Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology最新文献

{"title":"Revisiting representativeness heuristic classic paradigms: Replication and extensions of nine experiments in Kahneman and Tversky (1972).","authors":"Lewend Mayiwar, Kai Hin Wan, Erik Løhre, Gilad Feldman","doi":"10.1177/17470218241255916","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218241255916","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Kahneman and Tversky showed that when people make probability judgements, they tend to ignore relevant statistical information (e.g., sample size) and instead rely on a representativeness heuristic, whereby subjective probabilities are influenced by the degree to which a target is perceived as similar to (representative of) a typical example of the relevant population, class or category. Their article has become a cornerstone in many lines of research and has been used to account for various biases in judgement and decision-making. Despite the impact this article has had on theory and practice, there have been no direct replications. In a pre-registered experiment (<i>N</i> = 623; Amazon MTurk on CloudResearch), we conducted a replication and extensions of nine problems from Kahneman and Tversky's 1972 article. We successfully replicated eight out of the nine problems. We extended the replication by examining the consistency of heuristic responses across problems and by examining decision style as a predictor of participants' use of the representativeness heuristic. Materials, data, and code are available on: https://osf.io/nhqc4/.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"707-730"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140945697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling the impact of single vs. dual presentation on visual discrimination across resolutions.","authors":"Luke A French, Jason M Tangen, David K Sewell","doi":"10.1177/17470218241255670","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218241255670","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Visual categorisation relies on our ability to extract useful diagnostic information from complex stimuli. To do this, we can utilise both the \"high-level\" and \"low-level\" information in a stimulus; however, the extent to which changes in these properties impact the decision-making process is less clear. We manipulated participants' access to high-level category features via gradated reductions to image resolution while exploring the impact of access to additional category features through a dual-stimulus presentation when compared with single stimulus presentation. Results showed that while increasing image resolution consistently resulted in better choice performance, no benefit was found for dual presentation over single presentation, despite responses for dual presentation being slower compared with single presentation. Applying the diffusion decision model revealed increases in drift rate as a function of resolution, but no change in drift rate for single versus dual presentation. The increase in response time for dual presentation was instead accounted for by an increase in response caution for dual presentations. These findings suggest that while increasing access to high-level features (via increased resolution) can improve participants' categorisation performance, increasing access to both high- and low-level features (via an additional stimulus) does not.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"827-841"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11905324/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140877193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive lexical processing of semantic competitors extends to alternative names: Evidence from blocked-cyclic picture naming.","authors":"Stefan Wöhner, Andreas Mädebach, Herbert Schriefers, Jörg D Jescheniak","doi":"10.1177/17470218241245107","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218241245107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Naming a picture (e.g., \"duck\") in the context of semantically related pictures (e.g., \"eagle,\" \"stork,\" \"parrot\") takes longer than naming it in the context of unrelated pictures (e.g., \"knave,\" \"toast,\" \"atlas\"). Adaptive models of word production attribute this semantic interference effect in blocked-cyclic naming (BCN) to an adaptive mechanism that makes competitor words, (e.g., the semantically related word \"eagle\" for the target word \"duck\") which are activated but not selected for production, less accessible for future retrieval. Results from a recent picture-word-interference study, however, suggested that alternative names (e.g., \"bird\" for \"duck\") might be exempt from this mechanism, challenging adaptive lexical processing as a general mechanism. We tested whether converging evidence is obtained in BCN. In Experiment 1, we embedded pictures responded to with alternative (category) names (e.g., \"bird\") into contexts composed of pictures responded to with specific (exemplar) names (e.g., \"duck,\" \"eagle,\" \"stork,\" and \"parrot\"). If alternative names are exempt from adaptive lexical processing, interference in the homogeneous context should be found for specific name items but not for alternative name items. In contrast to this prediction, there was similar-sized interference for both types of items. In Experiment 2, we replaced the alternative name items with unrelated items. For these items, interference was largely diminished, ruling out that the effect found in Experiment 1 is a general set effect. Overall, our data suggest that alternative names are not special with respect to adaptive lexical processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"672-684"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11905327/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140185393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond bias: A registered examination of the validity of using line bisection to measure non-lateralised attention.","authors":"Alexandra G Mitchell, Aimal Ahmad Khan, Helen Stocks, Robert D McIntosh","doi":"10.1177/17470218241254761","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218241254761","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Line bisection is a task widely used to assess lateral asymmetries of attention, in which participants are asked to mark the midpoint of a horizontal line. The directional bisection error (DBE) from the objective midpoint of the line is the traditional measure of performance. However, an alternative method of studying the bisection behaviour, the endpoint weightings method, has been proposed. This method produces two measures of performance: endpoint weightings bias (EWB) and endpoint weightings sum (EWS). While EWB measures attentional asymmetry, it has been suggested that EWS quantifies the total (non-lateralised) attention allocated to the task. If EWS provides a valid index of non-lateralised attention, then changes in tonic and phasic arousal should systematically affect EWS. In this article, we formally tested this prediction, using time on task to manipulate tonic arousal and unpredictable auditory tones, presented simultaneously with line stimuli, to manipulate phasic arousal. Our registered analyses revealed that neither of our manipulations for tonic or phasic arousal significantly influenced EWS. Therefore, the null hypotheses cannot be rejected. An exploratory analysis of all trials and conditions revealed a significant reduction in EWS with time spent on task. However, the lack of any significant effect of the alerting tone on EWS suggests that EWS may not be a valid measure of generalised attention to the task.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"647-659"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11905323/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140863724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The enduring importance of the \"fine cuts\" approach to psychology: EPS Mid-Career Award Lecture 2024.","authors":"Geoffrey Bird","doi":"10.1177/17470218241311291","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218241311291","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this article, I take a selective review of work undertaken by my colleagues and me in an attempt to show the enduring importance of the \"fine cuts\" approach to psychology. This approach highlights the importance of causal, specific, and falsifiable psychological models, and the rigorous experimental designs needed to test them. I hope the review shows that it is still necessary to consider cognition, despite the exciting advances in Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, and computational modelling characterising our field.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"641-646"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11905321/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142872817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gaze cues (repeatedly) fail to influence person evaluation.","authors":"Samantha E A Gregory, Vilma Pullinen, Margaret C Jackson","doi":"10.1177/17470218251333425","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218251333425","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Eye gaze is an important social signal that people generally cannot help but follow, leading to joint attention. Joint attention has been shown to speed basic processing of objects, enhance memory for them, and even affect immediate value-based appraisal by increasing object likability. Here, across 8 experiments, we investigate for the first time whether jointly attending to other faces positively affects their longer-term social value (liking, trust) and attentional value (attention allocation and prioritisation). Emanating the basic gaze cuing paradigm, a central cue face looked towards or away from a 'target' face, which the participant had to respond to. Unbeknownst to participants, some target faces were always looked at (jointly attended - high value) and others were never looked at ('ignored' - low value). In studies 1 to 6, we investigated how these gaze-induced value conditions positively affected subsequent liking and trust social judgements of a person. Then, in studies 7 and 8, we additionally investigated whether effects of gaze on others may occur implicitly, affecting subsequent attentional engagement with others by using the target faces as gaze cues, or attentional targets in a dot probe task. Confirmed through mini meta-analysis, we found no significant effect of being jointly attended versus ignored on either the social (<i>N</i> = 214) or attentional (<i>N</i> = 77) value of faces. We discuss whether faces are different from objects in this context.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218251333425"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143743511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trial-by-trial modulations in a spatial Stroop task: A distribution analysis on social and non-social targets.","authors":"Yoshihiko Tanaka, Takato Oyama, Kenta Ishikawa, Matia Okubo","doi":"10.1177/17470218251332591","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218251332591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In a spatial Stroop task, responses to gaze stimuli are faster when the direction and location are incongruent (reversed congruency effect), whereas responses to arrow stimuli are faster when congruent (standard congruency effect). To explain the reversal of gaze, Tanaka et al. proposed a dual-stage hypothesis comprising target-background segregation and selective inhibition. This hypothesis predicts that the enhancement of selective inhibition reduces and increases the standard and reversed congruency effects, respectively. As selective inhibition varies on a trial-by-trial basis, we tested the dual-stage hypothesis by examining congruency sequence effects (CSE) in the spatial Stroop task. We analysed the data collected from 409 participants previously tested in our laboratory. The results showed a decrease in the standard congruency effect (standard CSE) and an increase in the reversed congruency effect (reversed CSE) after incongruent trials (<i>N</i> - 1 incongruent) relative to congruent trials (<i>N</i> - 1 congruent). Reaction time distribution analysis revealed that these CSEs emerged from faster responses, suggesting that conflict monitoring in preceding trials enhanced inhibition efficiency in the current trials. These results highlighted the role of selective inhibition in the dual-stage hypothesis. Selective inhibition dynamically changes its size and onset depending on the preceding trial type and contributes to these sequential effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218251332591"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plausibility leads to better comprehension but not syntactic adaptation: Evidence from structural disambiguation in Chinese.","authors":"Zeping Liu, Chien-Jer Charles Lin","doi":"10.1177/17470218251332420","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218251332420","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In syntactic disambiguation, repeated exposure to less-preferred syntactic analyses may induce changes in parsing preferences, such that processing the less-preferred parses becomes easier while processing the preferred parses becomes difficult, known as \"syntactic adaptation\". However, previous studies have reported mixed findings, prompting the present study to reexamine this effect, using the ambiguous fragment <i>V</i> + <i>N1</i> + <i>DE</i> + <i>N2</i> in Mandarin Chinese, which is compatible with a relative clause (RC) structure (dominant parse) and a complement clause (CC) structure (secondary parse). To investigate whether the relative likelihood of syntactic parses affects syntactic adaptation, we conducted two self-paced reading experiments. Participants read sentences that started with ambiguous fragments with a stronger RC bias (Experiment 1) and a weaker RC bias (Experiment 2) and were later disambiguated as the CC analysis, with the bias manipulated through semantic plausibility. In both experiments, our results did not find adaptation on reading time for the dispreferred parse. We also did not find greater difficulty in parsing the preferred RC structure after exposure to the dispreferred CC structure. The offline comprehension accuracy, however, did show improvement. The comparison between the two experiments shows that increasing the likelihood of the dispreferred parse through semantic plausibility enhances the offline comprehension, but not the online reading time of this parse, highlighting a dissociation between what is syntactically preferred and what ultimately makes sense during sentence processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218251332420"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143674497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensory attenuation of self-initiated tactile feedback is modulated by stimulus strength and temporal delay in a virtual reality environment.","authors":"Fabian Kiepe, Guido Hesselmann","doi":"10.1177/17470218251330237","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218251330237","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite extensive research across various modalities, the precise mechanisms of sensory attenuation (SA) remain debated. Specifically, it remains unclear to what extent SA is influenced by stimulus predictability alone, as opposed to the distinct impact of self-generated actions. Forward models suggest that efference copies of motor commands enable the brain to predict and distinguish anticipated changes in self-initiated sensory input. Predictive processing proposes that predictions about upcoming changes in sensory input are not solely based on efference copies, but rather generated in the form of a generative model integrating external, contextual factors, as well. This study investigated the underlying mechanisms of SA in the tactile domain, specifically examining self-initiation and temporal predictions within a virtual reality (VR) framework. This setup allowed for precise control over sensory feedback in response to movement. Participants (<i>N</i> = 33) engaged in an active condition, moving their hands to elicit a virtual touch. Importantly, visual perception was modified in VR, so that participants touched their rendered-but not physical-hands. The virtual touch triggered the test vibrations on a touch controller (intensities: 0.2, 0.35, 0.5, 0.65, 0.8; in arbitrary units.), the intensity of which was then compared to that of a standard stimulus (intensity: 0.5). In the passive condition, vibrations were presented without movement and were preceded by a visual cue. Further, test vibrations appeared either immediately or after a variable onset delay (700-800ms). Our results revealed a significant effect of the factor \"onset delay\" on perceived vibration intensity. In addition, we observed interactions between the factors \"agency\" and \"test vibration intensity\" and between the factors \"agency\" and \"onset delay,\" with attenuation effects for immediate vibrations at high intensities and enhancement effects for delayed vibrations at low intensities. These findings emphasize the impact of external, contextual factors and support the notion of a broader, attention-oriented predictive mechanism for the perception of self-initiated stimuli.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218251330237"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143634453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tactile distance anisotropy on the tongue.","authors":"Rosanna Chalmers, Matthew R Longo","doi":"10.1177/17470218251330597","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218251330597","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A large literature has described illusions of tactile distance perception. Across many body parts, there is an anisotropic bias for tactile distances to be perceived as larger when oriented across body part width than when oriented along body part length. This study investigated whether there is a similar bias on the tongue. A forced-choice judgment task was used in which participants judged which of two tactile distances felt larger either on the tongue or on the hand dorsum, a region for which anisotropy is well established. Anisotropy was measured using the method of constant stimuli. Clear anisotropy was found on both body parts, with distances oriented with body part width overestimated compared to those oriented with body part length. These results provide further evidence that tactile distance anisotropy is widespread across the body.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218251330597"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143634466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}