Polymer Testing最新文献

{"title":"Fatigue lifetime of rubber composites – State-of-the-art","authors":"Karolina Głowacka ,&nbsp;Jernej Klemenc ,&nbsp;Marko Nagode ,&nbsp;Tadeusz Łagoda","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108713","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108713","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper reviews the literature regarding the fatigue strength of rubber composites - with particular emphasis on using rubber as a matrix. Various forms and materials of rubber reinforcement in rubber-based composites were analyzed. The use of 'classic' reinforcements, such as glass, carbon, or aramid fibers, was especially considered. It was noted that carbon reinforcement can take place in various forms - not only in the form of fibers but also, for example, carbon black. Literature data on rubber reinforcement with plastics, silica, or metal elements, e.g., for the production of tires, were analyzed. What is essential from the point of view of ecological aspects is the possibility of strengthening rubber, being a natural material, with natural additives derived from plants. It was observed that in rubber composites, the reinforcement occurs not only in the form of short or granular fibers but also in the form of continuous fibers – especially in the form of cords. The paper focuses on the analysis of the fatigue properties of these composites, identifying the location of the crack and its path, the course of the hysteresis loop, the dependence between and strain under cyclic loading of these materials, and also the computational models used in the fatigue analysis of rubber-based composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 108713"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The reinforcement of deep eutectic solvents/silica/natural rubber wet acid-free masterbatch on devil's triangle performance of green tires","authors":"Chuansheng Wang ,&nbsp;Zheng Gong ,&nbsp;Yaqi Ge ,&nbsp;Huiguang Bian ,&nbsp;Yao Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108700","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108700","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To solve the problems of poor dispersion of silica in natural rubber, and the mutual constraints between abrasion resistance, rolling resistance and wet skid resistance of green tires, two new green deep eutectic solvents (DES) and the DES-silica/NR wet masterbatch were prepared through acid-free flash drying technology, the effects of DES types and wet mixing technology on Payne effect, mechanical properties and devil's triangle performance prepared from NR/silica basic formula and SSBR/NR/silica semi-steel green tire formula were investigated. FTIR proved that DES improved the dispersion of silica in NR and increased the filler-rubber network structure. In the NR/silica basic formula, the Payne effect decreased, the silanization reaction index and the aging resistance improved after DES replaced Si69, meanwhile, DES1 had higher processing safety and comprehensive performance than DES2. In the SSBR/NR/silica semi-steel green tire formula, compared with dry mixing, DES-silica/NR masterbatch group's Payne effect is reduced by 82 %, compression fatigue temperature rise is reduced by 17.5 °C, abrasion resistance and tensile product coefficient are improved by 21 % and 28 %, respectively, while having lower rolling resistance and higher wet skid resistance, widening the devil's triangle performance of green tires.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 108700"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microencapsulation of L-carvone and hexyl salicylate in carnauba wax, candelilla wax and beeswax by melt dispersion method","authors":"Qun Huang,&nbsp;Zhibing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108728","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108728","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wax microspheres encapsulating flavour or fragrance oil (L-carvone, Hexyl salicylate) prepared via melt dispersion was investigated. This study highlights the influence of different waxes as well as variable oil loadings on the fundamental properties of the resulting microparticles. The mechanical characterisation of individual wax microspheres by a micromanipulation technique is firstly reported here and the values of Young's modulus of wax microspheres were determined by fitting the experimental force versus displacement with the Hertz model. The relation between the payload and Young's modulus of wax microsphere was also explored in this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 108728"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of alkali treatment on the bending and fracture behavior of biomaterial bamboo","authors":"Xiaohan Chen ,&nbsp;Xianke Wang ,&nbsp;Shaohua Gu ,&nbsp;Aiyue Huang ,&nbsp;Haitao Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108715","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108715","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although bamboo has broad application prospects in the transportation industry, its insufficient flexibility remains a challenge when designing components with large curvature and complex shapes. In this study, SEM, XRD, FTIR, and micron-level computed tomography (Micro-CT) were used to investigate the effects of alkali treatment with different mass concentrations and different loading directions on the flexibility expression of bamboo, and to evaluate the potential relationship between the structure and flexibility of bamboo. The results showed that in the bamboo samples treated with 15 wt% NaOH, fiber fibrillation and surface thin layer peeling during the fracture process increased the consumption of fracture energy, thereby improving the theoretical tensile strength and bending fracture toughness. Microstructurally, after alkali treatment, the loosening between cells increases the compressible space, leading to a significant prolongation of the plastic stage, especially when loaded from the radial bamboo yellow side (Mode II). When the NaOH concentration reached 25 wt%, the excessive removal of hemicellulose and lignin led to the destruction of the cell wall structure and a decrease in the fiber crystallinity, and the mechanical properties of bamboo were reduced. Therefore, appropriate alkali treatment can maintain the strength of bamboo and improve its flexibility, which is similar to the principle of mercerized cotton. The modified bamboo has application potential in curved components in the transportation field and can meet the requirements of lightweight, flexibility, and environmental protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 108715"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D/4D printed bio-composites reinforced by bamboo charcoal and continuous flax fibres for superior mechanical strength, flame retardancy and recoverability","authors":"Mahdi Bodaghi ,&nbsp;Kaveh Rahmani ,&nbsp;Mohammadreza Lalegani Dezaki ,&nbsp;Callum Branfoot ,&nbsp;Jon Baxendale","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108709","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108709","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores development and 3D/4D printing of environmentally friendly bio-composites with enhanced mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and shape memory capabilities. Composite filaments were created by incorporating polylactic acid (PLA) with bamboo charcoal (BC) and then printed using a modified printer equipped with a dual-feed system to accommodate both PLA/BC filaments and continuous flax fibres (CFF). SEM revealed strong fibre-matrix bonding with minimal voids, indicating good interfacial adhesion. Bio-composite properties were characterised through DMA, tensile, three-point bending, flammability, and shape-memory effect tests. Adding 3 wt% BC and CFF significantly increased the tensile strength by 248 % and the flexural strength by 207 % compared to pure PLA. Flame retardancy properties were notably improved, with a 50 % reduction in the burning rate, and underwriters’ laboratories (UL-94) rate and limiting oxygen index (LOI) reached to V-1 rating and 36.8%vol, respectively. DMA tests showed an increase in storage modulus, indicating improved stiffness. Shape memory tests under cold/hot programming protocols demonstrated efficient shape fixation with shape recovery ratios reaching up to 98.9 % for pure PLA and 89 % for PLA/BC/CFF for hot programming. Finally, a conceptual meta-bio-composite was 4D printed, showcasing key achievements such as quasi-zero stiffness, constant force behaviour, enhanced energy absorption/dissipation, and excellent recoverability and reusability. This highlights their potential for applications requiring durability, safety, comfort, and sustainability in sectors such as automotive, aerospace, logistics, construction, and furniture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 108709"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-temperature tensile mechanical behavior and ablation mechanisms of three-dimensional multi-directions braided carbon/boron-modified phenolic composites","authors":"Wentao Yang,&nbsp;Yang Jin,&nbsp;Zhengyan Yang,&nbsp;Diantang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108703","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108703","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three-dimensional (3D) braiding structures provide the solution strategy for both the high bearing capacity and low ablation of the new thermal protection systems. In this paper, two kinds of carbon/phenolic 3D braided composites, three-dimensional five-directional (3D5d) and three-dimensional six-directional (3D6d),were prepared. A combination of experimental and numerical simulations was used to reveal the Tensile damage mechanism of the materials at room (25 °C) and elevated (200 °C) temperatures. In addition, ablation tests of 3D5d and 3D6d were conducted for 30s and 60s. The results show that the high-temperature tensile mechanical behaviors and ablation mechanisms both exhibit the obvious structure effects. In detail, the tensile strength of 3D5d is 20.17 % and 17.86 % higher than those of 3D6d at room and elevated temperatures, respectively. The high-temperature tensile damage pattern of 3D5d includes shear fracture of braiding yarns, tensile fracture of fifth yarns, matrix softening and interfacial debonding. 3D6d has an additional sixth yarn tearing. Furthermore, the linear ablation rate, mass ablation rate, and crack volume fraction of 3D6d are 11.6 %, 13.9 %, 12.67 % lower than those of 3D5d after ablation for 60s. In 3D5d, ablation cracks extend along braiding yarns and fifth yarn. In contrast, 3D6d has additional cracks extending along sixth yarn.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 108703"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Fatigue lifetime of rubber composites – State-of-the-art” [Polym. Test. 143 (2025) 108713]","authors":"Karolina Głowacka ,&nbsp;Jernej Klemenc ,&nbsp;Marko Nagode ,&nbsp;Tadeusz Łagoda","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108730","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108730","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 108730"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of freeze-thaw environmental effects on the fatigue life of CFRP composites","authors":"Jeong Hwan Kim ,&nbsp;Dongwon Ha ,&nbsp;Min-Sung Kim ,&nbsp;Gun Jin Yun","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108702","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108702","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the effect of Freeze-Thaw (FT) environments on the fatigue behavior of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites under extreme conditions. The effect of FT cycles on CFRP fatigue life has not been previously studied. In this paper, three types of specimens (open-hole, transverse, and shear) were subjected to FT cycles: freezing at −60 °C and thawing at 30 °C. Open-hole specimens (OHS) were subjected to 0, 50, and 100 FT cycles before being tested at stress ratios R = 10 and R = −1, while transverse (TS) and shear specimens (SS) were exposed to 0 and 100 FT cycles and tested under R = −1. Fracture surfaces were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). SEM observations revealed that the FT cyclic environment weakened the fiber-matrix bond across all specimens. However, the fatigue life of CFRP is primarily governed by dominant failure mechanisms, which depend on the stress ratio and laminate configuration. In SS, where fiber-matrix debonding is the primary failure mechanism, the FT environment directly affected fatigue life, significantly reducing fatigue resistance. In contrast, the fatigue life of OHS and TS was predominantly determined by the specific failure mechanisms characteristic of each laminate rather than being directly influenced by the FT environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 108702"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical structure–property relationships of photocurable monomers/macromers: Potential binder candidates for ceramic/metal vat photopolymerization","authors":"Setareh Zakeri ,&nbsp;Antonia Ressler ,&nbsp;Piie Konnunaho ,&nbsp;Teemu Sandblom ,&nbsp;Joshua Cunningham ,&nbsp;Milla Rinne ,&nbsp;Matti Järveläinen ,&nbsp;Anastasia Elias ,&nbsp;Erkka J. Frankberg ,&nbsp;Erkki Levänen","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108721","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108721","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Successful ceramic/metal vat photopolymerization (VPP) depends on the precise optimization of photocurable polymers to achieve ideal component properties. Most photocurable polymers consist of binary systems with monomers/macromers of varying functionalities. Crosslinking polymerization in VPP, particularly concerning monomer/macromer chemical structure, has not been extensively researched. This study systematically investigates the effects of three difunctional monomers, three difunctional macromers, and three multifunctional monomers. 18 combinations were prepared using difunctional monomers/macromers and multifunctional monomers at a 50:50 ratio. The study examined how linker chain length, ethoxylation, functional groups, and functionality impact properties critical for VPP processes, including photocuring behavior, mechanical properties, and shrinkage. Curing depth measurements showed that resins with rigid monomers and longer chain lengths had a higher critical energy (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>E</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>), while flexible monomers had a lower <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>E</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>. Methacrylate-containing formulations exhibited a higher <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>E</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> than acrylates. Although resins with higher functionality (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>v</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) generally showed higher <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>E</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, this trend was not always consistent. Photo-DSC results showed that ethoxylated TMPTA slows down crosslinking polymerization in methacrylate-containing resins but accelerates it in acrylate formulations. Moreover, combining tetrafunctional monomer with methacrylate enhanced the polymerization rate of methacrylate. The compression tests showed that an excess of ethylene oxide groups in the chemical structure of used monomers introduces a higher degree of flexibility and softness to the cured structure, leading to a reduction in mechanical properties. Furthermore, it was observed that methacrylate-containing resins shrank more compared to their acrylate-containing counterparts. Finally, five potential candidates were proposed for ceramic/metal VPP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 108721"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143313091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resistance of CNT film toughened composite laminates under high-speed impact: Experimental and numerical study","authors":"L.I. Zhouyi ,&nbsp;L.I. Jiming ,&nbsp;L.I.U. Yan ,&nbsp;J.I.A. Pengcheng ,&nbsp;C.H.A.O. Huan","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper conducted high-speed impact tests for the carbon fiber resin matrix composite laminates toughened by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) interlayers. Numerical simulations were conducted based on the tests by using the cohesive model with rate sensitivity and CNT toughening mechanism. It shows that the FEM (Finite element method) model can effectively predict the impact behavior of CNTs interlaminar toughened composites under high-speed impact. The influence and mechanism of CNTs on materials under impact were revealed, and it was found that the addition of CNTs can help materials resist delamination during impact and ensure the integrity of the laminate structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 108712"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}