Polymer Testing最新文献

{"title":"Acoustic emission analysis of failure processes in polyethylene and recycled tire rubber blends","authors":"Ákos Görbe ,&nbsp;Gergő Zsolt Marton ,&nbsp;Tamás Bárány","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108813","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108813","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we developed a test method using acoustic emission (AE) to investigate the failure process and degree of compatibility of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) blends filled with ground tire rubber (GTR). The blends contained 40 wt% of GTR, which is incompatible with the matrix material and altered their fracture behavior significantly. We could define three stages of the tensile curves based on the amplitude of the emitted signals. Furthermore, we demonstrated the effect of compatibilization using ethylene-vinyl-acetate: compatibilization facilitated a stronger interface between the matrix and filler, resulting in signals with higher amplitude. We analyzed the main signal properties and found a shift indicating compatibilization in all of them. We also studied the crack propagation of the specimens using tear tests and found that the incorporation of EVA in LDPE-GTR blends facilitated a more stable crack propagation, as indicated by fewer acoustic events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 108813"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boron-modified form stable phase change materials with high energy storage, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression for advanced photo-to-heat conversion","authors":"Ruizhi Zheng ,&nbsp;Renjie Chen ,&nbsp;Feng Wu ,&nbsp;Delong Xie ,&nbsp;Yi Mei","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108804","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108804","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study developed form-stable phase change materials (FSPCMs) with high energy storage density, superior flame retardancy, and effective smoke suppression by incorporating boric acid-grafted octadecanol (BO) as the phase change material and expanded graphite (EG)/low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as the supporting matrix. To further enhance flame retardancy, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (PER) were introduced as synergistic flame retardants. The optimized FSPCMs (60 wt% BO, 27 wt% LDPE, 3 wt% EG, 6 wt% APP, and 3 wt% PER) exhibited outstanding performance, achieving a latent heat of 122.6 J/g, a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 23.3 % (UL-94 V-0 rating), a 78.5 % reduction in smoke production rate, a 68.3 % decrease in smoke density, and a 77.2 % photo-thermal conversion efficiency. A systematic analysis of BO's molecular structure revealed its significant influence on phase change behavior and flame-retardant properties. The boric acid grafting strategy notably enhanced BO's char-forming capability, elucidating its synergistic flame-retardant and smoke-suppression mechanisms. The developed FSPCMs hold promise to applied in energy storage and safety-critical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 108804"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rate-dependent cohesive zone modeling and experimental validation for viscoelastic sensor-embedded interfaces","authors":"Leiguang Duan ,&nbsp;Xueren Wang ,&nbsp;Hongfu Qiang ,&nbsp;Baolin Pei ,&nbsp;Peng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108798","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108798","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanical behavior of viscoelastic interfaces in sensor-embedded systems exhibits strong rate dependence, directly influencing adhesion performance and structural integrity. Existing cohesive zone models (CZMs) inadequately capture the interplay between viscoelastic bulk deformation and interfacial damage evolution, particularly under dynamic loading. This study proposes a novel rate-dependent CZM framework integrating viscoelastic liner mechanics to decouple bulk deformation from true interfacial behavior. A trilinear stress-strain relationship (weak/strong nonlinear strengthening and damage softening) was identified through multi-rate uniaxial tensile experiments on polyimide (PI)/hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) interface specimens. Key innovations include a methodology to isolate interfacial cohesion parameters via Prony series-based viscoelastic decoupling and finite element validation. Results demonstrate exponential rate dependence of cohesive strength (1.19–1.58 MPa) and critical displacement (0.89–0.67 mm) across 10–70 mm/min loading rates, with stress intensification during damage propagation. The model aligns closely with experiments at low strain rates, while discrepancies at high rates highlight viscoelastic relaxation effects. This work advances interface mechanics by resolving the coupling of bulk and interfacial responses, offering a universal framework for adhesion analysis in flexible sensor systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 108798"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-temperature insulating polyimide aerogels with a hierarchical porous hyper-cross-linked structure derived from aqueous polymerization of mesostructured silica-grafted Poly(amic acid) salt","authors":"Jae Hui Park ,&nbsp;Seeun Jang ,&nbsp;Young Nam Kim ,&nbsp;Jaewon Choi ,&nbsp;Hyeonuk Yeo ,&nbsp;Ki-Ho Nam","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108797","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108797","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyimide (PI) aerogels have garnered significant interest in thermal protection applications because of their excellent high-temperature resistance and broad operational range. Nevertheless, there are still research challenges, such as the extensive use of organic solvents, shrinkage during drying, and the need for improved thermal/electrical insulation and mechanical properties. Addressing these challenges is crucial for enhancing the practical application of PI aerogels in demanding environments. Herein, we propose a facile, green, and scalable method for fabricating freeze-dried PI aerogels via the aqueous polymerization of amino-functionalized mesoporous silica-grafted poly(amic acid) salts (PAAS-<em>g</em>-AMS). Our findings demonstrate that water-borne PI (W-PI)-<em>g</em>-AMS aerogels have a three-dimensional covalent network with a macroporous/mesoporous architecture, which minimizes molecular chain slippage and shrinkage during thermal imidization. The W-PI-<em>g</em>-AMS aerogels possess excellent properties, such as high porosity (&gt;91 %), a low bulk density (122.4 mg cm⁻³), minimal shrinkage (8.1 %), good compressive strength (6.15 MPa) and modulus (1.86 MPa), a high degradation temperature (<em>T</em>_d5 _% = 599.4 °C), a low fire growth rate index (0.075 W g⁻¹ s⁻¹), low thermal conductivity (0.08241 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹), and a remarkably low dielectric constant (<em>D</em>_k = 1.25 at 1 MHz) and dissipation factor (<em>D</em>_f = 0.001 at 1 MHz), indicating their potential for use as substitute materials for thermal and electrical superinsulation in the aerospace and transportation industries in extreme environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 108797"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143858792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrically actuated 4D printed hybrid copper fiber-carbon black reinforced composites","authors":"Yahya Tavakoli ,&nbsp;Mohsen Barmouz ,&nbsp;Bahman Azarhoushang","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108799","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108799","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to optimize the recovery performance of electrically actuated 4D-printed customized biomedical devices by incorporating copper fibers and carbon black into various composite formulations. After extensive experimentation, six composite formulations were selected for testing under electrical actuation at two current levels: 2 A and 3 A. Results indicate that higher carbon black concentrations (0.2 %) and increased current from 2 A to 3 A significantly improved performance. The optimal composition, consisting of 20 % copper fiber and 0.2 % carbon black, achieved the highest recovery ratio of 95 % at 3 A, along with an almost 11 °C reduction in actuation temperature, highlighting its suitability for adaptive biomedical devices. While at 2 A, the same composition exhibited a recovery ratio of 76 %. Furthermore, the examined samples exhibited notable fixity ratios, ranging from 98 % to 100 %. These outcomes highlight the substantial impact of both composite material formulation and the electrical current level on optimizing recovery performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 108799"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A highly transparent and self-healing elastomer based on dynamically reversible heterocyclic interactions with enhanced toughness and outstanding rolling reliability","authors":"Kiwon Choi ,&nbsp;Hyeryeon Jeon ,&nbsp;Youngmin Kim ,&nbsp;Yongju Kim ,&nbsp;Pyong Hwa Hong ,&nbsp;Jong Hyuk Park ,&nbsp;Min Jae Ko ,&nbsp;Sung Woo Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108803","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108803","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A highly flexible elastomer for rollable displays was developed through the incorporation of reversible heterocyclic interactions. Functional heterocyclic pendant moieties were integrated into the polymeric chains within a conventional elastomer, facilitating dynamically reversible internal interactions via intensified hydrogen bonding. This approach significantly enhanced the performance of the resulting elastomer by optimizing its internal network structure. It exhibited excellent optical properties, including visible light transmittance over 91 %, a yellow index below 2, a haze under 1 %, and substantial thermal stability. Moreover, it effectively addressed the traditional trade-off between mechanical and self-healing properties in typical self-healing materials. It also achieved rapid and complete self-healing and a toughness value four times greater than a reference elastomer lacking heterocyclic groups. Notably, the developed elastomer exhibited outstanding durability, enduring over 10,000 rolling and unrolling cycles without mechanical failure, which underscores its superior rolling reliability. These properties are attributed to a unique internal network structure reinforced by reversible and intensified hydrogen bonding within the matrix. To provide further insights into enhanced mechanical strength, self-healing performance, and rolling reliability, a mechanism was proposed and analyzed using both small molecular and polymeric model systems. This analysis highlights the critical role of the heterocyclic interactions in forming a robust yet dynamically adaptable network.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 108803"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complete relaxation of thiol-ene vitrimeric elastomers with drastically reduced dynamic content","authors":"Hani Alzubi,&nbsp;Sasan Moradi,&nbsp;Osman Konuray,&nbsp;Xavier Fernández-Francos,&nbsp;Xavier Ramis","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108800","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108800","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Establishing a balance between polymer flow for reprocessing and mechanical robustness at service temperatures presents a challenge in designing covalent adaptable networks (CANs). In this study, we present a series of thiol-ene vitrimeric materials whose dynamicity is based on disulfide and beta-hydroxyester bonds. Firstly, through a facile epoxy-acid reaction, either a disulfide-containing or disulfide-free allyl precursor was synthesized. Subsequently, the two allyls were mixed in varying proportions and cured by a trithiol crosslinker. A dithiol chain extender was also added into the formulation at varying proportions in order to modify the network architecture and thus regulate dynamicity. The resulting viscoelastic and vitrimeric behavior as influenced by the choice of monomer type and proportion was studied in depth. Results show that disulfide content of as low as 17 % is sufficient to impart full recyclability to these versatile materials. Our tests also revealed that the most significant factor for creep suppression is not the disulfide content but the network connectivity dictated by the average thiol functionality. The cured materials are easily recyclable by heating under pressure, yielding comparable mechanical and thermomechanical properties across several cycles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 108800"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated thermal conductive and charring effects of hexagonal boron nitride and polycarbosilane on flame retardancy of polyolefin/magnesium hydroxide composites","authors":"Jihao Zhang,&nbsp;Qi Wang,&nbsp;Chunfeng Wang,&nbsp;Yongliang Wang,&nbsp;Zhidong Han","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108801","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108801","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Halogen-free flame retardant polyolefin composites coupled with thermal conductivity are highly required to meet the challenges from thermal management and fire safety of wires and cables. The flame retardancy and thermal conductivity of polyolefin/magnesium hydroxide (PO/MH) composites were modulated by boron nitride (BN) and polycarbosilane (PCS). The synergistic effect between BN and PCS in PO/MH was demonstrated by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 42.9 % and the thermal conductivity of 0.66 W/(m·K). The results of cone calorimeter (CONE) evidenced the superior combustion behaviors with the reduced peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) by 25 %, 28 % and 11 % in comparison with PO/MH, respectively. The thermal degradation by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that PO/MH/PCS/BN took advantage of BN in stabilizing the side chain degradation and PCS in decreasing the main chain degradation rate to make for the enhanced char. And the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) illustrated the structured char that was composed of the integrated surface char acting as a barrier to mass transfer and the foamed bulk char as a barrier to heat transfer. The proposed strategy would be prospective in developing polyolefin composites integrated with thermal conductivity and flame-retardant properties for wires and cables.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 108801"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shape memory recovery in polylactic acid and thermoplastic polyurethane bi-material metamaterials fabricated by additive manufacturing under fatigue testing","authors":"Farzad Fereydoonpour,&nbsp;Shokouh Dezianian,&nbsp;Mohammad Azadi","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108802","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108802","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>4D printing is defined as 3D printing plus the time. In this way, by applying a type of stimulus to the part fabricated by the 3D printing method and deformed, the sample returns to its original shape over time. This study advances the field of additive manufacturing by enhancing the design and functionality of shape memory polymers, enabling smarter, more adaptable materials for applications in aerospace. It can be mentioned as folding wings, solar sails, and actuator parts. In this research, the characteristics of the shape memory of the parts printed using fused deposition modeling (FDM) under fatigue loading were discussed. The printed parts comprised two types of polylactic acid polymer (PLA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). Three different percentages of the material composition were considered PLA, PLA/25TPU, and PLA/50TPU. Initially, rotary bending fatigue test was performed at a frequency of 100 Hz, but the samples delaminated. As a result, a vibration simulation was conducted using Abaqus software. The results showed that the natural frequency of the samples was very close to 100 Hz. To avoid resonance, the tests were conducted at a frequency of 20 Hz to obtain their lifetimes. Then, the shape memory recovery was implemented under fatigue (cyclic) loading by applying the time and temperature stimuli. A statistical sensitivity analysis was also done for the obtained results. Finally, the fracture surface of the specimens was evaluated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM).</div><div>The results of the rotary bending fatigue test showed that the fatigue lifetime decreased with the increase in the TPU percentage. In addition, the results of shape memory properties illustrated that with the addition of 25 % of TPU, the rate of deformation increased by 40 %, on average. Moreover, it was concluded that the temperature had about 64 % more influence than the time on shape memory properties. In addition, fatigue (cyclic) loading was 137 % more effective than static (monotonic) loading. The results of the statistical analysis also demonstrated that the shape memory properties increased with the enhancement of the TPU percentage. The images of the fracture surface showed the separation of layers and cavities, which were the factors of failures. Beach marks indicating the failure under fatigue loadings were also seen.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 108802"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of mechanical behavior and multi-scale performance analysis of complex microstructural models in composite material layer design","authors":"Hailiang Su ,&nbsp;Qiulin Qin ,&nbsp;Deng An ,&nbsp;Tengteng Wei ,&nbsp;Zhe Han ,&nbsp;Yuyan He ,&nbsp;Guogui Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To examine the impact of the intricate microstructural features of glass fiber reinforced polymer on the macroscopic performance of composite materials, a multi-scale analysis was carried out on the composite leaf spring, utilizing the detailed characteristics of the complex microstructures. Initially, a representative volume element incorporating an interface structure was developed, and its mechanical properties along with microscopic damage behaviors were predicted. Subsequently, the validity of the predicted mechanical behavior was corroborated through multi-directional tensile tests and scanning electron microscopy. Building upon this, a multi-scale analysis approach integrating interface damage modes with layer stacking ratios was proposed, providing a thorough investigation into the relationship between the microstructure and stacking angles of composite leaf springs. The design of composite layers was implemented to optimize the mechanical performance of the leaf springs. The analysis reveals that changes in the material microstructure lead to a shift in the primary load-bearing component of the polymer-based composite materials, thereby affecting the structural performance of the leaf spring. Ultimately, the fatigue life of the composite leaf spring was predicted, and the accuracy of these prediction results was validated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 108793"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}