Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of the psychometric properties of trauma history measures: Assessment of reliability and validity.","authors":"Julia Johnston, Jennifer Moore, Donncha Hanna, David Curran, Julie-Ann Jordan, Ciaran Shannon, Kevin F W Dyer","doi":"10.1037/tra0001854","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001854","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Psychological trauma is a pervasive, influential antecedent in a variety of mental health presentations; however, the comparative reliability and validity of long-standing self-report trauma history batteries remain unclear despite recent developments in trauma assessment. The present study employed both clinical and nonclinical samples to conduct a range of psychometric analyses on three of the most commonly used \"legacy\" measures of psychological trauma history: Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ), Trauma History Questionnaire, and Traumatic Events Questionnaire.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Criterion and convergent validity were assessed along with test-retest reliability and social desirability effects. Participants were a treatment-seeking sample of mental health patients (<i>N</i> = 79; age = 46.5; 26.0% female) and a student sample (<i>N</i> = 136; age = 21.0; 82.7% female).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Traumatic event scores on the measures correlated significantly with each other, indicating acceptable levels of convergent validity (<i>r</i> = .71-.82). Acceptable test-retest reliability was obtained in the student sample (intraclass correlation coefficients = .69-.78), despite several subscales exhibiting some temporal instability. Criterion validity produced a more complex picture. The TLEQ and Traumatic Events Questionnaire correlated significantly with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in both samples, whereas the Trauma History Questionnaire did not correlate with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in the student sample. All three batteries exhibited significant negative relationships with social desirability, indicating potential reporting bias.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, the TLEQ emerged as the most robust legacy measure of trauma history. Future studies should assess its psychometrics in comparison with the new generation of measures (i.e., Life Events Checklist, International Trauma Exposure Measure) to further the development of assessment tools in this area. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"821-829"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of a psychological first aid (PFA) based on the SIX Cs model on acute stress responses in a simulated emergency.","authors":"Moshe Uriel Farchi, Lorin Bathish, Naomi Hayut, Shaked Alexander, Yori Gidron","doi":"10.1037/tra0001724","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001724","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The SIX Cs model, a neuropsychological framework for psychological first aid, addresses acute stress responses that may lead to functional failure and heighten the risk for posttraumatic stress disorder. Unlike emotional interventions, this model prioritizes Cognitive Communication to diminish emotional overwhelm and bolster cognitive functioning. It introduces a Challenge for active engagement, Control for cognitive management of situations, Commitment from the helper to reduce loneliness, and Continuity to ensure narrative coherence. This study evaluates the SIX Cs model's effectiveness in an experimental setup to alleviate acute stress reaction symptoms.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Sixty-three participants voluntarily participated. They were randomly assigned to the SIX Cs intervention (experimental) or to supportive emotional expression (control). They listened to a 3-min audio recording of a real emergency 911 phone call. Interventions were provided before and after listening to the recording. Before, immediately after, and 5 min later (recovery), participants' anxiety, heart rate variability, and mental resilience levels were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For all three outcomes, the Time × Group interactions were statistically significant. Follow-up analyses revealed that the SIX Cs participants showed lower anxiety and less reductions in heart rate variability and resilience than controls immediately after the stressor. Furthermore, the SIX Cs participants recovered faster on all three outcomes compared to controls.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results demonstrate the superior effect of the psychological first aid based SIX C's protocol over control in all outcomes, immediately after a simulated stressor and 7 min later as well as possible contribution for posttraumatic stress disorder risk reduction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"897-903"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141760635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between complex posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and posttraumatic growth among adolescents and emerging adults with adverse childhood experiences.","authors":"Liying Zhang, Xinchun Wu, Mingxiao Liu, Aiyi Liu","doi":"10.1037/tra0001932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001932","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aimed to investigate the relationship between complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) symptoms and posttraumatic growth (PTG) among adolescents and emerging adults with adverse childhood experiences.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A total of 4,581 adolescents and 4,335 emerging adults with adverse childhood experiences completed questionnaires. Network analysis was used to investigate the relationship between CPTSD symptoms and PTG from a variable-centered perspective. Latent profile analysis was used to investigate this relationship from a person-centered perspective.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Positive and negative correlations between various dimensions of CPTSD symptoms (especially disturbances in self-organization symptoms) and PTG were found by network analysis. The correlations between posttraumatic stress disorder/disturbances in self-organization symptoms and PTG differed in the two samples. PTG2 (spiritual-existential change) had the highest bridge expected influence value among the two samples. PTG1 (appreciation of life) and PTG4 (relation to others) had the lowest bridge expected influence among adolescents and emerging adults, respectively. By latent profile analysis, five subgroups of CPTSD symptoms and PTG (low reaction group, low disorder-moderate growth group, low disorder-high growth group, coexistence group, and high disorder-low growth group) were identified in the two samples, with different proportions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There were negative and positive correlations between various dimensions of CPTSD symptoms and PTG, which might reflect the constructive (appreciation of life among adolescents; relation to others among emerging adults) and illusory (spiritual-existential change) components of PTG. CPTSD symptoms and PTG exhibited heterogeneous characteristics. The relationship between CPTSD symptoms and PTG differed between adolescents and emerging adults with adverse childhood experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144021712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disaggregating the heterogeneity of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress symptoms and disorder among justice-involved adolescents.","authors":"Lucybel Mendez, Ava R Alexander, Grace A Parker, Patricia K Kerig","doi":"10.1037/tra0001911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001911","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Recent studies have emphasized the value of a person-centered, dimensional approach to understanding the heterogeneity of <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition</i> posttraumatic stress disorder by showing that among adults there are underlying homogeneous posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) profiles. However, similar patterns have yet to be examined among adolescents, particularly at-risk justice-involved youth. This is an important gap to bridge given that there may be developmental differences in symptom expression and specific risk factors associated with youth profiles.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The present study used latent profile analysis among a sample of 296 justice-involved youth to examine patterns of <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition</i> PTSS and the associations of these profiles with exposure to cumulative trauma and specific interpersonal traumas, as well as demographic characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings supported the presence of five distinct profiles of PTSS, including a classic presentation, an externalizing pattern, and several presentations with dissociation. Findings also showed that higher levels of cumulative and specific interpersonal traumas, being older, and identifying as female were correlates of the more severe profile of PTSS with dissociative subtype.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Broadly, these results contribute to our understanding of posttraumatic stress disorder as a heterogeneous condition among adolescents, particularly at-risk justice-involved youth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144027689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychometric properties of an ecological momentary assessment measure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms.","authors":"Rebecca C Cox, Kelly A Knowles, Sarah C Jessup, Bunmi O Olatunji","doi":"10.1037/tra0001939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001939","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Daily variation in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms is obscured by traditional retrospective measures. The availability of a psychometrically valid ecological momentary assessment measure can facilitate understanding of how PTSD symptoms vary in real time and in naturalistic settings, increasing the possibility of just-in-time interventions. Accordingly, the present study examined the psychometric properties of a daily PTSD symptom measure (d-PCL).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Adults with a history of sexual assault with (PTSD+ <i>n</i> = 22) and without PTSD (PTSD- <i>n</i> = 21) completed the d-PCL in the morning, afternoon, and evening for 1 week.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The d-PCL total score distinguished the PTSD+ group from the PTSD- group (<i>p</i> < .05) and demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability in both groups. The d-PCL total score demonstrated good convergent validity with measures of depression and anxiety (<i>p</i>'s < .05). Examination of subscales revealed mixed findings for internal consistency, with only the reexperiencing subscale demonstrating adequate internal consistency at both the within- and between-participant levels in both groups. Evidence for test-retest reliability was likewise mixed, with only the hypervigilance subscale demonstrating acceptable test-retest reliability in both groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings offer initial psychometric support for the use of the d-PCL total score in ecological momentary assessment research examining daily fluctuations in PTSD symptoms. However, additional research is needed to clarify the parameters of ecological momentary assessment that may increase the psychometric validity of the d-PCL subscales. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144041902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trauma and resilience of postdisaster bereavement in China: Integrating the perspectives of bereaved children and practitioners with macrodiscourses.","authors":"Shaojie Pan","doi":"10.1037/tra0001928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001928","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study examines trauma and resilience among individuals bereaved by natural disasters in China, integrating bereaved children's and practitioners' perspectives with macrodiscourses. It explores how social contexts shape trauma and resilience, offering a novel comparison of personal, professional, and broader narratives.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 adults who experienced childhood bereavement due to the Wenchuan earthquake and nine practitioners working with traumatized children. Additionally, 58 government documents and 129 newspaper articles were analyzed to capture macrolevel discourses on trauma and resilience.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Discrepancies emerged between bereaved individuals and practitioners in understanding bereavement's impact. The bereaved emphasized the long-term effects on personal development and family dynamics, highlighting the social-ecological factors shaping resilience. In contrast, practitioners focused more on the immediate psychological consequences and were less attuned to the broader socioeconomic implications. Macrodiscourses, largely framed by government and media, tended to medicalize trauma and depict resilience as overcoming adversity, simplifying its complexity compared to the more nuanced perspectives of practitioners.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Trauma and resilience are shaped by the interplay of individual experiences and broader societal narratives. To improve postdisaster support, policies must consider the long-term socioeconomic impacts of bereavement and adopt a more holistic understanding of resilience, beyond psychological recovery, that is sensitive to cultural and social contexts in China. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144023354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality of life and mental health in families of children with developmental disabilities during wartime.","authors":"Yael Karni-Visel, Dana Roth, Sagit Lev, Nomi Werbeloff","doi":"10.1037/tra0001941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001941","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Children with developmental disabilities (DD) tend to be disproportionately affected by disasters, including war, which can result in a pervasive loss of personal and social resources. While existing research has primarily focused on individual resource loss following such events, limited attention has been given to the broader impact on families caring for children with DD. This study aims to assess the family quality of life (FQoL) and mental health of parents of children with DD during wartime.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted an online survey, including closed and open-ended questions, and used mixed methods to analyze the responses. A sample of 408 parents completed questionnaires regarding their FQoL attainment and mental health before and during wartime.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A decline in mental health and FQoL attainment was observed across all life domains during wartime among caregivers of children with DD. The functioning of educational frameworks and familial sociodemographic characteristics contributed directly and indirectly to FQoL attainment during wartime. The qualitative analyses revealed a complementary picture through caregivers' insights into the contexts and elements underlying the quantitative findings.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Caregivers of children with DD face significant adverse effects on their mental health and FQoL during wartime. These findings are discussed in the context of resource availability as a critical determinant of quality of life for families raising children with disabilities in a home environment during wartime. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144051252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural correlates of aggression outcome expectation and their association with aggression: A surface-based morphometry study.","authors":"Xinyu Gong, Bohua Hu, Senrong Liao, Bingxin Qi, Qinghua He, Ling-Xiang Xia","doi":"10.1037/tra0001927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001927","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Aggression outcome expectation is widely recognized as a cognitive factor influencing aggression. However, the neural factors responsible for aggression outcome expectation and its detrimental impact remain poorly understood. The present study investigates the neural basis of aggression outcome expectation and the relationship between aggression outcome expectation and aggressive tendencies, which is essential for advancing research in aggression.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We employed surface-based morphometry to elucidate the neural structure associated with aggression outcome expectation as assessed by the Social Emotional Information Processing Assessment for Adults. We also examined its correlation with aggression, assessed using the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, in a sample comprising 185 university students (114 females; <i>M</i>_age = 19.94 ± 1.62 years; age range = 17-32 years).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Multiple regression analysis using bilateral temporal lobes as a region of interest showed a significantly positive correlation between aggression outcome expectation and the cortical thickness in the left inferior temporal gyrus (<i>x</i> = -46, <i>y</i> = -52, <i>z</i> = 13; <i>t</i> = 3.14; cluster sizes = 113, <i>p</i> < .05, small volume corrected). Moreover, aggression outcome expectation acted as a mediator underlying the association between the left inferior temporal gyrus thickness and aggression.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings indicate that the cortical thickness in the temporal lobes, especially the left inferior temporal gyrus, plays a vital role in aggression outcome expectation and aggression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144045184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between adverse childhood experiences and public service motivation: Roles of sleep duration and urban-rural status.","authors":"Dong-Ling Chen, Yibo Wu, Xing-Xuan Dong, Chen-Wei Pan, Xing Chen, Tianyang Zhang, Dan-Lin Li","doi":"10.1037/tra0001919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001919","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are widely recognized for their impact on an individual's prosocial behaviors. However, the specific relationship between ACEs and public service motivation (PSM)-a form of prosocial behavior within the public domain-remains insufficiently understood. Considering the crucial role PSM plays in psychological and social development, this study aimed to investigate the association between ACEs and PSM, with a particular focus on the mediating effect of sleep duration. Furthermore, in the context of urban-rural disparities in China, the present study will explore the moderating influence of urban-rural status on this relationship.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This study used cross-sectional data from a 2023 nationwide survey conducted in China, involving 30,054 participants (female 50.1%). This study used modified Poisson regression with robust variance to examine the association between exposure to seven types of ACEs and the risk of low PSM. The study also explored the mediating role of sleep duration and the moderating role of urban-rural status in the relationship between ACEs and PSM.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Exposure to all seven different types of ACE was significantly associated with an increased risk of low PSM. In addition, ACE scores negatively predicted PSM outcomes (<i>B</i> = -0.41, <i>p</i> ≤ 0.001), and the effect of ACEs on PSM scores was mediated by sleep duration.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>All seven types of ACEs increased the risk of low PSM to some extent. ACEs negatively predicted PSM indirectly through sleep duration, while urban-rural status moderated the relationships among ACEs, sleep duration, and PSM. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144050786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioral signs of trauma on the Rorschach: Development of the Trauma Experience Index.","authors":"Joni L Mihura, David J York, Stacey M Boyer, Erin M Ausman, Emily A Meadows, Gregory J Meyer","doi":"10.1037/tra0001924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001924","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study describes and tests the validity of a new Rorschach index called the Trauma Experience Index (TEI) designed to assess the perceptual, emotional, and behavioral characteristics of trauma reexperiencing more directly than existing Rorschach measures, including trauma-specific (Trauma Content Index [TCI], Critical Contents) and broader trauma-related measures (Morbid [MOR], Inanimate Movement). Using a predictive processing framework (PPF), we describe the strengths of the Rorschach method of assessment in evaluating trauma reexperiencing. The TEI scoring contains two components: (a) distressing or trauma-related recollections and (b) aversive emotional reactions that may include behavioral attempts of avoidance, each with two levels of severity.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Sixty adult cisgendered heterosexual female-identifying outpatients (<i>M</i>_age = 39.1; 85% European American ethnicity) were administered the Rorschach and rated on an interview-based measure of intimate partner violence severity (IPVS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The TEI and IPVS measure were highly correlated (<i>r</i> = .494, <i>p</i> < .001), to which each TEI component contributed significantly. The IPVS measure's associations with the other Rorschach variables were not statistically significant-ranging from <i>r</i> = .16 (MOR) to .25 (TCI), although the TCI's association trended toward significance (<i>p</i> = .052). In a hierarchical regression analysis, the TEI predicted a significant portion of the variance beyond that accounted for by the best of the other four Rorschach variables (i.e., the TCI).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The TEI is a promising new Rorschach-based method of assessing psychological processes associated with trauma reexperiencing. For future studies, we recommend more diverse samples and various trauma-specific criterion variables. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144036676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}