Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology最新文献

{"title":"Exploring the differences in processing between Chinese emotion and emotion-laden words: A cross-task comparison study.","authors":"Ruiyao Zheng, Meng Zhang, Marc Guasch, Pilar Ferré","doi":"10.1177/17470218241296695","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218241296695","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Affective words can be classified into two types: emotion words (EM words, e.g., \"happy\") and emotion-laden words (EL words, e.g., \"wedding\"). Several studies have shown differences in processing between EM and EL words, although results are inconclusive. These two types of words may have representational differences because affective content is an inherent part of the semantic features of EM words (i.e., denotative meaning) but not of EL words, whose affective content is part of their connotative meaning (i.e., these words do not name emotions, but are associated with emotions). In this study, we tested a set of Chinese EM and EL words. Both conditions included positive and negative words. The study involved two tasks, an implicit task, in which emotional content was not relevant (lexical decision task, LDT), and an explicit task, in which the emotional content was relevant (affective categorisation task, ACT). Our results showed that participants responded faster to EM words than to EL words. This advantage was mostly observed in the ACT and with negative words. These results reveal differences in processing between EM and EL words which can be related to the greater relevance of affective content in the meaning of EM words compared with EL words.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218241296695"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142506675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spontaneous transfer of relational category structures between category learning tasks: A novel approach to measure analogical transfer.","authors":"Sean Snoddy, Kenneth J Kurtz","doi":"10.1177/17470218241301319","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218241301319","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ability to spontaneously access knowledge of relational concepts acquired in one domain and apply it to a novel domain has traditionally been explored in the analogy literature via the problem-solving paradigm. In the present work, we propose a novel procedure based on categorisation as a complementary approach to assess spontaneous analogical transfer-using one category learning task to enhance learning of the same underlying category structures in another domain. In Experiment 1, we demonstrate larger improvements in classification performance across blocks of training in a target category learning task among participants that underwent a base category learning task relative to a separate group of participants learning the target category structures for the first time, thus providing evidence for spontaneous transfer of the category structures. In Experiment 2, we demonstrate similar evidence of spontaneous transfer for participants that underwent a comparison-based base category learning task under a more rigorous context shift between the base and target category learning tasks. Additional exploratory analyses across both experiments showcase ways in which this paradigm can be used to answer questions regarding the analogical transfer of relational category structures and generate promising paths for future work.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218241301319"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142627087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXPRESS: Exploring the role of visual similarity in parafoveal processing: Insights from the Flanking Letter Lexical Decision Task.","authors":"Brice Brossette, Bernard Lete","doi":"10.1177/17470218241308376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218241308376","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explores the impact of visually similar flanking stimuli on central target words using the Flanking Letter Lexical Decision (FLLD) task. Specifically, we investigated whether visual similarity effects can explain orthographic relatedness effects observed in previous FLLD tasks. By employing non-reversal mirror letters as visual flankers, we compared their influence on response times to traditional orthographic-related and orthographic-unrelated conditions. Results confirmed the known facilitative effect of orthographic-related flankers on response times (ROCK ROCK ROCK). However, mirror-related conditions showed no facilitative effect (ROCK ROCK ROCK), as evidenced by a Bayesian analysis indicating no significant differences between mirror-related and mirror-unrelated (STEP ROCK STEP). These findings suggest that low-level visual information in the parafovea does not contribute to the processing of the foveal word in tasks requiring specific word identification. The study concludes that only parafoveal information with relevant linguistic content is spatially pooled across target and flankers during word identification tasks. This research highlights the need to consider task-specific attentional demands and the linguistic relevance of parafoveal information in understanding visual and orthographic processing in reading.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218241308376"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142792264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXPRESS: Accessing Distant Analogs Over Surface Matches: How Efficient is our Retrieval System?","authors":"Máximo Trench, Lucia Micaela Tavernini, Ricardo Adrián Minervino","doi":"10.1177/17470218241308032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218241308032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A crucial aspect of human memory concerns the ability to retrieve analogous situations whose individual objects do not resemble those of the cues (distant analogs). Recent studies using a cued-recall paradigm suggest that distant analogs are more frequently retrieved than disanalogous situations that maintain a small set of object similarities with the cues (objects-only matches). In the first experiment of the present study, one condition had a distant analog compete in long-term memory with an objects-only match involving a higher number of object similarities than in prior research. In another condition, the distant analog competed in memory with a situation whose individual objects and first-order relations resembled those of the target (R+O matches), but yielded partial structural similarities that were insufficient for projecting meaningful inferences. Experiment 2 replicated this procedure with distant analogs whose similarity with the target only became apparent at higher levels of abstraction. In both experiments, retrieval rates of distant analogs were similar to those of objects-only matches, lower than those of R+O matches, and lower when competing against R+O matches than against objects-only matches. These results bear important implications for the current debate about the adequacy of our memory systems for the prospects of analogical transfer.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218241308032"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142785536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXPRESS: Learning New Words via Reading: The Influence of Emotional Narrative Context on Learning Novel Adjectives.","authors":"Yuzhen Dong, Matthew Hc Mak, Robert Hepach, Kate Nation","doi":"10.1177/17470218241308221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218241308221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>People learn new words in narrative contexts, but little is known about how the emotional valence of the narrative influences word learning. In a pre-registered experiment, seventy-six English-speaking adults read 30 novel adjectives embedded in 60 short narratives (20 positive, 20 negative, and 20 neutral valence). Both immediately after and 24 hours later, participants completed a series of post-tests including speeded recognition, sentence completion, meaning generation, and valence judgment. Results showed that participants learned both the novel word form and its meaning. Compared to novel words experienced in the neutral contexts, those read in the emotional contexts (both positive and negative) showed better learning of orthographic form in the immediate post-test, but only those read in the negative context were recognised with greater accuracy in the delayed post-test. Furthermore, the valence of the context was reflected in the word meanings participants generated for each novel word, suggesting that word valence can be inferred from the valence of the contexts. Results from sentence completion and valence judgment were mixed, depending on the task demands. These findings are discussed with reference to theories of affective embodiment and the implications for learning abstract words are considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218241308221"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142786116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXPRESS: How stable are taste-shape crossmodal correspondences over time?","authors":"Farhana Tabassum, Erick G Chuquichambi, Charles Spence, Enric Munar, Carlos Velasco","doi":"10.1177/17470218241307929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218241307929","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present research investigates the stability of taste-shape crossmodal correspondences (that is, how people non-randomly associate tastes and visual shapes, such as sweetness matched to roundness) over time, exploring the temporal dimension of crossmodal interactions. While previous research has established the existence of various taste-shape crossmodal correspondences, this study addresses their consistency over time through a test-retest paradigm. Drawing parallels with the concept of synesthesia, in which stability is used as a criterion, the research focuses on taste-shape associations, a domain not previously explored for temporal stability. Participants rated the perceived curvature and symmetry that they associated with taste words (sweet, umami, sour, salty, and bitter) and their liking of tastes and shapes. The same participants performed this task three times over a two-week period. The results consistently replicated previous findings, revealing that sweet tastes were perceived as significantly more curved and symmetrical than other tastes, and umami was rated as more curved and symmetrical than sour, salty, and bitter tastes. Notably, the study found moderate-to-substantial test-retest reliability for the majority of the taste-shape correspondences, indicating robust stability over time. Analyses suggested that differences in assessments between test and retest sessions were primarily due to random error, with no systematic biases. However, a small subset of participants showed significant differences from other participants in their associations, particularly for umami-related correspondences. This research contributes to our understanding of taste-shape correspondences by demonstrating their temporal stability, offering insights into the dynamics of taste, curvature, symmetry, and liking. We posit that consistency might be used as a criterion supporting the existence of a given crossmodal correspondence. The findings have implications for product design and marketing, emphasizing the importance of considering temporal aspects when capitalizing on crossmodal correspondences in creating product expectations and experiences.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218241307929"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142785731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXPRESS: Alexithymia does not explain facial expression recognition difficulties across the dark triad spectrum.","authors":"John Towler","doi":"10.1177/17470218241307763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218241307763","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Using an individual differences approach (N=236) we assessed whether trait alexithymia was able to predict unique variance in facial expression discrimination ability and facial expression labelling ability above and beyond an individual's level of dark triad traits. Alexithymia has been shown to be associated with the Dark Triad, and recent evidence has suggested that co-occurring alexithymia may explain facial expression recognition difficulties in autism spectrum disorder. Here we tested this alexithymia hypothesis for individuals on the dark triad spectrum. Results showed that autistic traits, alexithymic traits and dark triad traits all correlated with expression recognition ability. However, linear regression models showed that an individual's level of dark triad traits, their level of autistic traits, and a brief measure of general cognitive ability each predicted unique variance in facial expression discrimination and facial expression labelling ability, but an individual's level of alexithymic traits predicted no additional unique variance. We suggest that Dark Triad and Autistic traits each uniquely contribute to expression recognition ability alongside general cognitive ability.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218241307763"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142785685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXPRESS: Moral virtues inferences: When limited information affects our attribution of virtues.","authors":"Allegra Indraccolo, Riccardo Brunetti, Claudia Navarini, Claudia Del Gatto","doi":"10.1177/17470218241307652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218241307652","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In everyday life, when we have to formulate judgments, we often end up being influenced by information that is not directly related to the matter at hand. This happens both when we encounter the person in the real-life world, but also in the cyber-world, when for example, we use social networks. In both cases, indeed, based simply on a few images or short stories, we may start to believe fake news or judge someone by generalizing limited information to the overall judgment of that person/situation, as it happens in the halo effect. Even moral assessment can be influenced by limited, non-moral information: However, little is known on how this influence can affect our moral inferences about someone's virtues. We conduct three experiments, in which we assess how aspects non directly connected to moral information, such as looks or fortuitous events, can affect our judgment about someone's morality. The experiments focus on the use of very limited information (e.g., attractiveness and/or short anecdotes), to reproduce the typical information available on a social network (e.g., people post selfies, or brief personal stories about their thoughts and feelings, or brief descriptions of personal events). In all experiments the participants were asked to judge the moral virtues (honesty, courage, wisdom, and hope) of the person in the picture/narrative. Results show that pictures and narratives significantly affect the judgment of virtues. Moreover, the third experiment reveals a combined effect, by enhancing the influence of non-moral aspects on evaluation of someone's moral dispositions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218241307652"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142771754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXPRESS: When function words carry content.","authors":"Joao Marcos Munguba Vieira, Elisângela Teixeira, Erica Dos Santos Rodrigues, Hayward J Godwin, Denis Drieghe","doi":"10.1177/17470218241307582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218241307582","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies on eye movements during reading have primarily focussed on the processing of content words (CWs), such as verbs and nouns. Those few studies that have analysed eye movements on function words (FWs), such as articles and prepositions, have reported that FWs are typically skipped more often and, when fixated, receive fewer and shorter fixations than CWs. However, those studies were often conducted in languages where FWs contain comparatively little information (e.g. the in English). In Brazilian Portuguese (BP), FWs can carry gender and number marking. In the present study, we analysed data from the RASTROS corpus of natural reading in BP (Vieira, 2020) and examined the effects of word length, predictability, frequency and word class on eye movements. Very limited differences between FWs and CWs were observed mostly restricted to the skipping rates of short words, such that FWs were skipped more often than CWs. For fixation times, differences were either non-existent or restricted to atypical FWs, such as low frequency FWs, warranting further research. As such, our results are more compatible with studies showing limited or no differences in processing speed between FWs and CWs when influences of word length, frequency and predictability are taken into account.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218241307582"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142771760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stratified distributional analysis-a novel perspective on RT distributions.","authors":"Rüdiger Thul, Joseph Marsh, Ton Dijkstra, Kathy Conklin","doi":"10.1177/17470218241288516","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17470218241288516","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Response times and their distributions serve as a powerful lens into cognitive processes. We present a novel statistical methodology called stratified distributional analysis (SDA) to quantitatively assess how key determinants of response times (word frequency and length) shape their distributions. Taking advantage of the availability of millions of lexical decision response times in the English Lexicon Project and the British Lexicon Project, we made important advances into the theoretical issue of linking response times and word frequency by analysing RT distributions as a function of word frequency and word length. We tested these distributions against the lognormal, Wald, and gamma distributions and three measures of word occurrence (word form frequencies obtained from subtitles and contextual diversity as operationalised as discourse contextual diversity and user contextual diversity). We found that the RT distributions were best described by a lognormal distribution across both megastudies when word occurrence was quantified by a contextual diversity measure. The link between the lognormal distribution and its generative process highlights the power of SDA in elucidating mechanisms that govern the generation of RTs through the fitting of probability distributions. Using a hierarchical Bayesian framework, SDA yielded posterior distributions for the distributional parameters at the single-participant level, enabling probabilistic predictions of response times as a function of word frequency and word length, which has the potential to serve as a diagnostic tool to uncover idiosyncratic features of word processing. Crucially, while we applied our parsimonious methodology to lexical decision response times, it is applicable to a variety of tasks such as word-naming and eye-tracking data.</p>","PeriodicalId":20869,"journal":{"name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"17470218241288516"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142352734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}