Cijin Zhou, Barbara Lavina, Thomas S Toellner, Vitali B Prakapenka, Stella Chariton, Dongzhou Zhang, Mark L Rivers, Wolfgang Sturhahn, Jennifer M Jackson, Jiyong Zhao
{"title":"A laser heating diamond anvil cell system for high-pressure nuclear resonant scattering at 3-ID, APS.","authors":"Cijin Zhou, Barbara Lavina, Thomas S Toellner, Vitali B Prakapenka, Stella Chariton, Dongzhou Zhang, Mark L Rivers, Wolfgang Sturhahn, Jennifer M Jackson, Jiyong Zhao","doi":"10.1063/5.0338437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0338437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nuclear resonant scattering (NRS) provides the basis for powerful synchrotron-based techniques, including synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy (SMS) and nuclear resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (NRIXS), which probe the elastic, magnetic, thermodynamic, and vibrational properties of iron-bearing materials and are, therefore, well suited for studying the structure and composition of Earth's and planetary interiors. Here, we report the development and commissioning of a double-sided laser heating system for diamond anvil cell experiments at the 3-ID beamline of the Advanced Photon Source (APS). A key feature of the system is a 7° offset between the x-ray and laser-delivery paths, which positions the near-sample mirrors outside the x-ray path. This design minimizes x-ray absorption, enhances the NRS signal rate during laser heating, improves imaging quality, and significantly reduces thermal drift during extended data acquisition periods. The setup is optimized to match the reduced x-ray beam size available after the APS upgrade, making NRS measurements under extreme pressure-temperature conditions more practical. In addition, the system supports complementary online ruby fluorescence and x-ray diffraction measurements for characterizing samples before and after laser heating. We demonstrate the performance of the system through representative SMS and NRIXS measurements conducted under simultaneous high-pressure and high-temperature conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148881570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A S Bogale, J Strehlow, D P Broughton, S Palaniyappan, F N Beg, C-S Wong
{"title":"A Compton-based filter stack spectrometer for high-fidelity MeV x-ray spectrum unfolding.","authors":"A S Bogale, J Strehlow, D P Broughton, S Palaniyappan, F N Beg, C-S Wong","doi":"10.1063/5.0341037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0341037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High-energy x-ray sources are widely used across many fields and industries. Understanding and characterizing these sources is critical for these potential applications and uses. The filter stack spectrometer (FSS) is a compact and portable diagnostic that employs a stack of alternating image plate detectors and filters, and when paired with the unfolding routine based on randomized perturbative minimization methods, it can characterize these sources with high accuracy. However, limitations such as large measurement uncertainties and flattened attenuation curves in the MeV photon range make the spectral inversion difficult and less accurate. In this paper, we present a novel filter stack design that enhances the sensitivity of the FSS by leveraging Compton electrons generated in high-Z filters. This approach produces a more distinct diagnostic signal, making the spectrometer better suited for higher photon energies and more resilient to experimental uncertainties. We also demonstrate the design process for the filter stack through our modular Monte Carlo N-particle approach, allowing us to calculate response matrices rapidly.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148866719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jun Xie, Haoxuan Wei, Chunxin Wang, Xiuwei Cui, Mingzhe Li, Jingkun Wang
{"title":"Transformer partial discharge location method based on time delay compensation and improved artificial lemming algorithm.","authors":"Jun Xie, Haoxuan Wei, Chunxin Wang, Xiuwei Cui, Mingzhe Li, Jingkun Wang","doi":"10.1063/5.0345966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0345966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To address the large partial discharge (PD) positioning errors caused by the inadequate modeling accuracy of traditional models for the complex internal structures of transformers, as well as the difficulty in solving strongly nonlinear positioning equations, this paper proposes a PD positioning method based on time delay compensation and an Improved Artificial Lemming Algorithm (IALA). First, the proportional correlation between the electromagnetic wave propagation delay and internal geometric features is revealed, and a correction model for the propagation delay is established to modify the positioning equations. Subsequently, Sobol sequence initialization and a dynamic multi-leader collaboration mechanism are introduced to overcome the defects of traditional algorithms, such as premature population convergence and blind search behavior. This enables an efficient solution to the aforementioned strongly nonlinear positioning equations. Furthermore, a complete positioning strategy of \"IALA initial positioning-time delay determination and compensation-secondary precise positioning\" is proposed. Finally, multi-point positioning experiments conducted on a physical transformer demonstrate that the proposed method effectively eliminates the severe multipath interference caused by the core and windings. Compared with traditional algorithms, the positioning error is reduced by ∼53%, significantly improving the spatial positioning accuracy of PD sources in transformers.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148866765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeakyung Choi, Hwan-Seop Yeo, Seong Hyeon Park, Youngdu Kim, Beomgyu Choi, Bokyung Kim, Changki Hong, Yonuk Chong, Yong-Ho Lee, Gahyun Choi
{"title":"Automated signal-to-noise ratio-based optimization of traveling-wave parametric amplifiers for multiplexed qubit readout.","authors":"Jeakyung Choi, Hwan-Seop Yeo, Seong Hyeon Park, Youngdu Kim, Beomgyu Choi, Bokyung Kim, Changki Hong, Yonuk Chong, Yong-Ho Lee, Gahyun Choi","doi":"10.1063/5.0323923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0323923","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Scaling superconducting quantum processors to hundreds of qubits requires frequency-multiplexed readout architectures, where the non-uniform gain profile of Traveling-Wave Parametric Amplifiers (TWPAs) creates a critical bottleneck. We present an automated optimization framework that addresses the weakest link problem in multiplexed readout by employing a geometric mean cost function to maintain a uniform signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) profile across all channels. Through systematic characterization of a 5-qubit system, we demonstrate that readout fidelity saturates above SNR ≈ 2.5, indicating that in the high-performance regime SNR is a more effective optimization metric for TWPAs than readout fidelity. Our optimization framework, based on the Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm with continuous parameter tuning, reaches the optimized operating point in ∼100 measurements, reducing the search effort by a factor of 4.5 compared to a 451-point exhaustive grid method. Notably, the continuous optimization surpasses the grid search maximum by 12.8% in geometric mean SNR, confirming its superior efficiency over conventional grid search methods. This automated approach provides a scalable solution for maintaining a uniformly high level of readout fidelity across various amplifier devices in large-scale quantum processors.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148892196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J D Kalow, J T Hinchen, G Harris, E Koukina, D M Harrington, P C McDaniel, N J Brennan, A Golossanov, I D Spool, D Zajac, M Mundt, S Varner, M Russell, S Bull, K McCormack, D Mayer, L E Knaian, M Khandaker, W Stadolnik, W R Cutler, A Sampat, K Lau, J Betances, C Fagan, C R Shmayda, M Koch, K Payne, N J L MacFadden, J Simon, K Peterson, A Gami, S Machavarapu, A Tejeda, J Katz, J A Allen, R Chaney, K Kem, I Kiniti, E Garcia Badaracco, K R Lynch, P Gandhi, C J Johnstone, E Niner, C C Petitjean, A Antognini, W T Shmayda, S O Newburg, A N Knaian
{"title":"The MuFusE large-volume diamond anvil cell for exploring muon-catalyzed fusion at higher pressures and temperatures.","authors":"J D Kalow, J T Hinchen, G Harris, E Koukina, D M Harrington, P C McDaniel, N J Brennan, A Golossanov, I D Spool, D Zajac, M Mundt, S Varner, M Russell, S Bull, K McCormack, D Mayer, L E Knaian, M Khandaker, W Stadolnik, W R Cutler, A Sampat, K Lau, J Betances, C Fagan, C R Shmayda, M Koch, K Payne, N J L MacFadden, J Simon, K Peterson, A Gami, S Machavarapu, A Tejeda, J Katz, J A Allen, R Chaney, K Kem, I Kiniti, E Garcia Badaracco, K R Lynch, P Gandhi, C J Johnstone, E Niner, C C Petitjean, A Antognini, W T Shmayda, S O Newburg, A N Knaian","doi":"10.1063/5.0337239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0337239","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A new large-volume diamond anvil cell (DAC) has been developed for the Muon-catalyzed Fusion (μCF) Experiment (MuFusE), enabling the compression and heating of deuterium-tritium (d-t) mixtures to pressures and temperatures needed to advance μCF research. The MuFusE DAC achieves the large sample volumes necessary for high-precision fusion measurements while integrating cryogenic loading, all-metal sealing, and flexible bellows to maintain a secure environment during cell compression. Combined with remote pneumatic actuation and secondary containment, the DAC safely managed a 25 Ci tritium inventory while providing a clear optical path for in situ measurements of sample pressure and composition via laser spectroscopy. Utilizing 5 mm diameter diamond anvils oriented in the path of a high-intensity muon beam, the apparatus achieved a stable sample volume of 19.2 mm3 at liquid density, pressures up to 933 MPa and temperatures up to 400 K-benchmarks that significantly exceed previously reported limits for static d-t targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148892229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adrian Jonas, Terrence Jach, Katja Frenzel, Moritz Winkler, David Baumeister, Rainer Unterumsberger, Yves Kayser, André Wählisch, Ina Holfelder, Jan Weser, Christian Stadelhoff, Burkhard Beckhoff
{"title":"Calibrated dual soft x-ray spectrometer end-station for polarization-dependent resonant inelastic x-ray scattering.","authors":"Adrian Jonas, Terrence Jach, Katja Frenzel, Moritz Winkler, David Baumeister, Rainer Unterumsberger, Yves Kayser, André Wählisch, Ina Holfelder, Jan Weser, Christian Stadelhoff, Burkhard Beckhoff","doi":"10.1063/5.0324160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0324160","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this work, we present an end-station with two perpendicular high-efficiency soft x-ray spectrometers at the plane grating monochromator beamline in the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt laboratory at the electron storage ring BESSY II. It is designed for polarization-dependent x-ray emission spectroscopy and resonant inelastic x-ray scattering spectroscopy and covers the photon energy range from 80 to 1100 eV. Depending on the energy range to be monitored, either one of two spherical mirrors and either one of three variable line spacing gratings in each spectrometer is selected to provide optimal performance in terms of resolving power and detection yield. A calibration of the optical components and detection devices enables quantitative measurements and the possibility of the determination of x-ray fluorescence fundamental parameters in the soft x-ray range.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148888494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z P Hou, B H Deng, C Y Chen, Q L Zhang, L Nie, S B Gong, H T Chen, C H Liu, D L Zheng, Z C He, W P Guo, Z B Shi, W Chen, W L Zhong, Z J Sun, H Y Li
{"title":"Development of a prototype multi-scale turbulence coherent scattering diagnostic system based on far-infrared lasers on the HL-3 tokamak.","authors":"Z P Hou, B H Deng, C Y Chen, Q L Zhang, L Nie, S B Gong, H T Chen, C H Liu, D L Zheng, Z C He, W P Guo, Z B Shi, W Chen, W L Zhong, Z J Sun, H Y Li","doi":"10.1063/5.0315404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0315404","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A multi-scale turbulence coherent scattering diagnostic system development on the HL-3 tokamak is described with technical details, including custom laser development, light pipe design for laser beam propagation in free space, window designs, scattering light detection optical design and alignment, and a mixer bias circuit design with soft turn on and off function for the mixer protection. Preliminary turbulence measurement data with a wavenumber range from 0 to 11 cm-1 have been obtained, and correlation between turbulence activity and plasma confinement property variation is observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148685722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phillip Eckstein, Fan Yang, Thomas C Hansen, Stanislav Savvin, Jean-Marc Zanotti, Quentin Berrod, Andreas Meyer
{"title":"Aerodynamic levitation for neutron scattering experiments on liquid droplets at high temperature.","authors":"Phillip Eckstein, Fan Yang, Thomas C Hansen, Stanislav Savvin, Jean-Marc Zanotti, Quentin Berrod, Andreas Meyer","doi":"10.1063/5.0341163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0341163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present the design and the performance of a compact aerodynamic levitation apparatus optimized for in situ neutron scattering investigations of high-temperature liquids. This system addresses the critical challenge of low scattering volumes in containerless processing by enabling the stable levitation of large metallic and oxide droplets up to 4 mm in diameter. The device features a dual-sided CO2 laser heating configuration that minimizes axial thermal gradients, ensuring a homogeneous temperature throughout the sample. To achieve an exceptional signal-to-background ratio, the device employs a sophisticated neutron shielding concept for masking and a novel chamber geometry that effectively suppresses undesired Bragg scattering. Furthermore, a modular system of variable nozzle geometries and materials provides the device's adaptability to diverse sample classes ranging from metallic glass-formers to oxides applicable to a variety of scattering techniques. The capabilities of the apparatus are validated through neutron diffraction and time-of-flight spectroscopy experiments at the Institut Laue-Langevin. We report first results on the static structure factors of Pd-Ni-S melts, the atomic dynamics of supercooled Pd-Cu-Ni-P glass-formers, and the time-resolved crystallization behavior of lunar regolith simulants.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148702208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Linyan Rong, Zhencheng Mu, Hexin Wang, Hui Zhang, Zhexin Xie, Maliang Wan, Bo Wang, Kai Guo, Zixian Liu
{"title":"Experimental investigation of pulsed gallium nitride solid-state power amplifier for the China Spallation Neutron Source Phase II linac.","authors":"Linyan Rong, Zhencheng Mu, Hexin Wang, Hui Zhang, Zhexin Xie, Maliang Wan, Bo Wang, Kai Guo, Zixian Liu","doi":"10.1063/5.0312605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0312605","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the Phase II upgrade of the China Spallation Neutron Source, the linac system will achieve a beam energy upgrade from 80 to 300 MeV through the implementation of twenty 324 MHz spoke superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities and twenty-four 648 MHz elliptical SRF cavities. Each spoke cavity requires a dedicated solid-state power amplifier (SSPA) delivering 300 kW peak RF power at a pulse width of 1.2 ms and a repetition rate of 50 Hz. This paper presents the development and experimental validation of a novel pulsed GaN (Gallium Nitride) based SSPA system that employs high-power GaN HEMTs (high-electron-mobility transistors), a redundant direct-current supply subsystem, a compact power-combining network, and a modular architecture. The first prototype SSPA has been successfully built and tested. Measurement results demonstrate that the GaN-based PA modules provide 130% higher output power than conventional laterally diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor (LDMOS) technology at 324 MHz, thereby reducing the number of required amplifier units by 50% while maintaining sufficient power margin. The system exhibits excellent reliability, availability, and operational flexibility, meeting all design specifications.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148763035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A miniature force probe for cold gas thrust measurements.","authors":"G Brandi, R Levy, S Astruc, P Q Elias","doi":"10.1063/5.0337416","DOIUrl":"10.1063/5.0337416","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid growth of the space industry is driving the development of electric propulsion systems spanning thrust from hundreds of mN down to the μN range. Conventional plume diagnostic tools are limited by size and versatility, with them being difficult to adapt across testing facilities and thrusters. Moreover, plasma-based sensors, such as Faraday or Langmuir probes, are blind to neutral species, limiting their use for cold gas thruster plumes. To address these limitations, a miniature MEMS-based force probe was developed to directly measure the total momentum flux of impinging particles, enabling total thrust reconstruction. In this work, the calibration and the thrust reconstruction methods for the force probe are developed and validated using a cold gas thruster. Thrust measurements over a range of 200-950 μN show good agreement with a conventional thrust balance within ±5% in the far field and up to ≈30% in the near field. After accounting for the accommodation factor, assuming diffusive particle reflection, the residual discrepancy is attributed to non-uniform pressure distribution across the proof mass and transitional flow regime effects. For the reference case 1 mg s-1 of N2, the local pressure measured at 16.5 cm from the thruster exit plane ranges from 8 to 25 mPa, corresponding to a total thrust of 600 μN. These results demonstrate that the MEMS force probe is a valid, versatile instrument for thrust measurements and plume diagnostics, providing spatially resolved momentum flux information relevant for the characterization of next-generation electric propulsion systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":21111,"journal":{"name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","volume":"97 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148721852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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