Polymer TestingPub Date : 2025-06-06DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108880
Natalie Krug, Chaimae Chettouh, Jan-Christoph Zarges, Hans-Peter Heim
{"title":"Validation of real-time aging simulation of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) using accelerated aging in accordance with ASTM F1980","authors":"Natalie Krug, Chaimae Chettouh, Jan-Christoph Zarges, Hans-Peter Heim","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108880","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108880","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To advance the application of bio-based materials in medical technology, further research is required to assess their long-term performance. In common practice, accelerated aging tests based on ASTM F1980 are used in medical contexts to predict material behavior over time. This standard provides calculation guidelines to determine the equivalent storage duration under artificially accelerated aging conditions using a Q<sub>10</sub>-factor. This factor, typically assumed to be 2, represents the increase in reaction rate due to elevated temperatures.</div><div>In this study, a comparison was conducted between accelerated aged samples and their real-time equivalents using various PLA types. The results indicate that the standard assumption of Q<sub>10</sub> = 2 can lead to an overestimation of degradation, resulting in a misrepresentation of real-time aging behavior. This discrepancy is substantiated by experimental data, including mechanical, thermal, and chemical analyses. A key factor contributing to this deviation appears to be the reliance on overly simplistic assumptions regarding degradation kinetics, which fail to account for autocatalytic reactions and the inherently multi-stage nature of the degradation process. In the present study, this observation was further corroborated through the determination of material-specific Q<sub>10</sub>-factors. These factors, found to range between 2.3 and 2.5, exhibited dynamic variations throughout the degradation process, highlighting the need for a refined approach to accelerated aging methodologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 108880"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144240215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer TestingPub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108876
Azhagarsamy Sekar , Pannirselvam Narayanan
{"title":"Enhancing mechanical and thermal properties of isophthalic polyester resin composites reinforced with graphene oxide and nanosilica using RSM and ANN","authors":"Azhagarsamy Sekar , Pannirselvam Narayanan","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108876","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108876","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the mechanical and thermal characteristics of isophthalic polyester (IP) resin composites reinforced with graphene oxide (GO), nanosilica (NS), and their hybrid combinations. Composites with different filler concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt percentages were assessed by tensile, flexural, impact strength, and flammability tests. Structural properties were examined via X-ray diffraction (XRD). The findings indicate that incorporating GO and NS improves the mechanical properties of IP resin composites, with the hybrid composite at 0.3 wt% attaining peak performance. The hybrid composite at 0.3 wt% demonstrated a 59.47 % enhancement in tensile strength and an 82.16 % augmentation in flexural strength relative to pure IP resin. Moreover, the 0.3 wt% hybrid composites exhibited enhanced fire resistance, signifying a significant decrease in flammability. XRD analysis validated the effective integration of GO and NS into the IP resin matrix. Mechanical properties were predicted using two computational approaches: artificial neural networks (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM model precisely predicted tensile strength (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.9736) and flexural strength (R<sup>2</sup> ≥ 0.9736). The ANN model demonstrated remarkable accuracy, with correlation coefficients above (R > 0.890) for tensile strength and (R > 0.999) for flexural strength in training, testing, and validation, highlighting its effectiveness in capturing data variability. The comparison of the models found that the ANN model exceeded the RSM in predictive accuracy, as demonstrated by a robust correlation between experimental and anticipated values. The exceptional mechanical properties and fire resistance of hybrid IP resin composites make them suitable for high-performance structural applications in the automotive, construction, and aerospace industries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 108876"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144196384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer TestingPub Date : 2025-05-31DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108865
Caroline F. Uncles , Kevin Hunt , Shirley Fong , James Mainwaring , Jasmine Bone , Andrew Viquerat
{"title":"Glass transition and CTE properties of zirconium tungstate-filled bisphenol-A powder composites","authors":"Caroline F. Uncles , Kevin Hunt , Shirley Fong , James Mainwaring , Jasmine Bone , Andrew Viquerat","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108865","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108865","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zirconium tungstate powder was added to three bisphenol-A-based epoxy resins in different loadings up to 1 wt%. Zirconium tungstate (ZrW<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub>) is known to have a negative coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and the effect of the added powder on the composite material's CTE and glass transition temperature (<em>T</em><sub>g</sub>) was assessed using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermomechanical analysis (TMA). The <em>T</em><sub>g</sub> of all three resins was observed to decrease with increasing ZrW<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub> loading. However, while the CTE in the sub-<em>T</em><sub>g</sub> temperature range was observed to decrease in all three resins with increasing ZrW<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub> loading, the CTE at temperatures above <em>T</em><sub>g</sub> was found to increase with increasing ZrW<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub> loading. It is thought that this behaviour is caused by an increase in free volume within the polymer since the zirconium tungstate is contracting in size with increasing temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 108865"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144222238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer TestingPub Date : 2025-05-29DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108863
Boyuan Yin, Yu Fang, Xinyue Jiao, Hongxin Sun
{"title":"A novel fatigue life prediction method of carbon black filled rubber based on hysteresis loss of steady state under various load ratios","authors":"Boyuan Yin, Yu Fang, Xinyue Jiao, Hongxin Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108863","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108863","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon black (CB) filled rubber specimens were experimentally investigated to examine the effect of loading conditions on the self-heating and fatigue life. The self-heating was analyzed by implementing dynamic mechanical tests on cylindrical specimen, and the fatigue life was obtained by conducting a force-controlled fatigue test on hourglass specimen. In addition, the surface temperatures of the specimens were recorded with a ThermaCAM SC3000 infrared camera. Furthermore, this study explored the relationship between the hysteresis loss and the steady state temperature, finding that the steady state temperature would rise with the increase of the hysteresis loss. Traditionally, in the process of fatigue life prediction, such factors as maximum principal stress, strain energy density and temperature rise were used as fatigue parameters. In this study, a linear relationship between the hysteresis loss and the steady state temperature was established; then, by substituting the linear relationship into the traditional fatigue life equation, an empirical equation based on the hysteresis loss was derived. The results show that the proposed equation could predict the fatigue life in a satisfactory manner. Moreover, in this study, the cycles needed to reach the steady hysteresis loss state are far less than the fatigue life. Therefore, the proposed method provides a new choice for evaluating the fatigue life in a quick and cheap way.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 108863"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144177678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer TestingPub Date : 2025-05-29DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108877
Soo-Hyun Woo , Min-Gyu Jo , Byeong-Heon Park , Jung-Wook Wee
{"title":"Effect of exposure of phosphate buffered saline solution on creep behavior of polylactic acid: in-situ testing and modeling","authors":"Soo-Hyun Woo , Min-Gyu Jo , Byeong-Heon Park , Jung-Wook Wee","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108877","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108877","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a custom immersion creep tester was developed to investigate the <em>in-situ</em> creep behavior of polylactic acid (PLA) in contact with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution at various temperatures. Hydrolysis in PBS accelerated creep strain and shortened the lifespan compared to air. The elevated temperatures further facilitate molecular mobility and hydrolysis, leading to faster degradation in PBS environments. The failure mechanisms varied depending on the media, with brittle failure predominating in air and surface hydrolysis accelerating the failure in PBS. The Larson-Miller parameter (LMP) effectively predicted the long-term creep behavior of PLA by incorporating the time-temperature-environment correlation and showed high accuracy. These results highlight the important role of environmental factors in determining the structural integrity and mechanical properties of PLA and emphasize the need to carefully consider environmental conditions when designing PLA-based materials for applications such as biomedical implants or packaging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 108877"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144196385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancement of thermal stability, UV barrier, biodegradability, and moisture resistance of potato starch–agar bioplastics using biogenic TiO2 nanoparticles","authors":"David Asmat-Campos , Meliza Lindsay Rojas , Angel Carreño-Ortega , Noemi Raquel-Checca","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108868","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108868","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the influence of biogenically synthesized TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles (NPs) on the structure, properties, and biodegradability of bioplastics made from potato starch and agar. TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs (13.41 ± 1.0 nm, crystalline structure confirmed by X-ray diffraction) were incorporated at 0.674 %, 0.506 %, and 0.434 % concentrations. EDS and X-ray fluorescence confirmed their presence in the bioplastic matrix, while FTIR and Raman spectroscopy revealed interactions with polymer functional groups. TiO<sub>2</sub> addition reduced transparency from 79.1 % (control) to 46.81 % and improved UV-blocking capacity (68.7 % UV-A, 79.1 % UV-B). Water absorption decreased, indicating lower moisture affinity. Thermally, the 0.506 % NP sample showed superior stability with a decomposition temperature of 318.52 °C. Tensile strength decreased from 7.459 MPa (control) to 4.873 MPa, likely due to NP distribution and agglomeration. Biodegradability tests showed 52–60 % degradation in seawater (15 days) and over 76 % in soil (28 days), with the 0.506 % NP sample reaching the highest degradation (79.7 %). These findings highlight TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs’ potential to enhance thermal stability, UV protection, moisture resistance, and biodegradability in sustainable bioplastics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 108868"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144189364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer TestingPub Date : 2025-05-29DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108871
Qingwen Li , Yuqi Zhong , Mengjiao Xu , Chuangchuang Pan , Fanfan Nie , Hao Yang
{"title":"Axial compressive behavior of partial CFRP-jacketed coal samples: Effects of CFRP layers and strip coverage ratio","authors":"Qingwen Li , Yuqi Zhong , Mengjiao Xu , Chuangchuang Pan , Fanfan Nie , Hao Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108871","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108871","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) confined coal samples significantly improve the axial compressive behavior and stability of the internal core coal, demonstrating promising applications for stabilizing abandoned coal pillar in goaf. However, current research has predominantly focused on uniform confinement, with limited attention given to partial confinement. Moreover, the effectiveness of partial strengthening is highly dependent on the number of CFRP layers and the strip coverage ratio of the CFRP jacket. To address this, thirty-nine partial CFRP-jacketed coal samples were designed, and axial compressive behavior tests were conducted on samples with varying CFRP layers. The results revealed that the post-peak stress-strain curves exhibited an extended plateau stage, alongside a notable increase in the ductility coefficient, indicating that partial CFRP confinement effectively enhances the post-peak behavior of coal samples. For a constant number of CFRP layers, the peak strength and its enhancement ratio initially increased, then decreased, and subsequently increased again with the rising strip coverage ratio. The strip coverage ratio was found to have a more significant influence on peak strength than the number of CFRP layers. Furthermore, at a constant number of CFRP layers, the hoop peak strain at different positions within the coal samples increased as the strip coverage ratio rose. A modified strength model for partial CFRP-jacketed coal samples was developed, and its validation through the integral absolute error index demonstrated strong performance and high precision.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 108871"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anisotropic composite scaffolds containing strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite nanofibers and collagen as bone substitutes","authors":"Fu-Yin Hsu , Tzu-Fang Hsu , Whei-Lin Pan , Shiao-Wen Tsai","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108875","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108875","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Various bone grafting materials have been developed to address bone defects caused by tumor resection and skeletal abnormalities. In this study, an anisotropic composite scaffold incorporating strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite (SrHA) nanofibers and collagen was designed to replicate the anisotropic structure of native bone tissue. The physical, chemical, and biological properties of these composite scaffolds were thoroughly evaluated. First, the aligned SrHA nanofibrous membrane was fabricated using an electrospinning method. Next, multiple SrHA nanofibrous membranes were stacked layer by layer to create a SrHA nanofibrous matrix. A collagen solution was subsequently added to the SrHA nanofibrous matrix, followed by lyophilization to form the composite scaffold. Finally, the composite scaffold was crosslinked using EDC. SEM confirmed the successful fabrication of the composite scaffold, which consisted of aligned SrHA nanofibrous membranes and collagen. Compression testing revealed the Young's modulus of the composite scaffold and demonstrated that the SrHA nanofibers reinforced the scaffold structure, compensating for the weaker mechanical properties of the scaffold itself while highlighting its anisotropic characteristics. The biological evaluation revealed that the proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and BSP expression in MG63 osteoblast-like cells cultured on the composite scaffold were significantly greater than those of MG63 cells cultured on the collagen scaffold.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 108875"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144184545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer TestingPub Date : 2025-05-28DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108874
Wang Hou , Veronika Tunáková , Shi Hu , Dan Wang , Jakub Wiener , Ludmila Fridrichová , Jana Novotná , Xiuling Zhang
{"title":"Sustainable recycling of PET/cotton mixed waste fabrics: Mechanical decomposition and efficient component separation for reuse","authors":"Wang Hou , Veronika Tunáková , Shi Hu , Dan Wang , Jakub Wiener , Ludmila Fridrichová , Jana Novotná , Xiuling Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108874","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108874","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, the surge in production of polyethylene terephthalate, also known as polyester, has resulted in a large amount of waste polyester-based textiles. Traditional incineration and landfilling methods can cause serious harm to the environment, while existing recycling methods have deep-rooted shortcomings, making the disposal of waste polyester an urgent problem to be solved. A new mechanical recycling method for waste polyester-based fabrics is proposed in this article. The effect of cutting mill parameters (number of cutting times, cassette perforation dimension) on the size of particles mechanically decomposed from waste fabric was analyzed. For a description of the particle size, the sieving methodology was chosen. It was found that both selected factors have statistically significant effect on particle size. As the number of cutting times increases, the particle size decreases, and using larger perforation sieve cassette results in larger particle sizes. To separate and recover polyester and other components from mechanically decomposed polyester-based waste fabrics, two methods were proposed and explored. The separation effectivity of different material components was evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Mechanical decomposition of polyester blend textiles offers a low-pollution and efficient recycling method, making it promising for textile waste management. This approach shows strong potential for industrial scalability, offering a feasible and environmentally friendly solution for large-scale textile waste recycling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 108874"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144177679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer TestingPub Date : 2025-05-28DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108873
Carina Emminger , Umut Cakmak , Anatolij Nikonov , Michael Lackner , Zoltan Major
{"title":"Advanced instrumentation of the pendulum-based rebound measurement method for the characterization of the impact dynamics of elastomers","authors":"Carina Emminger , Umut Cakmak , Anatolij Nikonov , Michael Lackner , Zoltan Major","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108873","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108873","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pendulum-based rebound resilience measurement is a well-established method for characterizing the energy absorption of elastomers. However, existing standards are limited to elastomers with a hardness range of Shore A30 to A85 and polymeric foams, providing only a single value of rebound resilience without further investigations into material behavior during impact. This study extends the application of this method to a broader hardness range (Shore 00–30 to D50) and enhances the analysis with advanced instrumentation, including a piezoelectric load cell, an angular transducer, and a high-speed camera, which enables capturing the impact duration, impact force, specimen compression, and the determining of elastic energy during the impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 108873"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144177677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}