao, Julinna Abulencia Villarta, Fujia Zhao, Andrew He, Ruo-Jing Ho, Haoran Liu, Rohit Bhargava, Yingjie Zhang","doi":"10.1063/5.0233920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0233920","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a powerful analytical method not only for the chemical identification of solid, liquid, and gas species but also for the quantification of their concentration. However, the chemical quantification capability of FTIR is significantly hindered when the analyte is surrounded by a strong IR absorbing medium, such as liquid solutions. To overcome this limit, here we develop an IR fiber microprobe that can be inserted into a liquid medium and obtain full FTIR spectra at points of interest. To benchmark this endoscopic FTIR method, we insert the microprobe into bulk water covering a ZnSe substrate and measure the IR transmittance of water as a function of the probe-substrate distance. The obtained vibrational modes, overall transmittance vs z profiles, quantitative absorption coefficients, and micro z-section IR transmittance spectra are all consistent with the standard IR absorption properties of water. The results pave the way for endoscopic chemical profiling inside bulk liquid solutions, promising for applications in many biological, chemical, and electrochemical systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large range parallel compliant pure rotational micropositioning stage driven by two voice coil motors with symmetrical layout.","authors":"Rui Mu, Leijie Lai, Limin Zhu","doi":"10.1063/5.0247588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0247588","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper presents the design of a parallel compliant pure rotational micropositioning stage driven by two voice coil motors aimed at achieving high precision and high responsiveness in pure rotation micropositioning. The stage consists of two leaf-spring based driving arms and a pair of symmetric isosceles trapezoidal mechanisms. The parallel structure of the stage can effectively enhance the system's stiffness and response speed. By analyzing the kinematic and dynamic properties of the stage, the design parameters of the stage are determined to meet positioning requirements across various application scenarios. Finite element analysis is then conducted to validate the accuracy of the analytical model. To validate the proposed design, a stage prototype was constructed and subjected to experimental testing. The testing results demonstrate that the stage can achieve a maximum rotation angle of 41.6 mrad. Furthermore, a feedback controller was also designed to validate the system's stability and tracking accuracy. The trajectory tracking experimental results show that the stage exhibits excellent positioning accuracy and dynamic response to both sine and step signal inputs, confirming its potential in the micropositioning field. Finally, the drift of the rotational center of the stage was observed and evaluated under a microscope, validating the good performance of the rotation accuracy of the stage.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time steerable frequency-stepped Doppler backscattering (DBS) system for local helicon wave electric field measurements on the DIII-D tokamak.","authors":"S Chowdhury, N A Crocker, W A Peebles, R Lantsov, T L Rhodes, L Zeng, B Van Compernolle, S Tang, R I Pinsker, A C Torrezan, J Squire, R Rupani, R O'Neill, M Cengher","doi":"10.1063/5.0233601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0233601","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A new frequency-stepped Doppler backscattering (DBS) system has been integrated into a real-time steerable electron cyclotron heating launcher system to simultaneously probe local background turbulence (f < 10 MHz) and high-frequency (20-550 MHz) density fluctuations in the DIII-D tokamak. The launcher allows for 2D steering (horizontally and vertically) over wide angular ranges to optimize probe location and wavenumber response. The vertical steering can be optimized during a discharge in real time. The new DBS system employs a programmable frequency synthesizer with adjustable dwell time as a source to launch either O or X-mode polarized millimeter waves. This system can step in real-time over the entire E-band frequency range (60-90 GHz). This combination of capabilities allows for the diagnosis of the complex internal spatial structure of high power (>200 kW) helicon waves (476 MHz) injected from an external antenna during helicon current drive experiments in DIII-D. Broadband density fluctuations around the helicon frequency are observed during real-time scans of measurement location and wavenumber during these experiments. Analysis indicates that these broadband high-frequency fluctuations are a result of backscattering of the DBS millimeter-wave probe beam from plasma turbulence modulated by the helicon wave. It is observed that background turbulence is effectively locally \"tagged\" with the helicon wave electric field, forming images of the turbulent spectrum in the overall density fluctuation spectrum that appear as high-frequency sidebands of the turbulence. These observations of background turbulence and high-frequency fluctuations open up the possibility of monitoring local helicon wave amplitude by comparing the high-frequency signal amplitude to the simultaneously measured background turbulence. In combination with the real-time measurement location and wavenumber scanning capabilities (offered by real-time frequency-stepping and steering), this allows rapid determination of the spatial distribution of the helicon wave power during steady-state plasma operation. In the long term, such measurements may be used to validate predictive modeling (GENRAY [Smirnov and Harvey, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 40, 1837 (1995)] or AORSA [Lau et al., Nucl. Fusion 58 066004 (2018)]) of helicon current drive in DIII-D plasmas.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A compact, asymmetric probe, planar transient grating spectroscopy system.","authors":"J Rajagopal, A P C Wylie, B Dacus, T St Julian, M P Short","doi":"10.1063/5.0233331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0233331","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transient grating spectroscopy (TGS) is a rapid and non-destructive technique for measuring thermal, acoustic, and elastic properties of solid materials with a multitude of uses across many areas of materials research. Current TGS systems require optics tables and cumbersome amounts of space for an entire setup, restricting TGS to being a lab-based method. This paper presents a new design for TGS systems that rotates the probe laser beams around the axis of the pump beam, allowing for an asymmetric probe, planar, optically 2D setup. This, in turn, allows the setup to be significantly simplified, which enables the setup presented in this paper to be roughly nine times smaller in volume than contemporary setups while being much easier to build, align, and operate. Part of the size reduction was enabled by a mono-homodyne system and the removal of the chopper. This system was benchmarked against an existing TGS system using a single-crystal tungsten sample. This showed that it can produce the same surface acoustic wave frequency data as the existing system. This design enables TGS to be more widely adopted for use in more varied and compact environments because of its smaller size and simplicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of a correlation reflectometer radiometer diagnostic and measurements of the electron density-temperature cross-phase angle in the H-mode pedestal with small edge localized modes at ASDEX Upgrade.","authors":"C Yoo, G D Conway, W Burke, P A Molina Cabrera, B Vanovac, R Bielajew, D J Cruz-Zabala, A Silva, A E White","doi":"10.1063/5.0243894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0243894","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This work presents the hardware design and first results from a newly commissioned correlation reflectometer radiometer diagnostic that measures the cross-phase angle between electron density and temperature fluctuations in ASDEX Upgrade plasmas. This diagnostic employs cross correlations between signals measured by a tunable, continuous wave, perpendicular incidence, fluctuation reflectometer, and a 24-channel radiometer sharing the same line of sight. Novel measurements in the pedestal of a helium H-mode plasma with small edge localized modes show changes in the cross-phase angle between the electron density and temperature fluctuations from ∼90° to 120°, suggesting changes in the properties of the turbulence driving transport in the plasma edge.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and evaluation of a bipedal stepping piezoelectric actuator based on stick-slip principle.","authors":"Yue Zhang, Ming Kong, Saijie Mou, Shilin Gu, Lu Liu, Lei Zhu","doi":"10.1063/5.0244587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0244587","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this work, a novel bipedal stepping piezoelectric actuator based on stick-slip principle is proposed. An integrated stator with symmetrically positioned dual driving feet has been developed, characterized by its element analysis. Key structural parameters were optimized, and a prototype was fabricated for a series of experiments. The experimental results demonstrate that the actuator attains a maximum output speed of 4550 μm/s at a voltage of 150 V and a frequency of 350 Hz. The stepping efficiency is measured at 0.886, with a maximum horizontal load capacity of 170 g. Furthermore, the actuator exhibits a displacement resolution of 180 nm, making it highly suitable for precision actuation and applications in fields such as biomedical engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First measurements with the Faraday cup fast ion loss detector on Wendelstein 7-X.","authors":"Samuel A Lazerson, David J Kulla, Alexandra LeViness, Brandon F Lee, Matthias Steffen, Beate Kursinski, Karsten Ewert","doi":"10.1063/5.0223953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0223953","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The first measurements made with a prototype Faraday cup fast ion loss detector (FC-FILD) on the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) device are presented and shown to be consistent with lost neutral beam fast ions. The FC-FILD is a small form factor, energy resolving detector designed to be mounted inside the first wall armor tiles of W7-X. Such mounting will allow for a future detector array to be installed, which has been shown to be critical for demonstrating improved fast ion confinement with plasma beta (β = 2μ0p/B2). The prototype diagnostic is composed of a movable armature with a water cooled diagnostic head, mimicking the first wall armor tile cooling structure. The movement of the armature allows for assessment of different detector positions relative to the plasma edge. Measurements of lost fast ions in the low shear magnetic configuration are correlated with neutral beam blips and the neutral beam energy spectrum. Analysis of the rise time of the signals presents a timescale much faster than the energy or particle confinement time and of the order of the predicted neutral beam fast ion slowing down time. Simulations predict a larger signal amplitude than measured, and possible reasons for this are discussed. Finally, a redesigned aperture is presented, which allows for fast ions to reach the detector in a larger set of magnetic configurations.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intelligent tetrahydrothiophene gas detection based on electrochemical sensor array.","authors":"Guoqing Xiao, Xi Lai, Liang Ge, Yong He, Yi Teng","doi":"10.1063/5.0226213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0226213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With extensive use of natural gas energy, various gas accidents occur frequently. Reasonable odorization of natural gas is an effective way to detect gas leakage in time and avoid gas explosions. Therefore, it is necessary to realize the identification and concentration detection of natural gas odorants to ensure early warning without degrading the gas quality. Given the cross-interference effect of electrochemical gas sensors and the poor accuracy of conventional analysis methods, this paper proposed a method based on principal component analysis and the K-nearest neighbor algorithm to realize gas recognition. In addition, the backpropagation-AdaBoost model combined with an electrochemical sensor array was employed to estimate the concentration of tetrahydrothiophene, an odorant in natural gas. The natural gas from the Chenghua district of Chengdu was used as the gas source to verify the reliability of the method. The experimental results show that the gas recognition rate reaches 90.17%, and the tetrahydrothiophene concentration detection average relative error reduced to 3.37%. The results demonstrate that the method can effectively improve the prediction accuracy and reduce the impact of cross-interference on the detection of tetrahydrothiophene. The method can provide technical support for natural gas odorant detection with great engineering significance for solving gas safety problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a femtosecond analytical electron microscopy based on a Schottky field emission transmission electron microscope.","authors":"Shaozheng Ji, Jiangteng Guo, Zefang Li, Ling Tong, Junqing Guo, Jingchao Liu, Ying Deng, Can Liu, Zepeng Sun, Xiang Chen, Cuntao Gao, Fang Liu, Min Feng, Xuewen Fu","doi":"10.1063/5.0226913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0226913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ultrafast transmission electron microscopy (UTEM) has gained wide applications in the nanoscale dynamics with femtosecond, even attosecond, resolution. The instrument development is still in progress to satisfy the various applications. At Nankai University, we built an UTEM with a laser-driven Schottky field emitter based on a field emission TEM (Talos200i) of Thermo Fisher Scientific. This study comprehensively examines the performance of the UTEM, including the continuous mode and ultrafast photoemission mode. The investigation focuses on optimizing brightness, temporal resolution, energy dispersion, and stability in ultrafast photoemission mode, achieving a temporal resolution of ∼200 fs and an energy dispersion of 0.7 eV with excellent stability through careful adjustments of laser parameters and equipment settings. In scanning transmission electron microscopy mode, the beam size of the photoemission mode is ∼1.4 nm at specific settings with potential for further improvement. As application examples, we illustrate the results of photoinduced structural dynamics of gold film and MoS2 thin flake by ultrafast electron diffraction. We also report the polarization dependent optical interference pattern characterized by the photoinduced near field microscopy effect in a silicon thin film sample prepared by the focused ion beam method. These findings provide valuable insights for researchers aiming to leverage the UTEM's capabilities for advanced electron microscopy applications and pave the way for future advancements in UTEM technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"96 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143542863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}