Polymer Testing最新文献

{"title":"Synchronous application of DIC and DVC techniques for the global-local characterization of carbon fiber-reinforced composite laminates","authors":"Chaeyoung Hong ,&nbsp;Minsu Park,&nbsp;Wooseok Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108757","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108757","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>DIC is capable of continuously measuring the global deformation behavior of a specimen because its scanning can be done quickly over a wider observation area. While the DIC information is limited to the surface on which a speckle pattern is applied, DVC can compute three-dimensional strain fields inside a material. However, DVC data can be obtained over a smaller region at a limited number of load levels. Here, the DIC and DVC techniques are simultaneously utilized for the first time. The previous <em>in situ</em> test setup of the authors based on synchrotron radiation computed tomography was modified to add the DIC capability. The <em>in situ</em> testbed was installed with a CCD camera with blue lighting to obtain images for DIC analysis. The opaque tubular frame of a micro-tensile stage was newly fabricated with a transparent material causing minimal optical distortion. The qualities of speckle pattern images obtained through the transparent tube were carefully evaluated. The combination of the DVC and DIC techniques was demonstrated with an open-hole tensile test. The global and local failure progression of the composite was non-destructively characterized. Especially, a load-displacement curve without machine compliance was obtained because the deformation of the specimen could be directly measured owing to the DIC technique. The resolutions of DVC and DIC in the presented study were 0.65 μm and 2.27 μm, respectively. This specification is expected to provide unprecedented results that can truly validate multi-scale simulation models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 108757"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143609785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmentally tolerant high-adhesion conductive eutectogels","authors":"Jiating Liu ,&nbsp;Ying Chen ,&nbsp;Shuo Li ,&nbsp;Pengcheng Zhao ,&nbsp;Tao Li ,&nbsp;Tian Zhao ,&nbsp;Yi Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108753","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108753","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the development of environmentally tolerant, high-adhesion conductive eutectogels based on poly(N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide) (PHEAA) based eutectogels. The eutectogels were synthesized via a one-pot polymerization process, resulting in materials with exceptional mechanical properties, including high stretchability, tear resistance, and self-recovery capabilities. The eutectogels exhibited strong adhesion to various substrates, making them suitable for flexible sensor applications. Their non-volatile nature and thermal stability provided outstanding environmental tolerance, maintaining flexibility across a wide temperature range. Additionally, the eutectogels demonstrated high ionic conductivity and precise responsiveness, enabling their use in strain sensors and real-time electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring. The results highlight the potential of PHEAA/DESs eutectogels for applications in flexible electronics, healthcare monitoring, and smart materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 108753"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solvent-free, slow-curing, and corrosion-resistant flame retardant polyurea enabled by a Schiff base latent curing agent and phosphate polyol","authors":"Yun-Cheng Zhao ,&nbsp;Xing-Yu Wang ,&nbsp;Ke Shang ,&nbsp;Bin Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108754","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyurea (PUA) is widely recognized for its excellent waterproofing and impact resistance, making it a popular choice for protective coatings. However, its inherent flammability and rapid reaction kinetics pose significant challenges for both fire safety and processing. In this study, a Schiff base latent curing agent (D2000-MIBK) and a phosphate-containing polyol (OP550) were employed to develop a solvent-free, intrinsically flame-retardant, slow-curing PUA. The incorporation of D2000-MIBK effectively moderated the curing process, addressing the rapid reaction typical of conventional PUA systems, while OP550 significantly improved flame retardancy and mechanical performance. At just 2.22 wt%, OP550 enabled PUA-2 to achieve a UL-94 V-0 rating, demonstrating self-extinguishing behavior and reduced flaming drips. Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed that OP550 promoted char formation without altering the thermal decomposition profile of PUA, while dynamic mechanical analysis showed increased stiffness with negligible impact on the glass transition temperature. PUA-2 exhibited exceptional mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 15.4 MPa, elongation at break of 1287.5 %, and tearing strength of 65.4 N mm⁻¹, as well as excellent resistance to acidic, alkaline, and saline environments. Atomic force microscopy revealed optimized microphase-separated morphology, enhancing interfacial interactions and contributing to improved toughness and flexibility. This study introduces a novel strategy for developing high-performance PUA materials with superior flame retardancy, mechanical robustness, and controllable curing, offering significant potential for applications in protective coatings and structural components under demanding conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 108754"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on 3D printability of PLA/PBAT/PHBV biodegradable blends for packaging applications","authors":"Annalisa Apicella,&nbsp;Paola Scarfato,&nbsp;Loredana Incarnato","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108748","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108748","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Additive manufacturing offers a fast and cost-effective pathway to develop new sustainable, multifunctional packaging prototypes. However, the range of biodegradable polymers suitable for this technology is still critically narrow. Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxy valerate) (PHBV) possess favorable barrier, mechanical properties and biodegradability; however, its low thermal stability and poor melt strength pose severe challenges in 3D printing process. On their side, PBAT-rich Ecovio blends provide high ductility and thermal stability but suffer from buckling issues due to excessive flexibility of the filaments. To address these concerns, this study systematically evaluates the role of PHBV in Ecovio-based blends for 3D printing, providing new insights into the relationship between blend composition, processability and dimensional stability, for the development of new packaging prototypes using fused deposition modeling (FDM). The printing temperature (from 200 to 250 °C) and the blends composition (up to 40 % PHBV concentration) were optimized to enhance the printability, the dimensional accuracy and the mechanical properties of the specimens for the target application, based on preliminary characterization of chemical, thermal, rheological and morphological investigations. Results showed that the incorporation of PHBV into the blends at concentrations ≥20 % ensured a decrease in viscosity and adequate rigidity to guarantee successful 3D printing, while Ecovio increased the thermal stability of PHBV and expanded the processing window, enabling the blends to be printed up to 250 °C. Among all, the Ecovio/PHBV 70/30 blend printed at 230 °C demonstrated to be best combination of composition and temperature to achieve better compactness, flexural properties and optimized processability, while minimizing warpage, shrinkage and degradation phenomena, making it a promising candidate for the realization of novel, sustainable packaging prototypes. Finally, overall migration tests demonstrated the compliance of the developed packages to the limits of Regulation (EU) No October 2011 for food contact applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 108748"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoprobing in polymeric materials","authors":"Ulf W. Gedde (Editor of the special edition),&nbsp;Amir Pourrahimi (Editor of the special edition)","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108731","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108731","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"144 ","pages":"Article 108731"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143609409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of polymer viscoelasticity by integrated micro-indentation test with optical flow algorithm","authors":"Giyeol Han ,&nbsp;Yeongmin Yoon ,&nbsp;Hyungyil Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108750","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108750","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to directly evaluate the viscoelastic (creep) parameters of polymer materials by integrating a micro-indentation test with an optical flow (OF) algorithm and an embedded center of dilatation (ECD) model. After indentation, the in-plane displacement field on the specimen surface is measured over time using the OF algorithm, thereby capturing the recovery behavior of the indentation imprint. Subsequently, the creep strain evolution curve over time is obtained through displacement and spatial differentiation. The ECD model is employed to estimate the initial residual stress induced by indentation process without resorting to complex inverse analysis. The reliability of estimated surface residual stress was validated through FEA. A time hardening model is then used to derive the creep strain-time relationship. Using the initial residual stress and the creep strain curve obtained from indentation, the time hardening creep parameters are determined. The experimental tests on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polycarbonate (PC) have demonstrated that the proposed method yields creep parameters within an approximate 5% error margin relative to conventional tensile creep tests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 108750"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143551654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of microplastics in the aquatic environment, or in the presence of algae Chlorella sp., by comparison of biophotonic methods","authors":"Alzbeta Marcek Chorvatova ,&nbsp;Maria Angelica Garcia Bucio ,&nbsp;Zuzana Jurasekova ,&nbsp;Eva Noskovicova ,&nbsp;Limpat Nulandaya ,&nbsp;Dmitrij Bondarev ,&nbsp;Dusan Chorvat Jr. ,&nbsp;Pavol Miskovsky","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108749","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108749","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics (MPs) are emerging pollutants in our environment. However, their identification under real environmental conditions remains challenging, particularly in the case of MPs found in water sources, where other organic materials, such as algae, are present. Custom-prepared MPs (PET, PS, PLA) - commonly found in the aquatic environment – were tested in the dry state, in the water colloidal solutions, and/or in the presence of algae <em>Chlorella</em> sp. A multi-method approach, comparing different biophotonic methods, including FTIR, Raman (conventional or Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)) and spectrally-resolved confocal fluorescence microscopy methods were employed. We tested the capabilities of the applied methods to detect the presence of MPs in complex environmental conditions and thus the possibilities for their use for an <em>in-situ effective</em> monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 108749"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143551655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fatigue life prediction of polymer matrix composites containing initial delamination using thermography","authors":"Amir Mohammad Feizi,&nbsp;Fathollah Taheri-Behrooz","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108751","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108751","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effect of initial delamination on the fatigue behavior and lifespan of composite laminates made of woven glass fabric and epoxy resin. The primary objective is to evaluate the influence of initial delamination on parameters such as fatigue limit, stiffness degradation, and temperature variations using infrared thermography. To investigate the effect of delamination, the specimens were fabricated in three categories: standard, symmetric delamination, and asymmetric delamination. Analysis of thermal data and mechanical results revealed that initial delamination reduced approximately 76.8 % in fatigue life and 15.8 % in fatigue limit. Additionally, specimens with initial delamination exhibited faster stiffness degradation and higher temperature rise, indicating accelerated crack propagation and greater stress concentration. A fatigue life prediction model based on entropy generation and thermal data was developed for both standard and delaminated specimens, demonstrating satisfactory accuracy. The findings of this research can enhance the design and performance of composite structures by improving safety and operational efficiency through non-destructive monitoring and fatigue life prediction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 108751"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of covalent adaptable networks Based on disulfide exchange through broadband dielectric spectroscopy","authors":"B. Pascual-Jose ,&nbsp;R. Teruel-Juanes ,&nbsp;S. de la Flor ,&nbsp;A. Serra ,&nbsp;A. Ribes-Greus","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108746","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To study the nature and the cooperativity of the disulfide exchange mechanism in covalent adaptable networks, the dielectric and conductive properties of three membranes obtained by curing diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) with hexamethylenediamine (HMDA), cystamine (CYS), or a mixture of both diamines in the same proportion were studied. Significant differences in the dielectric relaxation spectra of the three membranes were observed. In the low-temperature region, the dielectric spectra displayed two non-cooperative dielectric relaxations (γ and β). In the DGEBA/HMDA-CYS membrane, its relaxation function and activation energy are between those corresponding to the DGEBA/HDMA and DGEBA/CYS membranes, but their relationship does not depend linearly on the composition. In the high-temperature region, a dielectric relaxation of cooperative origin related to the glass transition (α) was observed in the membrane cured with hexamethylenediamine. However, the relaxation related to the glass transition overlaps with the exchange of the disulfide bonds in the membranes with cystamine. The analysis of the electric conductivity (σ) reveals an abrupt increment that suggests a radical-mediated dissociative bond exchange reaction may be occurring. However, the analysis of the σ_DC curves is indicative of an associative bond exchange reaction. The rapid formation of new associations among radicals is proposed to explain the vitrimer-like behaviour on these CYS-containing membranes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 108746"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compression performance analysis of hexagonal and re-entrant hybrid honeycomb structures","authors":"Xiang Peng ,&nbsp;Kaiming Zhou ,&nbsp;Yang Han ,&nbsp;Weiqiang Jia ,&nbsp;Jiquan Li ,&nbsp;Shaofei Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108745","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The performance of honeycomb structures is closely related to the shape of the unit cell, and traditional honeycomb structures with a single design often fail to meet the diverse requirements of various applications. To address this limitation, a hybrid design strategy has been proposed. In this study, we present a novel hybrid honeycomb structure by combining the traditional hexagonal honeycomb with a re-entrant honeycomb configuration, aiming to resolve the trade-off between stiffness and energy absorption capacity. Furthermore, a dual-material hybrid honeycomb structure is designed by replacing polylactic acid (PLA) with polyurethane elastomer (TPU) at key nodes. We perform uniaxial quasi-static compression tests to investigate the compression characteristics, energy absorption properties, and repeatable loading performance of the proposed honeycomb structures. The results demonstrate that the hybrid honeycomb structure exhibits superior stiffness and energy absorption compared to the hexagonal honeycomb, the dual-material hybrid honeycomb structure shows excellent repeatable loading performance. In addition, we conducted parametric research by changing the internal angles and wall thickness of the unit. Therefore, the developed honeycomb structures are capable of meeting a wide range of application scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 108745"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143527448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}