Judith Diaz-Muñoz, Yulia N Cajas, Karina Cañón-Beltrán, Sonia Gago, Carlos Olegario Hidalgo, Manel López-Béjar, Dimitrios Rizos, Teresa Mogas
{"title":"Extracellular Vesicles From Heat- and Oxidative-Stressed Granulosa Cells Improve Redox Balance and Embryo Development in Bovine Oocytes.","authors":"Judith Diaz-Muñoz, Yulia N Cajas, Karina Cañón-Beltrán, Sonia Gago, Carlos Olegario Hidalgo, Manel López-Béjar, Dimitrios Rizos, Teresa Mogas","doi":"10.1111/rda.70224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.70224","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In vitro culture (IVC) exposes oocytes to suboptimal conditions that may disrupt redox homeostasis and compromise developmental competence. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication, and their cargo reflects the physiological state of donor cells. We hypothesized that EVs derived from heat-stressed (HS) or oxidative-stressed (OS) granulosa cells (GCs) differentially modulate oocyte redox status and embryo development. GCs were exposed to 42°C for 24 h or to 5 μM H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> for 40 min, and EVs were subsequently isolated from conditioned media. GC-EVs (1 × 10<sup>9</sup> particles/mL) were supplemented during in vitro maturation (IVM). Redox parameters were assessed using triple fluorescence staining for reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH) and mitochondrial activity, combined with 3D confocal segmentation. EV-treated oocytes showed reduced ROS/GSH ratios compared with controls, indicating an improved redox balance. HS-EVs specifically enhanced mitochondrial activity. Cleavage rates were unaffected, whereas OS-EVs increased Day 7 blastocyst rates and HS-EVs improved hatching rates. These findings demonstrate that stress-conditioned GCs-EVs differentially regulate oocyte redox status, mitochondrial activity and developmental competence, supporting their potential to optimize IVC systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":21035,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals","volume":"61 Suppl 3 ","pages":"e70224"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13627749/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149114477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A J Soler, O García-Álvarez, M Iniesta-Cuerda, P Jiménez-Rabadán, A Maroto-Morales, M Neila-Montero, V Montoro, M R Fernández-Santos, J J Garde
{"title":"Sperm Recovery and Evaluation in Domestic Species: Challenges and Current Practices.","authors":"A J Soler, O García-Álvarez, M Iniesta-Cuerda, P Jiménez-Rabadán, A Maroto-Morales, M Neila-Montero, V Montoro, M R Fernández-Santos, J J Garde","doi":"10.1111/rda.70280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.70280","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Semen collection is a key step in the development of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) in domestic mammals, as the collection method determines the functionality and fertility of the sperm. The artificial vagina or manual collection yields ejaculates similar to those obtained during natural mating, although they require prior training to enable semen collection. When semen collection cannot be achieved using the aforementioned techniques, alternative methods such as electroejaculation may be employed. This method has been associated with increased stress and pain in animals; therefore, it should be restricted to specific cases and combined with rectal massage and the administration of sedatives. Finally, spermatozoa can be recovered post-mortem from the cauda epididymis where they are already capable of fertilizing oocytes. After sperm collection, the evaluation of sample quality is essential to ensure success following the application of ARTs. Alongside the techniques commonly used in animal reproduction laboratories, more advanced and objective methodologies have been developed using technologies such as computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) or flow cytometry. CASA systems enable the quantitative assessment of sperm motility at the individual cell level and the identification of sperm subpopulations associated with fertility. In parallel, flow cytometry expands analytical capabilities by allowing the simultaneous evaluation of multiple parameters indicative of sperm function in a single cell. This review summarizes the main methods of sperm collection across domestic mammal species, describing the respective advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it provides an overview of the current methodologies for semen quality assessment and highlights the need for further advances in the identification of reliable fertility biomarkers.</p>","PeriodicalId":21035,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals","volume":"61 Suppl 3 ","pages":"e70280"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13627748/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149114504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carine Dahl Corcini, Antonio Sergio Varela Junior, Morgan Yuri Oliveira Teles Machado, Daiane da Motta Xavier, Marc Yeste
{"title":"Ultrasound Exposure May Detrimentally Affect Sperm Function and Survival: Possible Implications for Cryobiology.","authors":"Carine Dahl Corcini, Antonio Sergio Varela Junior, Morgan Yuri Oliveira Teles Machado, Daiane da Motta Xavier, Marc Yeste","doi":"10.1111/rda.70246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.70246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ultrasound has attracted interest in cryobiology for its potential to enhance heat transfer and reduce thermal gradients during thawing. Little is, however, known about how ultrasound exposure affects sperm cells. This study evaluated the effects of ultrasound on the functional parameters of pig semen. Semen samples from 10 boars were diluted, packaged in 0.5-mL straws at a standard freezing concentration, and exposed to ultrasound (40 kHz) for 0, 15, 30, 60 or 120 s. After treatment (10 min), sperm motility was assessed using computer-assisted sperm analysis, and plasma membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular reactive oxygen species were evaluated by flow cytometry. While short ultrasound exposure (15 s) did not affect sperm functionality, longer exposure (30-120 s) reduced both progressive and total motility and decreased plasma membrane integrity (p < 0.05). Mitochondrial membrane potential remained unchanged among treatments. These results indicate that ultrasound exposure has time-dependent effects on sperm function and survival, providing new insights into the potential use of ultrasound-assisted strategies for thawing cryopreserved sperm.</p>","PeriodicalId":21035,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals","volume":"61 Suppl 3 ","pages":"e70246"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149113720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Lopez-Jara, M Garcia-Canovas, H Gonzalez-Ramiro, M A Gil, C Cuello, H Rodriguez-Martinez, I Parrilla, E A Martinez
{"title":"Buserelin Improves Ovulation-Embryo Synchrony Compared With hCG After eCG-Induced Superovulation in Donor Sows.","authors":"A Lopez-Jara, M Garcia-Canovas, H Gonzalez-Ramiro, M A Gil, C Cuello, H Rodriguez-Martinez, I Parrilla, E A Martinez","doi":"10.1111/rda.70270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.70270","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study directly compares hCG and buserelin as ovulation-inducing agents following eCG-based superovulation in weaned donor sows, focusing on their practical impact on ovulation-embryo synchrony under field conditions. Fifty-five multiparous sows received 1000 IU eCG 24 h after weaning and were treated at onset of estrus with either 750 IU hCG or 10 μg BU. Embryos were recovered on Day 6 after estrus. Ovulatory response, embryo recovery, fertilization rate and viable embryo number did not differ between treatments. Embryo quality parameters were also similar. However, BU-treated sows exhibited improved ovulation-embryo synchrony, with a higher proportion of animals presenting embryos at the blastocyst stage compared with hCG-treated sows (p = 0.0051). In conclusion, BU maintains embryo yield and quality while improving ovulation-embryo synchrony compared with hCG in eCG-superovulated donor sows.</p>","PeriodicalId":21035,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals","volume":"61 Suppl 3 ","pages":"e70270"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13627848/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149114396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of Uncoated Magnetic Nanoparticles on Stallion Sperm Parameters: Influence of Semen Quality.","authors":"Pilar Vallejo-Soto, Gea Sánchez-Cantero, Vincenzo Dibenedetto, Arianna Pagliarinni, Ángela Almohano-Carrasco, Rocío Rodríguez González-Miranda, Jesús Dorado, Isabel Ortiz, Manuel Hidalgo","doi":"10.1111/rda.70243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.70243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of uncoated, non-functionalised magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) on stallion sperm and to determine whether these effects depend on initial semen quality. Ten cooled ejaculates from 3 stallions were exposed to different MNP concentrations ([MNPs] = 0, 5, 25, and 50 mg/mL), agitated, and exposed to an external magnet to recover the unbound sperm fraction. Ejaculates were classified as high- or low-quality groups according to initial evaluation sperm quality index (HSQi and LSQi), and the effect of [MNPs] was evaluated within groups using GLM. The 5 mg/mL concentration preserved sperm motility, membrane integrity and morphology regardless of initial sperm quality. In contrast, [MNPs] ≥ 25 mg/mL reduced sperm motility and recovery rate in both groups. These results indicate that the primary detrimental effect of MNPs is reduced sperm motility, consistent with observations in other species. In brief, nanopurification using 5 mg/mL MNPs can be used in high- and low-quality ejaculates and may provide a useful reference for future nanopurification protocols in stallions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21035,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals","volume":"61 Suppl 3 ","pages":"e70243"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13627842/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149114410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marta Neila-Montero, María Iniesta-Cuerda, Javier Hernández-Serrano, Eva Díaz-Hernández, Clara Vidal-Garcia, Juan Ángel Laborda-Gomariz, Marta Serrallé, Roberto Gallego, Óscar García-García, José Julián Garde, Ana Josefa Soler
{"title":"Functional and Fertility Outcomes of Two Milk-Based Extenders for Short-Term Storage of Ram Semen at 15°C.","authors":"Marta Neila-Montero, María Iniesta-Cuerda, Javier Hernández-Serrano, Eva Díaz-Hernández, Clara Vidal-Garcia, Juan Ángel Laborda-Gomariz, Marta Serrallé, Roberto Gallego, Óscar García-García, José Julián Garde, Ana Josefa Soler","doi":"10.1111/rda.70289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.70289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The efficiency of AI in sheep depends partly on maintaining sperm function during storage. This study compared INRA 96 and a skim milk-based formulation for storing ram semen at 15°C for 6 h, evaluating sperm quality and IVF and field fertility outcomes. INRA 96 showed higher VCL, ALH, and sperm viability after 6 h of storage. However, cleavage rate, blastocyst rate, and blastocyst cell number after IVF, as well as field fertility and prolificacy, did not differ between extenders. These results indicate that the skim milk-based formulation preserved reproductive outcomes at levels comparable to INRA 96, supporting its suitability as a cost-effective alternative for routine AI programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":21035,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals","volume":"61 Suppl 3 ","pages":"e70289"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13627745/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149114440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Patricia Panales, Junwei Li, Ana Parra, Pablo Martínez-Díaz, Xiomara Lucas, Marc Yeste, Jordi Roca, Isabel Barranco
{"title":"Small and Large Seminal Extracellular Vesicles Differentially Modulate Capacitation-Related Parameters in Frozen-Thawed Porcine Epididymal Spermatozoa.","authors":"Patricia Panales, Junwei Li, Ana Parra, Pablo Martínez-Díaz, Xiomara Lucas, Marc Yeste, Jordi Roca, Isabel Barranco","doi":"10.1111/rda.70222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.70222","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Seminal extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have been proposed as modulators of sperm function, but their exact role remains unclear. Most studies use ejaculated sperm for clarification. This approach has limitations; nevertheless, as ejaculated sperm have already been exposed to their own native sEVs, which hinders the assessment of their specific roles. This study aimed to evaluate the potential impact of small (S-) and large (L-) sEVs on capacitation-related parameters of epididymal porcine spermatozoa. Frozen-thawed epididymal sperm were incubated in a non-capacitating medium with or without S- or L-sEVs at 37°C under 5% CO<sub>2</sub> for 3 h. Acrosome integrity, membrane lipid disorder, intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> and protein tyrosine phosphorylation (pTyr) were assessed by flow cytometry at 30 min and 3 h of incubation. Both S-sEVs and L-sEVs decreased (p < 0.0001) membrane lipid disorder at 30 min, but not at 3 h. L-sEVs increased (p < 0.05) intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> levels at 30 min and decreased (p < 0.01) pTyr at 3 h. These results demonstrate a differential, time-dependent modulation of capacitation-related parameters by S- and L-sEVs in porcine epididymal spermatozoa. This provides direct evidence of their primary effects on spermatozoa not exposed to seminal plasma.</p>","PeriodicalId":21035,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals","volume":"61 Suppl 3 ","pages":"e70222"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13627751/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149114446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antonio Sergio Varela Junior, Carine Dahl Corcini, Adeel Ahmad, Mariano Michelon, Cristiana Lima Dora, Marc Yeste, Sergi Bonet
{"title":"Nanoliposome-Mediated Delivery of Lipophilic Antioxidants as a Strategy to Improve the Preservation Capacity of Pig Semen at 17°C.","authors":"Antonio Sergio Varela Junior, Carine Dahl Corcini, Adeel Ahmad, Mariano Michelon, Cristiana Lima Dora, Marc Yeste, Sergi Bonet","doi":"10.1111/rda.70241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.70241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While lipophilic antioxidants such as flavonols may improve the preservation capacity of sperm at 17°C, their low stability and bioavailability can reduce their biological effectiveness. Encapsulation strategies have been proposed to improve the delivery and cellular availability of hydrophobic antioxidants. Herein, we investigated whether delivering one of these flavonols (kaempferol) in nanoliposomes can improve the preservation capacity of pig semen at 17°C. Twelve semen samples were supplemented with kaempferol-loaded nanoliposomes (KNL) or free kaempferol (5 μM), and stored at 17°C for 48 h. Sperm motility was assessed using a computer-assisted sperm analysis system, and functional parameters were evaluated by flow cytometry. After 48 h, sperm stored with KNL showed lower intracellular reactive oxygen species and superoxide levels than those stored with free kaempferol. In addition, the integrity of the plasma membrane and acrosome was better maintained in samples containing KNL. Conversely, mitochondrial membrane potential and most kinematic parameters in sperm stored with KNL did not differ from those supplemented with free kaempferol, yet curvilinear velocity was higher in the former than in the latter. These findings indicate that nanoliposomal delivery enhances the biological effectiveness of 5 μM kaempferol, improving its antioxidant and protective effects on pig sperm. Further research is warranted to improve sperm preservation capacity by delivering lipophilic antioxidants via nanoliposomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21035,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals","volume":"61 Suppl 3 ","pages":"e70241"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13627750/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149114452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Lopez-Jara, X Toptsikioti, M Garcia-Canovas, C Cuello, M A Gil, H Rodriguez-Martinez, E A Martinez, I Parrilla
{"title":"Frozen Boar Semen Can Be Successfully Stored at -80°C, Reducing Need for LN<sub>2</sub> Storage Containers.","authors":"A Lopez-Jara, X Toptsikioti, M Garcia-Canovas, C Cuello, M A Gil, H Rodriguez-Martinez, E A Martinez, I Parrilla","doi":"10.1111/rda.70248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.70248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explores alternative freezing approaches aimed at reducing or avoiding the use of liquid nitrogen (LN<sub>2</sub>) to store boar semen. Sperm-rich fractions from three boars were pooled and frozen in 0.25- and 0.5-mL straws using four different protocols: a conventional method (Control; LN<sub>2</sub> vapours followed by immersion and storage in LN<sub>2</sub>), FT1 (as Control but stored at -80°C), FT2 (LN<sub>2</sub> vapours followed by storage at -80°C), and FT3 (direct transfer from 5°C to -80°C plus storage at this temperature). Sperm quality and intracellular H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production were evaluated at 30- and 150-min after thawing. Sperm motility and viability in FT1 and FT2 were similar to Control, whereas FT3 showed poorer sperm quality and higher intracellular H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> generation. Straw size also influenced cryosurvival, being lowest in 0.5 mL straws. In addition, sperm quality deteriorated alongside post-thaw incubation time. In contrast, storage time (one week vs. one month) did not show a clear effect on the evaluated parameters. In conclusion, these findings suggest that freezing protocols based on LN<sub>2</sub> vapour cooling, combined with storage at -80°C, could be a practical alternative for short-term storage of boar semen, reducing LN<sub>2</sub> use.</p>","PeriodicalId":21035,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals","volume":"61 Suppl 3 ","pages":"e70248"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13627740/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149114454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heriberto Rodriguez-Martinez, Jordi Roca, Fernando Peña Vega, Emilio A Martinez
{"title":"Seminal Extracellular Vesicles as Molecular Modulators of Male Reproductive Function.","authors":"Heriberto Rodriguez-Martinez, Jordi Roca, Fernando Peña Vega, Emilio A Martinez","doi":"10.1111/rda.70217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.70217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extracellular vesicles (sEVs) contained in seminal plasma (SP) maintain, in concert with free SP-components (proteins, hormones, cytokines, metabolites and antioxidants) under an endocrine umbrella the functional in vivo homeostasis of ejaculated spermatozoa. The sEVs define a generic mixture of nanovesicles delivered by male epithelial cells, from the testis to the accessory glands, where their lipid membrane encloses and protects a load of proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, and lipids. This cargo can, following molecular uploading to target cells, dynamically interplay with spermatozoa allowing membrane remodelling pre-fertilization. It can also interact with the lining epithelia of the female internal reproductive tract to induce gene expression changes, modifying ovulation timing and the female immune system leading to tolerate paternal epitopes. This review critically summarizes experimental evidence of the function of the sEVs on fertility, for their primary relevance as diagnostic and fertility biomarkers envisioning possible use of molecular components to select breeding sires, as well as for eventual additives to improve sperm cryosurvival or refine reproductive strategies, including in vitro ARTs. Since methodological stringency is a priority, particular attention is given to sEVs isolation, characterization and experimentation, bound with eventual risks of nanoplastic contamination, keeping view of the delicate balance between SP- and sEVs-molecules and their concerted effects on male fertility.</p>","PeriodicalId":21035,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals","volume":"61 Suppl 3 ","pages":"e70217"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13627756/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149114471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}