Jaehoon Yoo, Boyoon Kim, Sujin Park, Jeewon Jeon, Chaebin Yoo, M Justin Kim, Daeun Park
{"title":"Gritty Heart: Improved Heart Rate Variability Markers of Adaptive Physiological Response in Grit.","authors":"Jaehoon Yoo, Boyoon Kim, Sujin Park, Jeewon Jeon, Chaebin Yoo, M Justin Kim, Daeun Park","doi":"10.1111/psyp.70064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.70064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Grit is a personality trait, conceptualized as perseverance of effort and consistency of interests in long-term goals. Previous research has shown that grit is associated with various positive outcomes, including well-being. Despite extensive research on grit, most studies relied on self-reported measures rather than objective measures. To address this gap, our study investigated the relationship between grit and physiological responses, focusing on resting-state heart rate variability (HRV)-a physiological marker of well-being and adaptability. Additionally, we examined whether this relationship was unique to grit and not explained by other related psychological constructs (i.e., conscientiousness and self-control). A total of 206 healthy college students participated in this study (M<sub>age</sub> = 21.03, SD = 2.48, age range = 18-33; 111 women). Results of hierarchical regression analyses showed that grit significantly predicted resting-state HRV measures (i.e., RMSSD, SDNN, and HF) even after controlling for conscientiousness, self-control, age, gender, and respiration rate. These findings suggest that grit may play an important role in maintaining improved biological responses in daily life, beyond the effects of neighboring constructs.</p>","PeriodicalId":20913,"journal":{"name":"Psychophysiology","volume":"62 5","pages":"e70064"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12051365/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144043057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiancaMaria Di Bello, Camilla Panacci, Sveva Montesano, Raffaele Costanzo, Luca Boccacci, Merve Aydin, Andrea Casella, Stefania Lucia, Francesca Strappini, Francesco Di Russo, Sabrina Pitzalis
{"title":"Effects of Walking on Anticipatory Brain Processing During a Concurrent Cognitive Task.","authors":"BiancaMaria Di Bello, Camilla Panacci, Sveva Montesano, Raffaele Costanzo, Luca Boccacci, Merve Aydin, Andrea Casella, Stefania Lucia, Francesca Strappini, Francesco Di Russo, Sabrina Pitzalis","doi":"10.1111/psyp.70063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.70063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Motor and cognitive processes influence each other. Dual-task studies have shown that walking, in particular, may impact performance during cognitive tasks. However, the existing literature shows inconsistent results; changes in performance have been reported to be sometimes ameliorative, sometimes neutral, and at other times detrimental to both cognitive and motor functions. The present study aims to investigate the effects of walking on the motor and cognitive brain processes that underlie task anticipation during a visual discrimination cognitive task. For this purpose, event-related potentials were recorded under two conditions: static standing and walking on the treadmill while participants executed a cognitive task. The presence of optic flow was also controlled to assess its effect on realistic walking. The results show that walking enhanced both motor and cognitive preparation processes, improving response speed and accuracy. This effect may suggest that walking during the execution of a visuomotor cognitive task may not interfere with task preparation and even result in increased cortical activation in prefrontal and premotor areas, thereby improving cognitive performance. Furthermore, the presence of optic flow was found to enhance motor preparation and reduce response time, supporting the efficacy of more realistic walking conditions. However, the presence of a flow field also reduced cognitive preparation and accuracy, likely due to the increased cognitive load associated with concurrent visual information. These findings support the \"multiple resources theory,\" which posits that during dual tasks that do not interfere with each other, the brain can optimize cortical integration and enhance both cognitive and motor resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":20913,"journal":{"name":"Psychophysiology","volume":"62 5","pages":"e70063"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144031087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bo Peng, Ke Dong, Qingqing Liu, Jiating Li, Yan Zhao, Xin Huang, Mingyun Chen, Xiuqin Wu, Guangyan Dai, Dongxu Liu, Yongxue Li, Jingting Li, Xi Chen, Peng Liu, Tingni Li, Hanjun Liu
{"title":"Causal Contributions and Interhemispheric Interactions of the Left and Right Supramarginal Gyri in Vocal Feedback Control: Insights From Dual-Site Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.","authors":"Bo Peng, Ke Dong, Qingqing Liu, Jiating Li, Yan Zhao, Xin Huang, Mingyun Chen, Xiuqin Wu, Guangyan Dai, Dongxu Liu, Yongxue Li, Jingting Li, Xi Chen, Peng Liu, Tingni Li, Hanjun Liu","doi":"10.1111/psyp.70054","DOIUrl":"10.1111/psyp.70054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The bilateral supramarginal gyri (SMGs) have been implicated in sensorimotor control of speech production, yet their precise roles and interhemispheric interactions are poorly understood. This event-related potential study employed dual-site continuous theta burst stimulation (c-TBS) over the bilateral SMGs simultaneously to investigate their functional dynamics in vocal motor control. Following unilateral and bilateral c-TBS over the SMG as well as sham stimulation, participants vocalized the vowel sounds while exposed to unexpected pitch perturbations in auditory feedback. Unilateral real c-TBS paired with contralateral sham stimulation led to reduced vocal compensation magnitudes and latencies and decreased P2 responses compared to bilateral sham stimulation, with no differences between left and right SMG stimulation. Source localization revealed that decreased P2 responses following left SMG stimulation localized to left-lateralized dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor area, SMG, middle temporal gyrus, and temporo-parietal junction, whereas such decreases following right SMG stimulation involved left-lateralized primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, and middle temporal gyrus. These findings suggest that both SMGs are causally involved in vocal feedback control through distinct but interconnected networks. Surprisingly, dual-site c-TBS over the bilateral SMG did not alter vocal compensation or cortical activity, suggesting an interhemispheric balancing mechanism for fine-tuning vocal production. Our results offer novel insights into the bihemispheric coordination of auditory-vocal integration, highlighting potential treatment for speech disorders by modulating interhemispheric interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20913,"journal":{"name":"Psychophysiology","volume":"62 4","pages":"e70054"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143804199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yanfang Xia, Huaiyu Liu, Oliver K Kälin, Samuel Gerster, Dominik R Bach
{"title":"Measuring Human Pavlovian Reward Conditioning and Memory Retention After Consolidation.","authors":"Yanfang Xia, Huaiyu Liu, Oliver K Kälin, Samuel Gerster, Dominik R Bach","doi":"10.1111/psyp.70058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.70058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While a body of literature has addressed the quantification of aversive Pavlovian conditioning in humans, Pavlovian reward conditioning with primary reinforcers and its recall after overnight consolidation remain understudied. In particular, few studies have directly compared different conditioned response types and their retrodictive validity. Here, we sought to fill this gap by investigating heart period responses (HPR), skin conductance responses (SCR), pupil size responses (PSR), and respiration amplitude responses (RAR). We conducted two independent experiments (N<sub>1</sub> = 37, N<sub>2</sub> = 34) with a learning phase and a recall phase 7 days later. A visual conditioned stimulus (CS+) predicted fruit juice reward (unconditioned stimulus, US), while a second CS- predicted US absence. In experiment 1, model-based analysis of HPR distinguished CS+/CS-, both during learning (Hedge's g = 0.56) and recall (g = 0.40). Furthermore, model-based analysis of PSR distinguished CS+/CS- in early trials during recall (g = 0.69). As an out-of-sample generalization test, experiment 2 confirmed the result for HPR during learning (g = 0.78) and recall (g = 0.55), as well as for PSR during recall (g = 0.41). In contrast, peak-scoring analysis of PSR yielded low retrodictive validity. We conclude that in our Pavlovian reward conditioning paradigm, HPR is a valid measure of reward learning, while both HPR and PSR validly index the retention of reward memory.</p>","PeriodicalId":20913,"journal":{"name":"Psychophysiology","volume":"62 4","pages":"e70058"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12032384/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144009488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amanda Holbrook, Bohyun Park, Scott A Baldwin, Anja Riesel, Michael J Larson, Peter Clayson
{"title":"Psychometric Reliability of ERN and Pe Across Flanker, Stroop, and Go/No-Go Tasks: A Direct and Conceptual Replication.","authors":"Amanda Holbrook, Bohyun Park, Scott A Baldwin, Anja Riesel, Michael J Larson, Peter Clayson","doi":"10.1111/psyp.70042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.70042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effectiveness of error-related negativity (ERN) in assessing individual differences hinges on its psychometric reliability. Despite evidence that the task used to record ERN moderates internal consistency, this moderation is rarely examined within the same sample, risking inaccurate generalizations of psychometrics. A direct and conceptual replication of Meyer et al. (2013, Psychophysiology) was conducted in 182 participants to assess the internal consistency of ERN from flanker, go/no-go, and Stroop tasks as a function of increasing trials. Analyses were extended to include error positivity (Pe) and difference scores (ΔERN, ΔPe), and generalizability theory and multilevel models were used to statistically compare internal consistency across tasks. Overall, data supported the internal consistency of results across three tasks in a healthy undergraduate sample, with values ranging from 0.70 to 0.97 when examining all data. However, estimates were in part outside the confidence intervals of the original study, and ERN scores showed lower internal consistency than previously reported for a flanker task and higher internal consistency than previously reported for a Stroop task. Pe score internal consistency was similar across tasks when examining the average number of error trials. These findings underscore the importance of examining reliability in each study rather than relying on universal trial cutoffs. Overall, a flanker task may be better suited for studies of ERN due to the higher internal consistency of ERN scores when including data from all error trials. However, exclusively using a single task is discouraged because understanding the functional significance of ERN and Pe requires considering task-specific nuances and the varying contributions of cognitive processes, such as cognitive control or response inhibition.</p>","PeriodicalId":20913,"journal":{"name":"Psychophysiology","volume":"62 4","pages":"e70042"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143981148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Audrey Murray, Yasmine Zerroug, Isabelle Soulières, Dave Saint-Amour
{"title":"The Role of Fronto-Central Theta Oscillations in Inter-Sensory Selective Attention.","authors":"Audrey Murray, Yasmine Zerroug, Isabelle Soulières, Dave Saint-Amour","doi":"10.1111/psyp.70055","DOIUrl":"10.1111/psyp.70055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Selective attention supports top-down control by biasing information processing toward stimuli that are potentially relevant to the immediate goal. It has been recently proposed that theta band oscillations (~4-8 Hz) in the frontal midline regions are a key mechanism of endogenous selective attention. The current electroencephalography study investigated theta oscillatory dynamics using an inter-sensory cueing paradigm in which a symbolic cue indicated, on a trial-by-trial basis, the modality (visual or auditory) of the upcoming discrimination task. Time-frequency analyses were used to quantify phase- (evoked) and non-phase-locked (induced) fronto-central theta activity during preparatory attentional states. In a sample of 20 young adult participants, we found that those who relied on the cues to selectively attend to the sensory modality of the discrimination task performed more efficiently (i.e., faster and with greater accuracy) and presented greater non-phase-locked fronto-central theta power 200-400 ms post-cue onset. Moreover, greater non-phase-locked theta oscillations were associated with better behavioral performance. Secondary analyses on alpha oscillations revealed concomitant brain activity to theta with a pronounced decrease in alpha power in fronto-central regions, without significant effect on task performance. These findings suggest that increased non-phase-locked fronto-central theta oscillations are a neuronal correlate of preparatory attentional control and that the interplay of theta-alpha rhythms differentially contributes to attentional and perceptual aspects.</p>","PeriodicalId":20913,"journal":{"name":"Psychophysiology","volume":"62 4","pages":"e70055"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11980533/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143812167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christian Rominger, Andreas Fink, Corinna M Perchtold-Stefan, Laurenz Schlögl, Andreas R Schwerdtfeger
{"title":"The Interoceptive Brain: Confidence Ratings and Accuracy Scores are Independently and Differently Associated With Task-Related Alpha Power During the Heartbeat Tracking Task.","authors":"Christian Rominger, Andreas Fink, Corinna M Perchtold-Stefan, Laurenz Schlögl, Andreas R Schwerdtfeger","doi":"10.1111/psyp.70051","DOIUrl":"10.1111/psyp.70051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiac interoception is important for health and can be assessed in terms of accuracy (IAcc) and sensibility (IS), at least. While IAcc measures the correspondence between recorded and perceived heartbeats, IS means the confidence in interoceptive perceptions during the task. The present study investigated if brain activity during the heartbeat tracking task is associated with IAcc as well as IS. Specifically, we were interested if task-related power (TRP) in the alpha band (8-12 Hz), known to indicate task-specific cognitive functions such as semantic, attentional, and sensory processes, is associated with IAcc and IS, respectively. In a sample of 30 participants, we found relatively higher TRP in the alpha band over left temporal and parietal areas (vs. right) during the interoception task. Furthermore, we observed a negative association between TRP in the alpha band and IS. Lower TRP in the alpha band might indicate that more pronounced cognitive and sensory processes are linked to higher IS. Furthermore, we found a positive effect for IAcc (independent from IS), which might indicate that more internal attention during the interoception task is beneficial for IAcc. We further discuss the findings in the context of methodological issues of the heartbeat tracking task. Taken together, the pattern of findings favors the investigation of task-related IS (i.e., confidence ratings) in combination with IAcc to gain a better access to interoceptive processes and to improve our understanding of the neural underpinnings of (cardiac) interoception.</p>","PeriodicalId":20913,"journal":{"name":"Psychophysiology","volume":"62 4","pages":"e70051"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11962349/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143765067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christina M Sheerin, Ashlee A Moore, Chelsea Sawyers, Robert Kirkpatrick, John M Hettema, Roxann Roberson-Nay
{"title":"Genetic and Environmental Influences on Fear Learning and Generalization.","authors":"Christina M Sheerin, Ashlee A Moore, Chelsea Sawyers, Robert Kirkpatrick, John M Hettema, Roxann Roberson-Nay","doi":"10.1111/psyp.70052","DOIUrl":"10.1111/psyp.70052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding how excessive fear responses develop and persist is critical. Research using laboratory models of fear learning offers valuable insights on etiology. In this study, the influence of genetic and environmental etiology of baseline startle response and fear learning was examined, focusing on fear acquisition and generalization processes using the fear conditioning paradigm measuring fear-potentiated startle (FPS) in a sample of adolescents and young adult twins (15-20 years old). Participants (N = 794) completed fear acquisition and generalization training that consisted of quasi-randomly presented rings of gradually increasing size. The extreme sizes served as conditioned danger cues (CS+) paired with electric shock as the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned safety cues (CS-), with rings of intermediary size serving as generalization stimuli. As an index of fear learning, FPS was measured using the magnitude of eyeblink startle reflex to a sound probe. Twin model estimates indicated that both pre-acquisition startle (startle probe responses to stimuli prior to conditioning) and FPS (startle probe responses after conditioning during acquisition and generalization) exhibited modest to moderate heritability (26%-43%), aligning with previous studies on FPS. We also observed that the genetic influences on FPS were highly correlated with pre-acquisition startle, indicating minimal genetic innovation on FPS. This finding implies that fear responses might be regulated, from a genetic perspective, by general startle response as opposed to specific fear-learning-related factors. We discuss the resulting implications for measurement of biomarkers for fear and anxiety disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":20913,"journal":{"name":"Psychophysiology","volume":"62 4","pages":"e70052"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11968083/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143765066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francesca Aprile, Marco Simões, Jorge Henriques, Paulo Carvalho, Miguel Castelo-Branco, Alejandra Sel, Maria J Ribeiro
{"title":"The Heartbeat-Evoked Potential in Young and Older Adults During Attention Orienting.","authors":"Francesca Aprile, Marco Simões, Jorge Henriques, Paulo Carvalho, Miguel Castelo-Branco, Alejandra Sel, Maria J Ribeiro","doi":"10.1111/psyp.70057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.70057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiac cycle duration, or interbeat interval (IBI), is the period from one heartbeat to the next. IBI changes from cycle to cycle. Periods with longer IBI are associated with higher sensitivity to external sensory stimuli (exteroception). Warning cues induce a state of attentive anticipation characterized by an increase in IBI (anticipatory cardiac deceleration) and faster reaction times. Aging reduces the increase in IBI induced by warning cues and response speed. However, it is unclear which mechanism, if any, connects IBI with reaction time. The heartbeat-evoked potential (HEP) is a cortical response evoked by the heartbeat, modulated by attention and associated with sensitivity to external sensory stimuli. HEP might be affected by IBI and mediate the association between cardiac output and cortical processing. We investigated if the HEP was affected by warning cues as well as spontaneous fluctuations in IBI. To explore the impact of age-related changes in cardiac responses, we included young and older people (N = 33/29; 26/23 women; mean age 23/61 years). We analyzed the electroencephalograms and electrocardiograms simultaneously acquired during auditory cued simple reaction time and go/no-go tasks. The warning cue did not induce significant changes in the HEP. Yet, fluctuations in IBI (not locked with the warning cue) affected the HEP, and HEP amplitude was associated with average reaction time in the older group. However, on a trial-by-trial basis, reaction time was independent from IBI fluctuations. In conclusion, we found no evidence that the HEP mediates the effect of attention orienting on reaction time.</p>","PeriodicalId":20913,"journal":{"name":"Psychophysiology","volume":"62 4","pages":"e70057"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144041869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matt R Judah, Hannah C Hamrick, Benjamin Swanson, Morgan S Middlebrooks, Grant S Shields
{"title":"Anxiety Sensitivity and Intolerance of Uncertainty Uniquely Explain the Association of the Late Positive Potential With Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms.","authors":"Matt R Judah, Hannah C Hamrick, Benjamin Swanson, Morgan S Middlebrooks, Grant S Shields","doi":"10.1111/psyp.70044","DOIUrl":"10.1111/psyp.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies suggest that generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms are related to late positive potential (LPP) responses to negative images, suggesting greater attention. Anxiety sensitivity (AS) and intolerance of uncertainty (IU) are cognitive factors in GAD vulnerability that may be activated by negative stimuli, thereby explaining why the LPP and GAD symptoms are related. We examined whether AS and IU explain the association of the LPP with GAD symptoms. Eighty-seven (77% women) young adults viewed 60 negative and 60 neutral images. The LPP was examined using both frequentist and Bayesian approaches. This revealed unique indirect effects of the LPP on GAD symptoms through AS and IU. Neither indirect effect was stronger, and the indirect effects were present regardless of using frequentist or Bayesian analyses or quantifying the LPP using residual-based scores or difference scores. The indirect effects predicted not only GAD symptoms but social anxiety and depression as well, consistent with the role of AS and IU in transdiagnostic vulnerability. The findings support AS and IU as links that explain how attention to negative stimuli is related not only to GAD symptoms but to other internalizing symptoms as well.</p>","PeriodicalId":20913,"journal":{"name":"Psychophysiology","volume":"62 4","pages":"e70044"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11966597/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143773112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}