Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology最新文献

{"title":"EXPRESS: Facial Occlusion with Medical Masks: Impacts on Emotion Recognition Rates for Emotion Types and Intensities.","authors":"Virginia Wickline, A Shea Hall, Ryan Lavrisa, Kaylee McCook, Michael Woodcock, Marco Bani, Selena Russo, Maria Grazia Strepparava, Stephen Nowicki","doi":"10.1177/17470218241308569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218241308569","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, mask-wearing became prominent or required worldwide as a predominant preventative strategy up until and even after vaccines became widely available. Because masks make emotion recognition more challenging for both the face and voice, medical and behavioral/mental health providers became aware of the disruptions this generated in practitioner-patient relationships. The current set of studies utilized two adult samples, first from United States college students (N = 516) and second from the U.S. American general public (N = 115), to document the severity and types of errors in facial expression recognition that were exacerbated by medical mask occlusion. Using a within-subjects experimental design and a well-validated test of emotion recognition that incorporated multi-ethnic adult facial stimuli, both studies found that happy, sad, and angry faces were significantly more difficult to interpret with masks than without, with lesser effects for fear. Both high- and low-intensity emotions were more difficult to interpret with masks, with a greater relative change for high-intensity emotions. The implications of these findings for medical and behavioral/mental health practitioners are briefly described, with emphasis on strategies that can be taken to mitigate the impact in healthcare settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218241308569"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142807902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXPRESS: Naming speed during language production in younger and older adults: Examining the effects of sentence context.","authors":"Naveen Hanif, Elizabeth Jefferies, Angela de Bruin","doi":"10.1177/17470218241309602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218241309602","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Word retrieval during speech production has been found to slow down with ageing. Usually, words are produced in sentence contexts. The current studies examined how different sentence contexts influence lexical retrieval in younger and older adults. We also examined the potential influence of semantic knowledge and control on sentence-context effects. Study 1 was completed by 48 younger and 48 older adults. They named pictures that were preceded by a matched context (which predicted that specific target word), a mismatched context (predicting another word), a neutral context (that did not predict one specific word), or no context. In comparison to the neutral context, both younger and older adults' word production was faster in matched contexts, suggesting both age groups benefited from sentence contexts facilitating the retrieval of predictable words. Neither age group was slowed down by the mismatched contexts (compared to the neutral contexts), suggesting these contexts did not create (sufficient) interference to hinder lexical retrieval. In Study 2, participants completed measures of semantic knowledge, verbal fluency, semantic control, and inhibition. Older adults showed larger semantic knowledge but poorer inhibition and (on some measures) semantic control than younger adults. However, none of these measures predicted the sentence context effects observed in Study 1. Together, this suggests older adults' lexical retrieval can continue to benefit from sentence contexts predictive of upcoming words during language production.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218241309602"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142807903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What are the benefits of directed attention within verbal working memory?","authors":"Stéphanie Jeanneret, Evie Vergauwe, Caro Hautekiet, Naomi Langerock","doi":"10.1177/17470218241299918","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218241299918","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Information that is particularly relevant for upcoming behaviour can be prioritised within working memory, by directing attention to it. Receiving focused attention during retention is assumed to be associated with specific benefits, such as increased memory performance and reduced vulnerability to perceptual distractions. This has been demonstrated in visuospatial working memory. Given the domain-general nature of the focus of attention, these benefits should extend to verbal working memory as well. This was tested in the current study. In particular, we examined and compared the effects of cue-based and reward-based prioritisation in verbal working memory across a series of five preregistered experiments. These experiments varied in their memory materials, set size, interference, and memory task. Our results collectively revealed several key findings. First, both cue-based and reward-based prioritisation led to a clear and consistent memory boost for prioritised information in verbal working memory. Second, the memory boost induced by cue-based prioritisation was mostly comparable to that induced by reward-based prioritisation. Third, memory for verbal information did not drastically suffer when exposed to perceptual interference. And finally, the effect of perceptual interference on verbal information was not drastically influenced by whether the information was prioritised or not. Overall, this series of experiments contributes to understanding the consequences of directed attention in verbal working memory and highlights similarities and differences from findings in visuospatial working memory.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218241299918"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142584088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The lexical boost is not an automatic part of sentence production: Evidence from Japanese structural priming.","authors":"Franklin Chang, Saki Tsumura","doi":"10.1177/17470218241298250","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218241298250","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The lexical boost is an increase in structural priming with overlapping elements like verbs. Residual activation priming theories argue that the boost is an automatic side effect of sentence planning. In contrast, explicit memory theories of the boost argue that it is the result of a non-automatic explicit memory retrieval. These theories were contrasted in Japanese by including a prime memory task in a structural priming study. Structural priming was found for both datives and passives, but no lexical boost was found, and one possible reason was that explicit memory for the prime structure was weak. In a follow-up study, priming was found in a sentence-completion task, but there was no lexical boost. The existence of abstract priming and the lack of a lexical boost in these studies falsify theories that argue that verb overlap automatically creates a boost under conditions that exhibit abstract priming.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218241298250"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142506694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-linguistic effects of the speech-to-song illusion in speakers of Bangla and English.","authors":"Rakhi Akter, Alexis Deighton MacIntyre","doi":"10.1177/17470218241293627","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218241293627","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The speech-to-song illusion is a phenomenon in which the continuous repetition of a spoken utterance induces the listeners to perceive it as more song-like. Thus far, this perceptual transformation has been observed in mostly European languages, such as English; however, it is unclear whether the illusion is experienced by speakers of Bangla (Bengali), an Indo-Aryan language. The current study, therefore, investigates the illusion in 28 Bangla and 31 English-speaking participants. The experiment consisted of a listening task in which participants were asked to rate their perception of repeating short speech stimuli on a scale from 1 to 5, where 1 = <i>sounds like speech</i> and 5 = <i>sounds like song</i>. The stimuli were composed of English and Bangla utterances produced by two bilingual speakers. To account for possible group differences in music engagement, participants self-reported musical experience and also performed a rhythm discrimination task as an objective measure of non-verbal auditory sequence processing. Stimulus ratings were analysed with cumulative link mixed modelling. Overall, English- and Bangla-speaking participants rated the stimuli similarly and, in both groups, better performance in the rhythm discrimination task significantly predicted more song-like ratings beyond self-reported musical experience. English speakers rated Bangla stimuli as significantly more song-like than English stimuli. Bangla speakers did not distinguish between English and Bangla stimuli-possibly reflecting their enhanced understanding of English, in comparison to the English participants' comprehension of Bangla. An exploratory acoustic analysis revealed the role of harmonic ratio in the illusion for both language groups. These results demonstrate that the speech-to-song-illusion occurs for Bangla speakers to a similar extent as English speakers and that, across both groups, sensitivity to non-verbal auditory structure is positively correlated with susceptibility to this perceptual transformation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218241293627"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142506673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXPRESS: The Effect of Swearing on Error-Related Negativity as an Indicator for State Disinhibition.","authors":"Venja Beck, Joseph L Brooks, Richard Stephens","doi":"10.1177/17470218241308560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218241308560","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Swearing has been linked to increased strength performance (Stephens et al., 2022) and state disinhibition (Hirsch et al, 2011) may be the mechanism linking swearing and strength. Error-related negativity (ERN) is a neural signal associated with response monitoring. Its reduction has been proposed as neural marker for state disinhibition, and therefore we predicted that swearing would lead to a decreased ERN compared to neutral word repetition, indicating state disinhibition.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study (N=52) used a within-subjects experimental design with two conditions. Participants repeated either a swear or neutral word aloud for 10 seconds before engaging in an arrowhead flanker task, a grip strength task and several questionnaires. ERN was measured continually using EEG.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study replicated previously found effects of swearing on strength, humour, positive emotion and distraction. Additionally, swearing was found to have a significant effect on state behavioural activation (BAS drive). However, results indicated no significant difference between conditions on ERN amplitude.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This pre-registered study has confirmed that, relative to a neutral word, repeating a swear word leads to increased performance on a grip strength task while also confirming effects of swearing on positive emotion, humour and distraction. Its novel contribution is confirming that swearing raises state behavioural activation. This supports application of Hirsh et al's (2011) state disinhibition theory to swearing to some extent, although the absence of any effect of swearing on ERN limits this interpretation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218241308560"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142802112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the interchangeability of presentation order for cause and effect: Experimental tests of cue and outcome-density effects.","authors":"Sahana Shankar, Nicola Byrom, Wijnand A P van Tilburg, Tim Rakow","doi":"10.1177/17470218241299407","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218241299407","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies of cue-outcome contingency learning demonstrate outcome-density effects: participants typically overestimate contingencies when the outcome event is relatively frequent. Equivalent cue-density effects occur, although these have been examined less often. Few studies have simultaneously examined both event density effects or have manipulated the presentation order of the events, limiting knowledge of whether these phenomena share underlying principles. We report three well-powered experiments to address those gaps. Participants judged the effectiveness of a medical treatment after viewing a series of pairings for two events, a cause (treatment given vs. not) and an effect (patient recovered vs. not). Experiment 1 manipulated both event densities independently. We then manipulated the presentation order for the cause and the effect, alongside a manipulation of effect density (Experiment 2a) or cause density (Experiment 2b). Experiment 1 found a large main effect of event density (<math><mrow><msubsup><mi>η</mi><mi>p</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></math> = .55), which was qualified by a significant interaction between event type and density level (<math><mrow><msubsup><mi>η</mi><mi>p</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></math> = .10) whereby effect density had greater impact than cause density. Experiments 2a and 2b found effects for effect density (<math><mrow><msubsup><mi>η</mi><mi>p</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></math> = .60) and cause density (<math><mrow><msubsup><mi>η</mi><mi>p</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></math>= .31). The effects of cause-effect presentation order were always small and non-significant. We conclude that effect-density manipulations had substantial impact on contingency judgements, and cause-density manipulations less so. Moreover, it matters little which event (cause or effect) is seen first. These findings have implications for contingency, associative, probabilistic, and causal models of contingency judgement; primarily, that people may be more sensitive to the causal status of events than to their temporal order of presentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218241299407"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142584086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Working memory gets a workout: Reviewing the legacy of Baddeley and Hitch (1974) 50 years on.","authors":"John Towse, Mark Hurlstone, Amy Atkinson, Satoru Saito, Robert Logie","doi":"10.1177/17470218241301759","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218241301759","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218241301759"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142627089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of lexical semantic activation on reasoning about evolution: A cross-linguistic study.","authors":"Jingyi Liu, Laura R Novick","doi":"10.1177/17470218241302677","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218241302677","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We hypothesised that people of different language backgrounds (English vs. Mandarin Chinese) might think about evolutionary relationships among living things differently. In particular, some reasoning heuristics may come from how living things are named. Our research examined if sub-word and sub-lexical elements in written Chinese influence people's inferences. Some taxon names in Chinese are conjunctive concepts that include another taxon: e.g., panda is called <i>bear cat</i> in Chinese, and the <i>skunk</i> character has a semantic radical (semantic component of a character) that means <i>mouse</i>. These conjunctions might influence Chinese readers to infer that conjunctive concepts share biological characteristics with their constituents (e.g., that skunks share biological properties with mice). Readers in a language (English) without lexical activation from constituents of conjunctive concepts would not be expected to show such effects. This research provided insights into how differences in prior knowledge due to different language backgrounds affect thinking and reasoning.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218241302677"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142627088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting working memory 50 years after Baddeley and Hitch: A review of field-specific conceptualisations, use and misuse, and paths forward for studying children.","authors":"Dana Miller-Cotto, Rebecca Gordon","doi":"10.1177/17470218241301701","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218241301701","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As trained educational and developmental psychologists who study the role of working memory in educational outcomes, we know the various assumptions made about definitions and measurements of this cognitive ability. Considering the popularity of the Baddeley and Hitch working memory model in these fields, we raise challenges related to measurement, overlap with executive function, and adopting working memory measurement approaches from adult models. We propose that researchers consider how working memory tasks might tap multiple other abilities. This is problematic in the context of child cognitive development and in understanding which factors explain educational outcomes in children. We recommend giving greater attention to the central executive, acknowledging the overlap between the central executive and executive function in study design, and investigating a developmental model in the context of the broader abilities evoked in measurement. These recommendations may provide a fuller understanding of working memory's mechanistic role in children's learning and development and assist in developing reasonable adjustments for specific aspects of working memory for children who struggle.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218241301701"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142627086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}