Radiation and Environmental Biophysics最新文献

{"title":"Cross-modality validation of quantitative ⁹⁰Y imaging using a custom hepatopulmonary shunt phantom and patient data.","authors":"Nami Yeyin, Mohammad Abuqbeitah, Mustafa Demir, Sinem Akyol, Duygu Tunçman Kayaokay, F Fatih Kesmezacar, Osman Günay, Ghada ALMisned, Bashar Issa, H O Tekin","doi":"10.1007/s00411-026-01236-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00411-026-01236-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study the discrepancies in dose estimations from a ⁹⁰Y-filled hepatopulmonary shunt phantom (HPSP) were analyzed using SPECT/CT, PET/CT, and PET/MR modalities. The dose variability was also evaluated among randomly selected individuals undergoing ⁹⁰Y-microsphere therapy. The HPSP comprised a right lung of 1,101 cm³, a left lung of 863 cm³, a healthy liver parenchyma of 690 cm³, and two intrahepatic tumours of 202 cm³ and 9.5 cm³. ⁹⁰Y-chloride activity was diluted in water and injected into the phantom. SPECT/CT, PET/CT, and PET/MR were acquired with the phantom immersed in water. Absorbed dose was calculated for phantom compartments and for patients with liver tumours who were treated with ⁹⁰Y-glass microspheres. The calculated lung shunt fraction (LSF) (12.0%) from the PET/MR images was closest to the actual LSF (11.03%), followed by PET/CT with 12.2% and SPECT/CT with 13.4% LSF. The deviation between the actual dose estimates and ⁹⁰Y-PET/MR was - 0.1% for the large tumour (202 cm³), -10.5% for the small tumour (9.5 cm³), -7.5% for the healthy liver parenchyma, and 6.1% for the lung. For ⁹⁰Y-PET/CT, the deviation was 4.8% for the large tumour, -7.5% for the small tumour, -15.5% for the healthy liver parenchyma, and 7.6% for the lung. In contrast, a significant disparity was observed in the ⁹⁰Y-SPECT/CT modality, with deviations of -6.3% for the large tumour, -65.3% for the small tumour, -10.7% for the healthy liver parenchyma, and 18.2% for the lung. In the patient study, the doses from ^99mTc-MAA SPECT/CT and ⁹⁰Y-PET/MR images were comparable, whereas ⁹⁰Y-SPECT/CT yielded significantly lower dose estimates. The findings obtained demonstrate that ⁹⁰Y-SPECT/CT generates significant inaccuracies in absorbed dose estimates mainly for small tumours. All modalities overestimated LSF and lung dose by less than 10% except SPECT/CT (18%). It is concluded that implementing an optimal imaging technique with robust scatter correction would mitigate the dose underestimate. ⁹⁰Y-PET/CT and ⁹⁰Y-PET/MR are the preferred methods for reliable dosimetry and precise dose-response assessment, especially owing to their robust correlation with ^99mTc-MAA SPECT/CT simulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21002,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Environmental Biophysics","volume":" ","pages":"887-895"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148369783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of dosimetric characteristics of the GammaMed Plus ¹⁹²Ir HDR brachytherapy source using the GATE Monte Carlo code.","authors":"A Slimani, A Khallouqi, L Ait Mlouk, H Ait Elaouam, H Nassar, H Sekkat, A Halimi, O El Rhazouani","doi":"10.1007/s00411-026-01225-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00411-026-01225-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to validate the dosimetric parameters of the ¹⁹²Ir GammaMed Plus source used in high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy, using the Monte Carlo simulation code GATE (version 9.3), in accordance with the American Association of Physics in Medicine (AAPM) TG-43 protocol recommendations. The source was modelled inside a 40 cm diameter water-filled spherical phantom to accurately replicate clinical conditions. The dose rate constant, radial dose function g(r), anisotropy function [Formula: see text], and the two-dimensional dose rate distribution matrix were calculated using the DoseActors modules. The results showed excellent agreement with reference data: the dose rate constant was [Formula: see text], with a maximum difference from values reported in the literature of 0.76%, and average deviations of 1.2% and 1.4% for g(r) and [Formula: see text], respectively. These findings suggest that GATE provides reliable and accurate dosimetric estimations and may be a useful tool for dosimetric validation in research settings, particularly in heterogeneous media.</p>","PeriodicalId":21002,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Environmental Biophysics","volume":" ","pages":"907-918"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148199838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying measurement uncertainties in diode-based in-vivo dosimetry for Cobalt-60 high dose rate brachytherapy.","authors":"Dilson Lobo, Johan Sunny, M S Pooja, Challapalli Srinivas, M S Athiyamaan, Sourjya Banerjee, Abhishek Krishna, Paul Simon","doi":"10.1007/s00411-026-01229-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00411-026-01229-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy provides a highly conformal cancer treatment modality by exploiting steep dose gradients, and achieving excellent tumour control while minimising radiation exposure to healthy tissues. In-vivo dosimetry (IVD) serves as an essential quality assurance tool, offering independent verification of delivered dose. However, its accuracy can be affected by several measurement-related uncertainties. This study aimed to characterise diode-based IVD for Co-60 HDR brachytherapy and quantify the uncertainties influencing detector performance. A Co-60 HDR afterloading system (SagiNova^®) was used along with a diode-based in-vivo detector. Calibration was performed using a Polymethyl Methacrylate PMMA phantom. A custom-designed acrylic phantom was fabricated to ensure reproducible detector positioning and fixed geometry during irradiation. Detector linearity and uniformity were assessed by delivering known doses from 1 to 8 Gy in 1 Gy increments. Since conventional brachytherapy treatment planning systems do not account for tissue heterogeneity, additional measurements were performed by placing materials simulating bone (Teflon), lung (cork), and soft tissue (acrylic) of 1-3 cm thickness between the source and detector. The diode exhibited excellent stability, with repeatability showing < 2% relative standard deviation. Sensitivity across cumulative absorbed doses demonstrated < 2.5% variation, confirming strong consistency. A linear response was observed throughout the tested dose range. Heterogeneity analysis revealed notable dose perturbations: as expected, bone-equivalent material produced the highest attenuation, while lung-equivalent material resulted in the least, underscoring the importance of accounting for tissue density variations in IVD measurements. Although IVD offers valuable real-time dose verification in HDR brachytherapy, its widespread clinical adoption remains limited by challenges such as detector size and the steep dose gradients surrounding the source. Comprehensive commissioning-including evaluation of linearity, reproducibility, geometric dependence, and heterogeneity effects-is critical for understanding detector behaviour under clinical conditions. It is concluded that accurate characterisation of these uncertainties enhances the reliability of diode-based IVD systems and supports their integration into routine brachytherapy practice for improved patient safety and treatment precision.</p>","PeriodicalId":21002,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Environmental Biophysics","volume":" ","pages":"897-906"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13486103/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148259316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodology for estimating intake from an unknown mixture of radioactive compounds.","authors":"Sushanta Halder, Minal Y Nadar, Jogendra Yadav, Pramilla Sawant, Probal Chaudhury","doi":"10.1007/s00411-026-01231-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00411-026-01231-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, a methodology is provided for estimation of intake due to inhalation of mixture of radioactive compounds of different solubility types. A systemic approach is presented for evaluating intake with help of statistical techniques using different measurement datasets, modified retention and daily urinary excretion fractions. For a single or multiple types of monitoring datasets, intake estimation is performed, considering the varying fractions of compounds. For this purpose, chi square and autocorrelation analysis has been used. A Python program has been written for computation of intake. A case has been taken from the IAEA/IDEAS Intercomparison Exercise on Internal Dose Assessment for validation of the methodology for the estimation of the unknown fractions of compounds as well as of the intake.</p>","PeriodicalId":21002,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Environmental Biophysics","volume":" ","pages":"919-928"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148302240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the variation of DNA damage response of individual human cells exposed to photon radiation.","authors":"Magdalena Płódowska, Dominika Drzazga, Aneta Węgierek-Ciuk, Przemysław Szyc, Beata Brzozowska, Paweł Wołowiec, Prabodha Kumar Meher, Halina Lisowska, Andrzej Wojcik","doi":"10.1007/s00411-026-01232-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00411-026-01232-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Individual cells of the same type and in the same position in the cell cycle show stochastic cell-to-cell variability (noise) in gene and protein expression, even under the same environmental conditions. The aim of the study was to test if radiation-induced DNA damage response of cells shows noise, on top of the randomly distributed DNA damage. This was tested by comparing the frequency of DNA repair foci in sister nuclei of binucleated cells (intra BNC variability) and nuclei of two BNC (inter BNC variability). Inter cell variability was also measured for mononucleated cells (MNC). Binucleation was induced in U2OS cells by cytochalasin B. Cells were exposed to 2 Gy of photons, 53BP1 and γH2AX foci were visualised and counted in nuclei of binucleated and mononucleated cells 30, 60, 120 and 180 min post exposure. Coefficients of variation were calculated as indicators of variability. For both types of foci, the frequencies observed in sister nuclei within BNC were positively correlated and exhibited significantly lower variation compared to the variability measured between single nuclei from randomly paired BNC. The contribution of noise to the total variability was 28% for 53BP1 foci and 50% for γH2AX foci. The results demonstrate that the variability of focus frequency observed in nuclei of BNC results from a combination of noise and random damage variability.</p>","PeriodicalId":21002,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Environmental Biophysics","volume":" ","pages":"943-955"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13486072/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148259303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gene expression as a biological dosimeter: effects of different neutron energies.","authors":"Rashmi Basavaraj, Adam Vanasse, Constantinos G Broustas, Guy Garty, Naresh T Deoli, Andrew D Harken, Sangho Nam, Cameron Goodwin, Christopher Hemme, Sally A Amundson, Michael Antosh","doi":"10.1007/s00411-026-01237-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00411-026-01237-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the radiation biodosimetry field, transcriptomic studies seek to determine whether the expression of a small set of genes can be used to estimate the radiation dose that a person was exposed to. Most such studies consider only photon exposure, but in the detonation of an improvised nuclear device, neutrons would likely comprise a significant proportion of the dose. In this study, we compare the effects on gene expression in human blood between two neutron-producing radiation sources: a source designed to mimic the neutron energy spectrum of a nuclear weapon (CINF; the Columbia IND Neutron Facility at the Radiological Research Accelerator Facility) and a source from a nuclear reactor (RINSC; the Rhode Island Nuclear Science Center). The radiation sources have very different neutron energy spectra: mainly fast neutrons (CINF) versus thermal neutrons (RINSC). We have compared differential gene expression at 24 h after exposure to 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 Gy total doses delivered to human blood samples from the same donors in parallel at the two sites. Our analysis suggests that there is a core response to radiation that is conserved at both sites, with larger magnitude and additional components in the CINF response. These results suggest that neutron energy does affect gene expression, and that this must be accounted for in the development of biodosimetry approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":21002,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Environmental Biophysics","volume":" ","pages":"957-966"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13479376/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148431175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mathematical modelling of time-dependent radiobiological effects in radiotherapy using In vivo tumour dynamics.","authors":"Hisashi Nakano, Takehiro Shiinoki, Satoru Utsunomiya, Satoshi Tanabe, Motoki Kaidu, Hiroyuki Ishikawa","doi":"10.1007/s00411-026-01216-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00411-026-01216-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the present study the impact of a prolonged dose-delivery time on tumour control was evaluated by using a mathematical tumour model calibrated with in vivo tumour volume data. While in vitro studies have reported reduced radiobiological effects with extended dose-delivery time, the in vivo relevance remains uncertain. Here, such effects were explored across various fractionation protocols and temporal delivery conditions. A biologically based mathematical model was developed using tumour volume data from CT26 murine models subjected to different radiation protocols (5 × 2 Gy, 1 × 7 Gy, and 3 × 4 Gy). The model integrated microdosimetric kinetic modelling (MKM) and ordinary differential equations to simulate tumour dynamics. Simulations were conducted for dose-delivery times of 0, 10, 30, 60, and 120 min, and the changes in tumour volume relative to instantaneous delivery (0 min) were evaluated. All protocols exhibited increased tumour volumes with longer delivery times. The 1 × 7 Gy protocol showed the highest effect, with a 5% increase in tumour volume at approximately 42.5 min. The 5 × 2 Gy protocol maintained tumour volumes within 5% even at delivery times exceeding 100 min. These dose-delivery time thresholds for a 5% volume increase differed between early (1 day post-irradiation) and late (30 days) evaluations. Prolonged dose-delivery time could compromise tumour control, with its impact varying by fractionation protocol. The results obtained provide a framework to quantify time sensitivity in radiotherapy, and they support the use of mathematical tumour models to assess the impact of potential dose uncertainties arising from prolonged dose-delivery times on tumour control.</p>","PeriodicalId":21002,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Environmental Biophysics","volume":" ","pages":"757-769"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First analysis of associations between residential radon exposure and cancer risks in the CONSTANCES cohort.","authors":"Afi Mawulawoe Sylvie Henyoh, Emeline Lequy, Enora Cléro, Claire Gréau, Caroline Vignaud, Sophie Ancelet, Choisie Mukakalisa, Céline Ribet, Mireille Coeuret-Pellicer, Sofiane Kab, Corinne Mandin, Justine Sauce, Géraldine Ielsch, Marcel Goldberg, Marie Zins, Olivier Laurent","doi":"10.1007/s00411-026-01214-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00411-026-01214-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radon exposure is an established risk factor for lung cancer, but its potential role in risks of other cancers remains unclear. A recent systematic review recommended more in-depth studies of specific cancer sites as potential long-term effects of radon exposure, especially during childhood. Here we investigated the association between lifelong residential radon exposure and the risks of various cancers, and the potential role of age at exposure. Study participants were selected from the French population-based CONSTANCES cohort recruited at adult age over the period 2012-2019. Radon exposure was reconstructed by linking lifelong residential histories with estimated municipality-level indoor radon concentrations. We fitted for each cancer site studied a time-dependent Cox proportional hazards model to assess the association between cumulative annual average residential radon exposure and the age at diagnosis of specific primary incident cancer, expressed as a Hazard Ratio per 1000 Bq.m^- 3-years exposure and the corresponding 95% confidence interval. The models were adjusted for birth cohort, diploma, time-varying region of residence, and where appropriate, time-varying smoking status. At the end of follow-up in year 2022, 7433 (12%) participants over 61,366 were diagnosed with incident primary cancer. The median age at time of censoring was 55 years old (Q1, Q3 = 44, 65). Based on current follow-up, no robust association was observed between radon exposure and any of the targeted cancers. The main limitations of this study to date are the semi-ecological approach used for exposure reconstruction which should be improved in the future, and the still limited duration of follow-up after inclusion. The richness of the CONSTANCES cohort combined with extended follow-up and planned improvements in radon exposure assessment will further increase the potential of future investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":21002,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Environmental Biophysics","volume":" ","pages":"709-725"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148252374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges in dosimetry of ultra-high dose rate electron beams for FLASH radiotherapy: an overview.","authors":"Adil Aknouch, Youssef El-Ouardi, Omaima Essaad Belhaj, Lhoucine Oufni, Slimane Semghouli, Mohammed Yjjou, Said Mouslih, M'hamed El Mansouri, Mohammed Talbi, Khawla Rachmoune","doi":"10.1007/s00411-026-01217-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00411-026-01217-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ultra-high dose rate (UHDR) electron beams used in FLASH radiotherapy have demonstrated significant potential to improve the therapeutic ratio by reducing radiation-induced toxicity in normal tissues while maintaining tumour control. Despite these promising radiobiological outcomes, the implementation of FLASH radiotherapy remains strongly limited by challenges in dosimetry and beam monitoring under UHDR conditions. Conventional dosimetric systems suffer from signal saturation, dose-rate dependence, and limited temporal resolution, leading to significant uncertainties in dose measurements. This paper provides an overview of the technologies currently employed to generate UHDR electron beams for FLASH applications and examines the performance and limitations of existing dosimeters in these extreme irradiation conditions. Emphasis is placed on detector response mechanisms, correction strategies, and experimental methodologies reported in recent literature. Emerging solutions based on novel materials, advanced electronics, and alternative measurement approaches are also discussed. Addressing these dosimetric challenges is essential for ensuring measurement accuracy, improving inter-system reproducibility, and enabling the safe and reliable clinical translation of UHDR electron beam FLASH radiotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":21002,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Environmental Biophysics","volume":" ","pages":"657-671"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147717977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing cumulative radon decay products in blood samples as a biological proxy for lung cancer risk: a matched case-control study in babylon, Iraq.","authors":"Haider O Essa","doi":"10.1007/s00411-026-01224-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00411-026-01224-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lung cancer is the most common malignancy among Iraqi males, yet comprehensive radon exposure data remain scarce. This matched case-control study investigated the cumulative burden of long-lived radon decay products (²¹⁰Pb/²¹⁰Po) in dried blood samples as a biological proxy for radon exposure in Babylon Governorate, Iraq. Blood samples were collected from 38 lung cancer patients and 38 age- and sex-matched healthy controls, lyophilized, and analyzed using CR-39 solid-state nuclear track detectors over a 120-day exposure period. Linear mixed-effects modelling, accounting for the matched design and potential confounders, revealed significantly higher radon decay product concentrations in cases compared to controls (adjusted mean difference: 67.95 Bq/m³; 95% confidence interval (CI): 57.43-78.46; p < 0.001). Age was positively associated with concentration (7.56 Bq/m³ per year; p < 0.001), reflecting cumulative environmental exposure. Male smokers showed significantly higher concentrations than male non-smokers (24.9 Bq/m³; p = 0.039), while no significant smoking-related difference was observed in females. These findings validate dried blood samples with CR-39 detectors as a sensitive tool for assessing cumulative radon progeny burden and underscore the urgent need for targeted radon mitigation strategies in Iraq, particularly for smokers and older populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":21002,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Environmental Biophysics","volume":" ","pages":"727-740"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147869523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}