Polymer Testing最新文献

{"title":"Experimental and simulation study on micro damage of HTPB propellant under multi angle tensile shear loading","authors":"Wang Jiaxiang,&nbsp;Qiang Hongfu,&nbsp;Pei Shudi,&nbsp;Li Shiqi","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108841","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108841","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The damage evolution of composite solid propellants is influenced by the stress state. In order to investigate the in-situ damage evolution mechanism of hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) propellant under tensile shear conditions, computer tomography (CT) technology was used to scan and reconstruct micro samples of HTPB propellant loaded at different angles. The variation of propellant internal damage with loading process and the influence of different representative volume element (RVE) sizes on porosity were analyzed. Subsequently, numerical simulations of relaxation loads were conducted using 12 different finite element models with 4 RVE sizes and 3 mesh sizes. The experimental results show that under tension shear loading conditions, the porosity increases exponentially with the equivalent effect, and the propagation direction of macroscopic cracks formed by the convergence of microcracks tends to be perpendicular to the tensile stress component. When the side length of RVE reaches and exceeds 600 μm, the porosity tends to stabilize. The numerical simulation study of variable angle tension shear loading found that when the RVE size is 800 μm and the grid size is 10 μm, the calculation effect considering calculation accuracy and efficiency is the best. As the loading angle increases, the dewetting stress first decreases and then increases, the dewetting strain shows a linear increasing trend.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 108841"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143922008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testing of polymeric battery separators using air-coupled, high-frequency and wideband ultrasonic pulses","authors":"Patricia Salso ,&nbsp;Vicente Genovés ,&nbsp;Beatriz Merillas Valero ,&nbsp;Tomas Gómez Álvarez-Arenas","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108837","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108837","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Separator membranes are one of the components in batteries and, although being a passive component, they may strongly affect both battery performance and security. Hence, effective control of both its main properties and their variability are critical issues for the battery industry. This work proposes testing these membranes by the measurement of the spectra of the ultrasonic transmission coefficient (magnitude and phase) using high-frequency and wideband air-coupled ultrasonic pulses. This non-conventional ultrasonic technique for materials testing offers several advantages: it is completely contactless and non-invasive, it is very fast, and it has the potential to be deployed in the fabrication line to test the 100 % of the production in real time. This work shows that it is possible: a) to propagate high-frequency, wideband air-coupled ultrasonic pulses in the frequency range 0.15–2.4 MHz in battery separators, b) to obtain the transmission coefficient spectra, both magnitude and phase; c) to theoretically model this propagation and the transmission coefficient spectra in thin films and then d) to solve the inverse problem to extract some separator properties of interest. The obtained properties depend on the theoretical model use to describe the propagation. For separators with porosity &lt;60 % and pore size big enough (approximately &lt;1 μm for the separators studied here), effective medium approach can be successfully used, while for the other cases, the porous nature of the separator has to be taken into account and the Biot's theory is used.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 108837"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143918096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of all-polyimide fiber based paper with high breakdown strength and stable properties for advanced insulation","authors":"Xiuzhi Qin,&nbsp;Xiuting Li,&nbsp;Jie Dong,&nbsp;Qingsong Xu,&nbsp;Xin Zhao,&nbsp;Qinghua Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108833","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108833","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>All-polyimide (PI) fiber based composite paper integrate the excellent insulation properties and heat resistance with lightweight and highly designable characteristics, making them ideal for insulation in ultra-high voltage transmission and new power systems. The key to fabricate all PI fiber based composite paper lies in the interface combination inside the composites, which strongly depended on the adhesive components. In this study, PI structures with trifluoromethyl and amide units were synthesized and its precipitated fibers with microfibrillated morphologies were prepared, which could fully utilize the hydrogen bonding and physical bunding to combine with commercial PI chopped fibers, thus enhancing the comprehensive performance of all PI fiber based composite paper. By optimizing the preparation process, the mechanical strength of the obtained PI paper could reach 11 MPa with a breakdown strength of up to 41.7 kV/mm, meeting the requirements of H-level or above insulation paper. Additionally, as-prepared PI paper demonstrated stable dielectric properties and integrated structures under complex working circumstances, such as wide temperature ranges, hydrothermal environments, acidic and oil immersion conditions, providing strong assurance for the safe and stable operation of ultra-high voltage transmission power systems in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 108833"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143912983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic mechanical performance of a pre-compressed high damping rubber-based elastomer for vibration damping systems","authors":"Jia-Xuan He ,&nbsp;Zhao-Dong Xu ,&nbsp;Zhong-Wei Hu ,&nbsp;Teng Ge ,&nbsp;Qiang-Qiang Li ,&nbsp;Yao-Rong Dong ,&nbsp;Gabriele Milani","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108835","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108835","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vibration damping elastomers often operate under preload engineering scenarios, which demand enhanced dynamic performance in coupled service environments. This study investigated the mechanical behavior of a high damping rubber-based elastomer under pre-compression, cyclic loading, and thermal conditions. The elastomer is based on carboxylated nitrile-butadiene rubber (XNBR) as the matrix and is modified through nanofiller reinforcement and sacrificial bonds. This modification effectively overcomes the conventional conflict between damping efficient and mechanical strength. The mechanical behaviors of pre-compressed elastomers were comprehensively evaluated using quasi-static compression test, low-to-medium frequency cyclic test, and temperature-controlled cyclic test. These tests were conducted under varying frequencies, pre-compressions, amplitudes, and temperatures, which considered coupled service conditions. Test results demonstrated that pre-compression allowed the operational region of cyclic loading to shift along the hyperelastic stress-strain curve, providing higher stiffness and resistance in service. The high damping rubber-based elastomer significantly improved mechanical properties with increasing frequency from 0.1 Hz to 20.0 Hz. Within general ambient temperatures, low temperatures amplified modulus and energy dissipation. Amplitude-driven softening slightly reduced the equivalent modulus but markedly amplified hysteretic energy dissipation, especially under high pre-compression. The high damping rubber-based elastomer exhibited high damping performance over a wide frequency band (0.1–20.0 Hz) and a wide temperature range (10.0–40.0 °C). Appropriate amplitude and well-designed pre-compression dramatically enhanced energy dissipation with suitable bearing capacity. On a microscopic scale, the synergistic effects of polymer chain mobility, filler-matrix interaction, and hydrogen bond dynamic equilibrium explain the compressive behavior and dynamic energy dissipation mechanisms. These findings established a universal framework for designing the high damping rubber-based elastomer with tailored compressive and damping performance, enabling its application in diverse vibration control scenarios requiring precision and adaptability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 108835"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143918097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of color formation and H2O2-assisted decolorization in CO2-derived polyhydroxyurethane","authors":"Wonki Lim ,&nbsp;Justin Jae Young Kim ,&nbsp;Raisa Kharbash ,&nbsp;Aqil Jamal ,&nbsp;Cafer T. Yavuz ,&nbsp;Sheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108836","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108836","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CO₂-derived polyhydroxyurethane (PHU), synthesized via the aminolysis of cyclic carbonate, faces limitations in replacing conventional polyurethane (PU) for color-sensitive applications due to its yellow color. In this study, we investigate, for the first time, the coloration pathways in PHU and explore the use of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to eliminate polymer color. Model compounds, resembling a PHU repeating unit, are prepared from CO₂-derived bis(cyclic carbonate) and monoamines and then thermally aged to trace the color-forming species. Observations of the changes in Fourier-transfer infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry indicate multi-pathway thermal oxidation to occur at both the nitrogen-vicinal and the oxygen-vicinal methylene carbon adjacent to the urethane linkage. The changes track well with an increase in the model compound's color index as determined from UV–visible spectra, providing an explanation for PHU's susceptibility to coloration. The colored model compound and PHU are then subjected to H₂O₂ treatment to disrupt the conjugated carbonyl groups and thus reduce the color. Parameters, including H₂O₂ concentration, treatment time, and temperature, are examined for a linear PHU system, and a set of optimized treatment conditions are implemented to yield PHU with reduced color and minimal damage to its molecular structure. The decolorization method developed in this study could be extended beyond PHU to treat polymeric materials that suffer from oxidation-induced coloration issues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 108836"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143904135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical behavior of HTCE propellant: Dependence on strain rate and temperature","authors":"Cong Zhu ,&nbsp;Wenhao Liu ,&nbsp;Wu Yang ,&nbsp;Teng Wang ,&nbsp;Mengjing An ,&nbsp;Yunjun Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108832","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108832","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-solid-content polymer composites such as solid propellants are widely used in different fields. Although the proportion of polymer components in the material is relatively low, the mechanical influence of polymers on composite materials is crucial. The mechanical response of the materials is highly rate and temperature dependent. This study aims to investigate the effects of strain rate and temperature on the uniaxial tensile properties of HTCE propellant. To this end, an HTCE propellant with a specific composition was prepared, and its tensile behaviour and cyclic softening characteristics were examined under strain rates ranging from 0.00104 s⁻¹ to 0.10417 s⁻¹. The results demonstrate that HTCE propellant exhibits a highly nonlinear stress-strain relationship and high dewetting performance. With increasing strain rate, the ultimate tensile stress, strain, failure strain and stress all show varying degrees of enhancement. Also, they exhibit a positively correlated exponential function relationship with engineering strain. Furthermore, uniaxial tensile tests conducted at temperatures ranging from 233.15 K to 343.15 K reveal that the mechanical properties of HTCE propellant are significantly improved at lower temperatures. At last, a computational constitutive model about CSED(cumulative strain energy density) and <span><math><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow></math></span> is presented in a manner consistent with experiment data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 108832"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143927710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of amorphous microphase on structural evolution of polypropylene membrane at hot stretching","authors":"Ming Xie ,&nbsp;Licheng Wang ,&nbsp;Hao Li ,&nbsp;Liuxiang Zhan ,&nbsp;Mingyuan Li ,&nbsp;Zhengguo Cai ,&nbsp;Junfen Sun ,&nbsp;Long Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108827","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108827","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work is aimed at researching the effect of amorphous microphase on structural evolution of polypropylene (PP) membrane at hot stretching. Herein, the functioned copolymer PPO(nPe)_0.75-(Py)_0.25 (PPOR) was synthesized to introduce the amorphous microphase, enriched region formed by physical crosslink, in PP/PPOR membrane by melt-stretching. The aggregated structure evolution led to the structure and performance modification of blending membrane. First, the amorphous microphase resulted in the amorphous thickness of the PP/PPOR film decreasing by 26.7 %. During the hot stretching process, the micropore formation was accompanied by a decrease of crystal length and an increase of amorphous orientation in the PP membrane. However, the presence of amorphous microphase reduced crystal destruction and amorphous orientation in the PP/PPOR membrane, which contributes to a greater region of micropore and a smaller pore size. Eventually, compared with pure PP membrane, the porosity of PP/PPOR membrane increased by 21.7 % at maximum and the lithium-ion conductivity of the PP/PPOR-10 membrane was enhanced by 13.0 %. This work provides a practical way from molecular design to separator design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 108827"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143918008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a HPLC protocol to characterize flexible PU foams in support of advanced recycling","authors":"Jonas Cassimon ,&nbsp;Marthe Nees ,&nbsp;Matthew Porters ,&nbsp;Cristina Moyaert ,&nbsp;Muhammad Adeel ,&nbsp;Valentino Fantozzi ,&nbsp;Lukasz Pazdur ,&nbsp;Christophe M.L. Vande Velde ,&nbsp;Philippe Nimmegeers ,&nbsp;Pieter Billen","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108829","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a novel High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) protocol to characterize flexible polyurethane (PU) foams, aiming to enhance chemical recycling processes. The developed protocol consists of depolymerizing PU foam and analyzing the resultant mixture using HPLC. The developed HPLC method successfully separates the isocyanate derivatives, allowing for accurate quantification of both toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) content. Additionally, the method identifies the formation of aromatic amines during depolymerization, serving as an indicator for urea bonds in the foam. Hydrolysis is used to estimate the isocyanate content of polymeric MDI foams, but this does not provide information on the urea content. Although polyol quantification was not yet achieved, the protocol determines the types, polarity, molecular weight, and distribution of polyols post-depolymerization using Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). This work provides a robust analytical framework for assessing PU foam waste streams, facilitating improved recycling and sustainability in PU applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 108829"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143912984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical behavior of waste rock-based geopolymer as a sustainable backfill material: Strength evolution and fracture mechanisms","authors":"Yu Tian ,&nbsp;Zhile Wang ,&nbsp;Shiyuan Li ,&nbsp;Chuning Ji ,&nbsp;Chuangang Gong ,&nbsp;Abdoul Wahab ,&nbsp;Shengkang Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhongchen Ao","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108826","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108826","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Green backfill materials enhance slope stability and support sustainable mining in open-pit mines. However, current research mainly focuses on traditional loose fills, neglecting eco-friendly cementitious alternatives. In this study, the potential of waste rock-based geopolymers as mine backfilling materials were proved. Specifically, the compressive strength test was conducted to evaluate the effect of materials interaction, aggregate gradation index, alkali activator dosage, water-to-binder ratio and waste rock utilization rate on the strength. And acoustic emission (AE) technology was used to clarify fracture mechanisms of materials. Results demonstrated high-temperature treatment improves the compressive and flexural strength of waste rock-based paste, with calcined waste rock powder effectively enhancing fly ash reactivity. Increasing slag replacement reduces compressive strength linearly, with 5 MPa decline per 10 % increase in slag content. In addition, specimens with on-site gradation aggregate or higher alkali activator dosage exhibit superior strength. The water-binder ratio around 0.4 and 1:5 waste rock utilization ratio enhances reaction dynamic, maximizing compressive strength. Furthermore, the stress-strain process includes four distinct stages: the compaction and elastic stage, stable crack growth stage, unstable crack growth stage and the post-peak stage. Failure patterns predominantly feature single-slope shear fractures, with cracks concentrated in middle and upper areas of specimen. This study contributes to sustainable resource utilization and green mine construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 108826"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanochemical synthesis of core-shell MWCNTs@acrylic resin nanoparticles with toughening effect on PVC composites","authors":"Yuling Peng,&nbsp;Wei Wang,&nbsp;Jie Zhang,&nbsp;Jiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108831","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108831","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is inherently a brittle material, and enhancing its toughness while preserving its mechanical properties with minimal use of fillers remains a significant research challenge. In this paper, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) coated with acrylic resin (ACR) were synthesized using a mechanochemical approach, and their effectiveness in toughening PVC was investigated. Firstly, methyl methacrylate (MMA) was grafted onto MWCNTs via atomic transfer radical polymerization to improve the compatibility between the MWCNTs and ACR. Subsequently, MWCNTs@ACR core-shell nanoparticles were prepared using a simple, environmentally friendly mechanochemical method. FTIR and TEM analyses confirmed the successful grafting and coating processes. The grafting efficiency of MMA was found to be 13.6 %, while the ACR coating efficiency was 22 %, as determined by TG. MWCNTs@ACR/PVC composites were then fabricated via compression molding, resulting in improved strength, and, notably, enhanced toughness. The impact strength of the composite was 592 % higher than that of PVC and 303 % higher than that of a simple MWCNTs/ACR/PVC blend, while maintaining the composite's strength. This improvement is attributed to the enhanced interfacial interaction between the MWCNTs and the PVC matrix, as well as the excellent dispersion of the MWCNTs within the matrix.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 108831"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}