Polymer TestingPub Date : 2024-09-28DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108582
Yidong Wu , Dan Hong , Shijie Qiu , Yi Fang , Yabin Zhu
{"title":"Intrinsic antibacterial photopolymerization 3D-printed thermosets from citronellol and cinnamyl alcohol: Synthesis and properties","authors":"Yidong Wu , Dan Hong , Shijie Qiu , Yi Fang , Yabin Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As concerns about personal health continue to escalate, there is an urgent need to innovate the development and production of photopolymeric 3D printing thermoset materials with inherent antibacterial properties and high elongation, paving the way for significant advances in 3D printing technology. In this work, two acrylate compounds (CMA and CAMA)with inherent antibacterial properties were synthesized using renewable monomers derived from citronellol and cinnamyl alcohol. The chemical structures of the two acrylate compounds were verified via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) and <sup>1</sup>H NMR. The addition of these compounds to the photopolymeric 3D printing resin system can facilitate the production of 3D printed thermoset materials with inherent antibacterial properties. The mechanical and antibacterial properties of photopolymeric 3D printing thermosets were assessed utilizing tensile tests and oscillation methods. The results show that the addition of CMA and CAMA can significantly improve the fracture elongation and antibacterial performance of photopolymeric 3D printing thermosets. The improved systems exhibited the highest antibacterial rate (94.2 % and 98.9 %, respectively), and fracture productivities (47 % and 50 %, respectively). These results highlight the significant impact of integrating CMA and CAMA to enhance the toughness and antibacterial effects of photopolymeric 3D printing systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 108582"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer TestingPub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108601
Maarten van der Zee, Martin Zijlstra, Lambertus J. Kuijpers, Marieke Hilhorst, Karin Molenveld, Wouter Post
{"title":"The effect of biodegradable polymer blending on the disintegration rate of PHBV, PBS and PLA in soil","authors":"Maarten van der Zee, Martin Zijlstra, Lambertus J. Kuijpers, Marieke Hilhorst, Karin Molenveld, Wouter Post","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study generates new insights into the disintegration phenomena that take place upon blending different classes of biodegradable polymers. Polymer blending is found to be an effective method to tailor the disintegration rate of these polymers in soil. It is shown that the biodegradation of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) can be accelerated by blending with poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) and polycaprolactone (PCL). The observed high rate of disintegration of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) in soil (severe deterioration in 4 weeks, and fragmentation in 4 months) does not fully align with its current reputation in the market as a polymer that is non-biodegradable in soil. Disintegration trials executed in soil media with different inoculants demonstrate that the biodegradation rate of PBS in soil is highly dependent on the specific soil conditions. Moreover, it is shown that the biodegradation of PBS can be substantially accelerated by blending it with PBSA (fragmentation in 8 weeks). Finally, it is shown that the disintegration of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) in soil can be enhanced by blending it with PCL. Experiments that monitor the CO<sub>2</sub> evolution of these blends, both in soil and in home composting environments, demonstrate that not just the disintegration, but also the overall biodegradation of PLA is enhanced by blending with PCL (39 % conversion to CO<sub>2</sub> in 12 months incubation in soil; 89 % conversion to CO<sub>2</sub> in 6 months incubation in home composting conditions). This opens up possibilities for targeted blending strategies to reduce potential accumulation of PLA-based plastics in soil environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 108601"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer TestingPub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108600
Bor Mojškerc, Zoran Bergant, Roman Šturm, Nikola Vukašinović
{"title":"Fatigue and wear performance of bioepoxy vacuum-infused and autoclave-cured E-glass fiber reinforced polymer composite gears in mesh with a steel pinion","authors":"Bor Mojškerc, Zoran Bergant, Roman Šturm, Nikola Vukašinović","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polymer composite gears are under investigation as a promising solution to mitigate the performance gap between polymer and metal gears. The study presented in this paper evaluates the fatigue and wear performance of E-glass fiber reinforced polymer composite gears. The E-glass fibers are vacuum infused with bioepoxy, followed by autoclave curing. High-speed milling is utilized to fabricate the gears, which are then subjected to testing at torques ranging from 0.5 to 0.8 Nm. Gear failure modes predominantly include wear combined with tooth edge intra-bundle fiber delamination due to fatigue, followed by extensive inter-ply delamination just prior to failure. Gear tooth wear volume demonstrates a nearly linear correlation with the number of cycles, with accelerated wear rates observed at higher torques. E-glass fiber polymer composite gears exhibit a shorter service life and a higher wear coefficient compared to our previously developed carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite gears. However, their performance remains fair, with a service life between that of PA6 GF30 and PA66 GF30 glass fiber reinforced gears.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 108600"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer TestingPub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108596
Enling Tang, Jiameng Hou, Ruizhi Wang, Yafei Han, Chuang Chen, Mengzhou Chang, Kai Guo, Liping He
{"title":"Energy absorption characteristics of STF impregnated Kevlar fabric coating GFRP composite structure by projectile high-velocity impact","authors":"Enling Tang, Jiameng Hou, Ruizhi Wang, Yafei Han, Chuang Chen, Mengzhou Chang, Kai Guo, Liping He","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The new STF impregnated Kevlar fabric coated GFRP (glass fiber reinforced polymer) composite structure obtained by combining STF(shear thickening fluid) impregnated Kevlar fabric and GFRP can obtain strong energy absorption capacity with light weight compared with two separate structures, so it has strong impact resistance. In this paper, the experiments of STF impregnated Kevlar fabric, GFRP laminated plate and STF impregnated Kevlar fabric coating GFRP laminated structure were carried out, respectively. Based on reliable numerical simulation, the macroscopic damage and energy absorption characteristics of the same material in STF impregnated Kevlar fabric, GFRP laminated plate and STF impregnated Kevlar fabric coating GFRP laminated structure were analyzed. The results show that the GFRP laminate and the rear Kevlar fabric in the STF-impregnated Kevlar fabric coating GFRP laminate structure show a larger damage area than that of GFRP laminate and STF impregnated Kevlar fabric alone, and a larger deflection is generated during the process of impact. The increase of the number of layers of Kevlar fabric in the front and back of the laminate and the increase of the thickness of the laminate make the Kevlar fabric absorb more energy. If the energy absorption capacity of GFRP laminates is increased, the number of layers of the front Kevlar fabric can be reduced, the thickness of the laminates can be increased, and materials with greater strength can be added to the front ply of the laminates. However, increasing the thickness of GFRP laminates will reduce the lightweight requirements of laminated structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 108596"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer TestingPub Date : 2024-09-24DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108599
Van-Kien Hoang , Kwak Jin Bae , Yuna Oh , Woohyeon Kwon , Jihyun Oh , Kyosun Ku , Minju Kim , Ki-Ho Nam , Jaesang Yu , Hyeonuk Yeo
{"title":"Consideration of molecular weight-dependent high thermal resistance of end-capped-oligoimide based thermoset resins","authors":"Van-Kien Hoang , Kwak Jin Bae , Yuna Oh , Woohyeon Kwon , Jihyun Oh , Kyosun Ku , Minju Kim , Ki-Ho Nam , Jaesang Yu , Hyeonuk Yeo","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interest in thermosetting resins for polymer applications in extreme environments, such as aerospace, is increasing. The construction of oligoimide-based crosslinking systems has been the focus of considerable research over the past 30 years, but the analysis of chemical structure and molecular weight dependence has not been systematically performed. In this study, we established both theoretical and experimental frameworks by performing simulations based on a deep understanding of the crosslinking structure and conducted a systematic investigation of the properties of bulk specimens by synthesizing and preparing samples with various molecular weights. Theoretical investigations suggested clear differences and tendencies depending on molecular weight and crosslinking reaction pathways. Furthermore, experimental results showed excellent agreement with the simulations and clearly revealed the correlation between the molecular weights of pristine resin and thermal properties, such as glass transition and decomposition. In addition, we successfully obtained a thermosetting resin with superior thermal properties under optimized conditions, including a glass transition temperature exceeding 350 °C and a decomposition temperature exceeding 570 °C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 108599"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142323676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer TestingPub Date : 2024-09-24DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108598
Wenbo Gao , Xiarui Fan , Xinwei Zhou , Peng Ren
{"title":"Impact of UV irradiation on high-temperature behavior of polyphenylene sulfide fiber","authors":"Wenbo Gao , Xiarui Fan , Xinwei Zhou , Peng Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108598","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108598","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The impact of UV radiation on the high-temperature behavior of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) fiber was investigated in this study. The ultimate strength, failure strain elasticity modulus and toughness were employed to evaluate the degradation caused by the coupling effects of UV radiation and high temperature. The degradation characteristics of PPS fiber were observed and evaluated based on the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that both UV exposure and high temperature can effectively reduce the mechanical performance of PPS fiber. The ultimate strength, failure strain and toughness were reduced to the minimum value after UV exposure 150h at room temperature. Both the initial and second elastic modulus of PPS fiber exhibited obvious decreasing trends with the UV exposure time and temperature increasing. The micro defects and molecular structure changes were detected as the degradation characteristics of PPS fiber caused by the coupling effects of UV radiation and high temperature. The Weibull model was applied to quantitatively analyze the dispersion of strength of PPS fiber under extreme conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 108598"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142323677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A new strategy applying ternary blends of modified natural rubber with fluoroplastic and fluorocarbon elastomer for high-performance thermoplastic vulcanizate","authors":"Subhan Salaeh , Anoma Thitithammawong , Shib Shankar Banerjee","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-performance thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) are a class of specialty polymers with exceptional mechanical properties, rubber-like elasticity, excellent processability and recyclability, and an excellent price-performance ratio that make them ideal for a variety of industrial applications. In this work, a successful method of creating high-performance TPV using a ternary blend of poly(methyl methacrylate) modified natural rubber (MGNR), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), and fluorocarbon elastomer (FKM) was employed. Combining NR known for its exceptional rubber elasticity and resilience, with fluoropolymers, known for their exceptional chemical resistance and thermal stability, resulted in materials with a synergistic blend of properties. The developed PVDF/FKM/MGNR blend showed higher elasticity, tensile strength, and elongation at break than PVDF/FKM and PVDF/MGNR blends because the ternary blend had greatly improved phase morphology and compatibility between the three phases. The domain size in the ternary blend was smaller than 150 nm. The ternary blends also exhibited excellent thermal properties, where melting and crystallization temperatures were reduced significantly with MGNR due to possible dipole-dipole interactions. At the same time, the oil resistance and shape memory behavior of PVDF/FKM/MGNR were improved at an appropriate blend ratio. The ternary TPVs demonstrated good shape fixities (90–100 %) and shape recoveries (70–80 %). This research offers valuable insights into the design of high-performance thermoplastic elastomers based on natural rubber, which have excellent mechanical properties, solvent resistance, and potential for intelligent and lightweight application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 108594"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer TestingPub Date : 2024-09-24DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108595
Eduardo Burkot Hungria, Felipe Gonçalves Di Nisio, Francisco Cezar Cano, Rafael Voltolini, Neri Volpato
{"title":"A study about weak intralayer bonding in extrusion-based additive manufacturing due to resumed extrusion during filling","authors":"Eduardo Burkot Hungria, Felipe Gonçalves Di Nisio, Francisco Cezar Cano, Rafael Voltolini, Neri Volpato","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The strength of a printed polymeric component obtained by a material extrusion additive manufacturing technology is highly affected by the bonding quality between the deposited filaments (beads). Filament bonding is usually associated with material temperature and can be observed between layers (interlayer) and in the same layer (intralayer). The latter is not much explored in the literature and is rarely studied when the material extrusion must be resumed to complete a layer filling. A non-continuous tool path is usually found in filling complex part geometries with a raster strategy, where the area to be filled is divided into more than one continuous raster segment (CRS). The contact between the filaments of two adjacent CRSs (at 100 % density), defined as resumed contact (RC) for simplicity, can be affected by a weak bonding effect. This work aimed to experimentally study this effect by varying the time taken to resume printing, causing the temperature to drop at the RC, and measuring the influence on bonding strength. The bead width at the resumed extrusion was also analyzed. The results show that the influence of time taken to resume printing (contact temperature) on bonding strength was not significant for the part geometry tested and printer used. Notwithstanding, material failure under tensile load always occurred in the RC region. The results also showed some bead width variation due to under extrusion at the start of the extrusion, which can reduce the contact area. Therefore, the weak intralayer bonding at the RC is a fact, and it is affected, among others, by a combination of cold bonding and any contact area reduction due to under extrusion at the start of the extrusion. This issue must be carefully considered when printing an end-use part where the material strength is paramount.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 108595"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer TestingPub Date : 2024-09-24DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108597
Xiangyan Yang , Runyu Zhou , Zixiao Xu , Jing Deng , Chuyue Wei , Jiahui Luo , Haoqi Luo , Lijia Zou , Yang Wu , Xin Ao , Shuaishuai Yuan , Weihua Zhou
{"title":"Crystallization and melting of Poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) characterized by fast scanning calorimetry","authors":"Xiangyan Yang , Runyu Zhou , Zixiao Xu , Jing Deng , Chuyue Wei , Jiahui Luo , Haoqi Luo , Lijia Zou , Yang Wu , Xin Ao , Shuaishuai Yuan , Weihua Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poly (4-hydroxybutyrate) (P4HB) is a marine biodegradable polyester with promising applications. Unfortunately, the crystallization and melting behavior of P4HB has not been systematically studied, due to the rapid crystallization near room temperature. In particular, the characterization of crystallization and melting of P4HB by fast scanning calorimetry (FSC) has not been reported previously. In this article, the common differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), polarized optical microscopy (POM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and FSC were performed to investigate the crystallization and melting behavior of P4HB. The results indicated that melt crystallization facilitated the formation of fragmented crystals rather than complete spherulites. Furthermore, the P4HB exhibited a broad crystallization temperature range from −19 °C to 49 °C, and the crystallization and melting of P4HB was notably affected by the temperature, in addition to the heating or cooling rates. The higher crystallization temperature and lower cooling rates facilitated the formation of well-developed crystals. Remarkably, the P4HB is found to be unable to crystallize at heating or cooling rates exceeding 6 K/s. Moreover, double melting peaks could be discerned at moderate isothermal crystallization temperature exhibiting faster crystallization rate. The findings will provide theoretical guidance on how to optimize the processing parameters in modulating the crystallization of P4HB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 108597"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142319045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer TestingPub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108584
Zhibo Wu , Jianping Yin , Meng Li , Wenxuan Du , Xuanfu He , Zhongbin Tang , Yinggang Miao
{"title":"Rate-dependent constitutive behavior and mechanism of CMDB under tension loading","authors":"Zhibo Wu , Jianping Yin , Meng Li , Wenxuan Du , Xuanfu He , Zhongbin Tang , Yinggang Miao","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The composite modified double-base propellants (CMDB) were experimentally investigated for mechanical behavior under wide tension strain rate loading from 0.0001 s<sup>−1</sup> to 2500 s<sup>−1</sup>, based on Instron mechanical machine and modified Hopkinson tension bar technique. Stress-strain curves were obtained for its strain rate effect and integrality evaluation. The results indicated that CMDB presents high rate-dependence with flow stress distinctly increase as loading strain rate increasing. A succinct constitutive formulation is established with only five parameters, to characterize well the rate-dependence and strain hardening behavior. The fracture morphologies were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, and it is indicated that they are also rate-dependent: the cavitation and matrix damage induced from matrix deformation work less but more RDX particles fractures with strain rate increasing. Equivalent unit cell model with brittle cracking was established to simulate the mechanical behavior and failure characteristics of CMDB. The results reveal that with increasing loading strain rates, CMDB presents a tough-brittle transition, with less cavitation and matrix damage induced by matrix deformation, while more RDX particles fracture. Series of simulated results confirm qualitatively the experimental observations, and the obtained stress contours facilitate to validate the observed characteristics and propose reasonable mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 108584"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142941824002617/pdfft?md5=67a7f8df95eea02630e626e3af4de1d7&pid=1-s2.0-S0142941824002617-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142314987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}