Reproduction in Domestic Animals最新文献

{"title":"Fetal Bovine Serum Is Essential for Maintaining Viability of Porcine Blastocysts During Extended In Vitro Culture: A Comparative Study With Defined Supplements.","authors":"Seongju Lee, Il-Jeoung Yu, Yubyeol Jeon","doi":"10.1111/rda.70195","DOIUrl":"10.1111/rda.70195","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extended in vitro culture (EIVC) of porcine embryos beyond Day 7 is critical for understanding peri-implantation development but remains technically challenging due to the rapid degeneration of blastocysts. While defined serum-free supplements, such as B27 and growth factor cocktails (FGF2, LIF, IGF1; FLI), have successfully supported EIVC in bovine and murine models, their efficacy in porcine embryos has not been systematically evaluated against fetal bovine serum (FBS). This study investigated the effects of these supplements on the long-term viability and molecular integrity of porcine blastocysts. Porcine blastocysts produced in vitro were cultured from Day 7 to Day 11 in Porcine Zygote Medium (PZM) supplemented with either 10% FBS, FLI cocktail, B27 or no supplement (Control). Contrary to findings in other species, supplementation with FLI or B27 failed to support porcine blastocyst survival, resulting in complete degeneration by Day 11, similar to the control group. In contrast, FBS supplementation significantly extended blastocyst viability and maintained structural integrity up to Day 11. Although blastocyst expansion plateaued after Day 9, the FBS group retained a significantly higher total cell number and preserved the expression of pluripotency (OCT4, SOX2) and lineage (CDX2, GATA6) markers compared to other groups. Furthermore, FBS significantly suppressed apoptosis, as evidenced by a lower BAX/BCL2 ratio. These findings demonstrate a distinct species-specific requirement for porcine EIVC; defined supplements effective in other mammals are insufficient for pigs, suggesting that while FBS is essential for preventing rapid degeneration and maintaining cellular viability, further optimisation is required to fully support extended developmental progression comparable to in vivo peri-implantation elongation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21035,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals","volume":"61 3","pages":"e70195"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12972255/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147390847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conditional Antioxidant Protection of Stallion Spermatozoa by Butylated Hydroxytoluene Under Induced Oxidative Stress.","authors":"Endrigo Adonis Braga de Araujo, Frederico Ozanam Papa, Pedro Henrique de Oliveira Baldini, Camila de Paula Freitas-Dell'Aqua, Sidnei Nunes de Oliveira, Luis Fernando Mercês Chaves Silva, Luiz Roberto Pena Andrade Junior, Lucas Troncarelli Rodrigues, Gabriel Augusto Monteiro","doi":"10.1111/rda.70199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.70199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite advances in the method, equine semen cryopreservation still leads to a marked decline in sperm quality, partly attributed to oxidative stress, which motivates the search for lipophilic antioxidants capable of stabilizing the plasma membrane during cooling and freezing. This study performed three experiments to evaluate butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as an additive to commercial skim milk-based (Botu-Sêmen) and egg yolk-based (Botu-Crio) extenders. In Experiment 1, a dose-response curve (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mM) was performed using stallion semen to assess toxicity and establish a safe concentration by analysing sperm kinetics (CASA) and membrane integrity immediately after dilution and after 24 h at 5°C. In Experiment 2, BHT at 0.5 mM was tested in standardized cooling (24 h at 5°C) and freezing protocols. Stallions were classified as Good/Bad Coolers and Good/Bad Freezers, and sperm kinetics (CASA), plasma membrane integrity assessed by epifluorescence microscopy (CFDA/PI), and plasma/acrosomal integrity and oxidative stress markers assessed by flow cytometry were evaluated. In Experiment 3, spermatozoa were exposed to an oxidative challenge with arachidonic acid (50 μM for 15 min at 37°C) to elucidate the mechanism of action of BHT. BHT at 0.5 mM was pharmacologically safe; however, it did not improve cryotolerance or reduce basal oxidative stress in commercial cooling and freezing protocols (p > 0.05). Under oxidative challenge, BHT markedly reduced lipid peroxidation and intracellular reactive oxygen species production (p < 0.05), indicating a conditional protective effect dependent on oxidative imbalance and impaired antioxidant defences. These findings suggest that BHT acts as an antioxidant primarily under critically increased ROS generation, but does not enhance the performance of commercial cryopreservation when procedures already operate within optimal conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21035,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals","volume":"61 3","pages":"e70199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147487184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of Follicular Flushing Frequency and Scraping Time During Ovum Pick-Up in Mares: Effects on Oocyte Recovery Rate and Technical Considerations.","authors":"Adrián Márquez-Moya, Nerea Carreras-Vico, Laura Sala-Ayala, Rebeca Martínez-Boví, Juan Cuervo-Arango","doi":"10.1111/rda.70183","DOIUrl":"10.1111/rda.70183","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration or ovum pick-up (OPU) has become the standard technique for oocyte collection in mares for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Although repeated follicular flushes and wall scraping are commonly used to improve oocyte recovery rate (ORR), the relative contribution of each remains unclear. This study aimed to compare the effects of multiple flushes versus controlled scraping time on ORR in mares. A controlled trial was conducted in two phases: (1) an ex vivo phase using slaughterhouse ovaries (n = 32), and (2) an in vivo phase in clinically healthy mares (n = 9). Follicles were assigned to two groups: multiple flushes (MF, 10 flushes with intermittent scraping, lasting 18 s in total) or single flush (SF, 18 s of continuous scraping followed by 1 flush). A total of 489 follicles were aspirated ex vivo and 143 in vivo. Results showed no significant difference in ORR between MF and SF groups in either phase (ex vivo: 63.8% vs. 59.5%; in vivo: 48.3% vs. 44.3%; p > 0.05). However, MF used significantly more flushing medium per follicle in the ex vivo model (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in aspiration time or incidence of clots and blockages in the aspiration lines. A significant correlation was observed between clot number and aspiration system blockage (r = 0.497, p = 0.036). Continuous scraping without repeated flushing reduces medium usage but may increase operator fatigue and the risk of clot formation and system obstructions. Therefore, optimising scraping duration could improve the efficiency of oocyte recovery procedures while simplifying the technique and reducing costs. Further research is required to refine scraping protocols, reduce operator fatigue, and prevent complications related to clot formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21035,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals","volume":"61 2","pages":"e70183"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12895297/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146166548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Ewe Nutritional Restriction During Gestation on the Number of Sertoli Cells in the Offspring: A Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Mario A Espinosa-Martínez, Héctor Jiménez-Severiano, Luis J Montiel-Olguín","doi":"10.1111/rda.70185","DOIUrl":"10.1111/rda.70185","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maternal nutrition during gestation critically influences foetal reproductive programming. To clarify inconsistent evidence, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the effect of maternal nutritional restriction on the number of Sertoli cells in ovine offspring. A systematic review in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Science Direct identified three studies (four comparisons; n = 52). Standardised mean differences (Hedges' g) were calculated using a random-effects model. The pooled effect was significant (g = -0.95, 95% CI: -1.49 to -0.41; p < 0.001), with no heterogeneity (I² = 0%) or publication bias (Egger's test p = 0.616). In conclusion, maternal undernutrition reduces Sertoli cell numbers by approximately one standard deviation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21035,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals","volume":"61 2","pages":"e70185"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12888528/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146150506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Season, Semen Collection Frequency and Between-Male Variation on Ostrich Seminal Plasma Composition.","authors":"Pfunzo Muvhali, Maud Bonato, Irek Malecki, Kevin Douglas, Pieter Swart, Schalk Cloete","doi":"10.1111/rda.70186","DOIUrl":"10.1111/rda.70186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the effect of season, semen collection frequency, and male variation on seminal plasma composition of farmed ostriches. Five South African Black ostrich males (4.47 ± 0.95 years of age) were used in spring 2011 and winter 2012. Semen was collected once daily, three times with an interval of 4 days between collections, followed by three collections at two-day intervals, and daily for three consecutive days using the dummy female method. Seminal plasma volume was measured with an automatic pipette after semen centrifugation, while seminal plasma protein concentration was determined using the Bradford Coomasie assay. Total seminal plasma proteins were obtained as a product of seminal plasma volume and protein concentration. Semen samples collected in spring had lower total seminal plasma proteins and protein concentration compared to samples collected in winter. Semen collection frequency had no effect on total seminal plasma proteins and protein concentration. Seminal plasma volume was independent of season and semen collection frequency. Lastly, between-male variation was recorded for all seminal plasma traits, with repeatability estimates for seminal plasma volume, seminal plasma protein concentration and total seminal plasma proteins amounting to 0.51 ± 0.19, 0.33 ± 0.18 and 0.44 ± 0.19, respectively. This study established that higher seminal plasma protein levels are characteristic of winter collections, while frequent semen collection exerts no influence on seminal plasma composition. Between-male variation and repeatability estimates suggest identification and selection for males with favourable seminal plasma concentration could be achievable in the ostrich.</p>","PeriodicalId":21035,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals","volume":"61 2","pages":"e70186"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12903072/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146181971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rhodiola sachalinensis Polysaccharides as a Novel Cryoprotectant Improves Yak Frozen-Thawed Sperm Quality and Fertilisation Potential.","authors":"Xianrong Xiong, Yuying Cheng, Xupeng Li, Yuan Li, Yan Xiong, Shi Yin, Honghong He, Wei Fu, Lixue Yang, Jian Li","doi":"10.1111/rda.70187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.70187","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rhodiola sachalinensis polysaccharides (RSP), known for their antioxidant qualities, can scavenge superoxide anion radicals and prevent lipid peroxidation. This study aimed to determine the ideal extra concentration to use as a freezing extender additive and to explore the effects of RSP on the quality parameters and fertility ability of yak semen after cryopreservation. A commercial extender supplemented with varying concentrations of RSP (0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1 g/L) was used to dilute the pooled semen samples from six yaks (four experimental replicates). The sperm's total motility, progressive motility, kinematics, membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ATP levels were among the many parameters that were assessed after semen thawing. Our findings revealed that the total motility, progressive motility, kinematics, T-AOC, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, MMP and ATP were significantly increased in the 0.06 g/L RSP-treated group than that of the control group (p < 0.05), whereas further increasing the concentration resulted in negative effects. Additionally, the MDA and ROS levels in 0.06 g/L RSP-treated group were notably lower than counterparts (p < 0.05). Following thawing, the fertilisation efficiency and subsequent developmental capacity of the 0.06 g/L RSP-treated group were considerably higher than those of the other groups (p < 0.05). Taken together, the inclusion of 0.06 g/L RSP in the semen freezing extender for semen cryopreservation is an effective strategy to enhance the quality and potential for fertilisation of yak spermatozoa. This study provides valuable insights into the role of RSP in ameliorating oxidative stress and preserving sperm function during cryopreservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21035,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals","volume":"61 2","pages":"e70187"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146220856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimisation of Laser-Assisted Biopsy Parameters in Bovine Embryos.","authors":"Jingyu Zhang, Hang Shen, Zhenni Zhang, Jianhui Tian, Lei An, Yinjuan Wang","doi":"10.1111/rda.70184","DOIUrl":"10.1111/rda.70184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although laser-assisted biopsy has shown advantages in other species, optimised protocols for bovine embryos remain scarce. This study developed a systematically optimised laser biopsy method for bovine embryos, which demonstrated high post-biopsy survival rates. Key parameters including laser energy, needle diameter, and operating medium were refined to establish a reliable and efficient standard protocol. This technical advance provides critical support for large-scale embryo genomic selection in cattle, facilitating enhanced genetic breeding outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21035,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals","volume":"61 2","pages":"e70184"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12895502/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146166540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Hormonal Stimulation on Laparoscopic Ovum Pick-Up Response in Jakhrana Goats.","authors":"Yogesh Kumar Soni, Shiva Pratap Singh, Suresh Dinkar Kharche, Vishal Khandelwal, Juhi Pathak, Manisha Pathak, Ravi Ranjan","doi":"10.1111/rda.70181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.70181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Laparoscopic ovum pick-up (LOPU) coupled with in vitro embryo production (IVEP) offers an efficient strategy for genetic improvement and conservation in goats; however, breed-specific variation in ovarian response necessitates optimization of hormonal stimulation protocols. The present study evaluated the efficacy of exogenous gonadotropin stimulation on LOPU response in Jakhrana goats, an economically important dual-purpose but threatened indigenous breed. A total of 48 adult does were used across two experimental series. In the first experiment, 24 goats were assigned to hormonally stimulated (n = 12) and unstimulated control (n = 12) groups. In the second experiment, another 24 goats were allocated to compare two gonadotropin regimens: single-dose (T-1, n = 12) and multiple-dose (T-2, n = 12). Ovarian response was monitored by ultrasonography, and LOPU was performed to recover cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs), which were subsequently graded. In vitro maturation (IVM) was assessed both morphologically, based on cumulus expansion, and by nuclear maturation using Hoechst-33,342 staining. Hormonal stimulation significantly (p < 0.05) increased the number of aspirated follicles (7.17 ± 0.32 vs. 3.92 ± 0.23), recovered COCs (6.42 ± 0.66 vs. 2.42 ± 0.31), and matured oocytes (5.42 ± 0.31 vs. 1.50 ± 0.19) compared with controls. Recovery and maturation rates were also higher in stimulated animals (89.53% and 84.41%, respectively) than in controls (61.7% and 62.06%). Between regimens, T-2 produced superior results, yielding more recovered COCs (7.58 ± 0.45) and matured oocytes (6.41 ± 0.42) than T-1 (5.83 ± 0.69 and 4.58 ± 0.29, respectively), although nuclear maturation rates did not differ significantly. This study provides the first evidence of successful LOPU in Jakhrana goats and demonstrates that gonadotropin stimulation, particularly through multiple-dose administration, enhances oocyte yield and quality. The findings highlight the potential of LOPU-based IVEP systems for genetic improvement and conservation of Indian goat breeds.</p>","PeriodicalId":21035,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals","volume":"61 2","pages":"e70181"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146150571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glutamine Protects Porcine Granulosa Cell From Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis by Inhibiting JNK Activation.","authors":"Luyao Wang, Yi Liu, Jialong Li, Xinyu Liu, Shenglong Wu, Aiwen Jiang, Wenbin Bao","doi":"10.1111/rda.70179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.70179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oxidative stress-induced granulosa cells (GCs) apoptosis is believed to be the hallmark of follicular atresia. Although a large number of studies have shown that some molecules in follicular fluid (FF) are important to granulosa cell survival, the key substances in FF associated with the regulation of granulosa cell apoptosis have not been fully elucidated. Herein, metabolomics analysis showed that the glutamine level in healthy FF was significantly higher than that in atretic FF. Then, an oxidative stress model was built up by adding hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). The results revealed that treating porcine GCs with H₂O₂ significantly elevated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels (p < 0.01) and caused a marked decrease in cell viability (p < 0.0001). Exogenous glutamine alleviated the intracellular ROS accumulation and porcine GCs apoptosis induced by H₂O₂ (p < 0.05). Knocking down glutamine synthetase (GLUL), the key gene for glutamine synthesis, diminished cell viability (p < 0.01) and increased intracellular ROS levels and porcine GCs apoptosis (p < 0.05). Both H₂O₂ and the knockdown of GLUL activated the JNK signalling pathway, while glutamine decreased the activation of JNK to protect porcine GCs from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. These findings indicate that glutamine protects porcine GCs from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by inhibiting JNK activation, which is of great significance for clarifying the molecular mechanisms behind follicular atresia.</p>","PeriodicalId":21035,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals","volume":"61 2","pages":"e70179"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146086985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repeated Melatonin Implant Improves Testicular Volume, Testicular Blood Flow, Estradiol, Antioxidant Capacity, and Nitric Oxide Levels in Post-Pubertal Camels Under Heat Stress Conditions.","authors":"Elshymaa A Abdelnaby, Abdulrhman K Alhaider, Ibrahim A Emam","doi":"10.1111/rda.70180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.70180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This current work aimed to determine the impacts of melatonin implants on testicular artery blood flow and Doppler indices, in relation to hormonal profile in post-pubertal camels (Camelus dromedaries) under heat stress and non-breeding conditions. Post-pubertal males were categorised into control (C; n = 7) and melatonin-treated group (MT; n = 7; two doses 1 month apart starting in June). Testicular morphometric expressed by testicular volume and testicular echogenicity (TV and TE), Doppler indices as resistance index and pulsatility index (RI and PI) of testicular artery (TA), testicular blood flow volume (TBFV), blood sampling and hormonal (melatonin, follicle stimulating, luteinizing hormone [FSH and LH], estradiol [E2], testosterone [T], and nitric oxide [NO]) analysis and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) measurement were performed weekly. TV was elevated (p ≤ 0.05) in the MT group, reaching a peak at week 12, compared to C males, while TE did not change (p ≥ 0.05) due to melatonin implants. Melatonin, E2, and NO were increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) from week 2, reaching the peak at wks. 7 and 8 of the implant. In addition, TAC showed the same pattern of elevation (p ≤ 0.05). FSH, LH, and T levels showed non-significant alterations (p ≥ 0.05). TA. RI and TA. PI declined from week 4 with an elevation (p ≤ 0.05) in TBFV. Melatonin implant improves the testicular vascularization with an elevation of the vasodilator mechanism. This led to a perfect breeding period in camels following the long photoperiod that extended the breeding period by 2-3 months.</p>","PeriodicalId":21035,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals","volume":"61 2","pages":"e70180"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146181955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}