Polymer Testing最新文献

{"title":"Smart hydrogels for sensing and biosensing – Preparation, smart behaviours, and emerging applications – A comprehensive review","authors":"Devulapalli Revathi ,&nbsp;Subhasree Panda ,&nbsp;Kalim Deshmukh ,&nbsp;Nisha Khotele ,&nbsp;V.R.K. Murthy ,&nbsp;S.K. Khadheer Pasha","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108912","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogels are three dimensional (3D) crosslinked hydrophilic polymer network structures with an excellent stimulus sensitivity. 3D networks of hydrogels can absorb high amount of water in their crosslinked structures. In the last few decades hydrogels are successfully gaining attention in tremendous applications by their nature, texture, smart behaviour and a number of developments are taking chance in the field of sensing and bio-sensing applications. Owing to their highly tunable swelling, self-healing, mechanical, porous-structure and conductive properties, the research has been advancing day-by-day in the field of hydrogels and their applications. Hydrogels are soft materials whch are prepared through physical or chemical crosslinking methods weak van der Waals forces, ionic bonds or covalent bonds. A successive progress and recent advancement in hydrogels from simple network to complex double network structure to development of smart hydrogels which is now a trending research area in this field. The versatility and ability of smart materials to responds to various external stimuli make them ideal for detecting and quantifying wide range of analytes. This review widely discusses hydrogel preparation techniques including self-assembly, ionic interaction, freeze-thawing, graft-copolymerization, chemical, electrochemical, radiation, template polymerization, photo crosslinking and by simple chemical interaction. This review also focusses on various types of hydrogel sensors such as, fluorescent, colorimetric, electrochemical, electrochemiluminescence, surface-enhanced Raman scattering along with their sensing mechanisms. In addition, the visco-elastic behaviour empowering the hydrogels to design 3D, 4D printable structures using additive manufacturing techniques for better sensing applications were discussed. Moreover, the review discusses the behaviour of multifunctional hydrogel composites incorporated with carbon-based nanomaterials, metal-oxides and novel 2D materials likeMXene for the development of flexible, and wearable sensors. The review also highlights the physico-chemical and bio-chemical stimuli sensitive mechanisms in response to external smart stimuli for today's cutting-edge applications in sensing and bio-sensing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 108912"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lightweight and high performance nano-cellular poly(lactic acid)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) foams characterized by high volume expansion ratio","authors":"Yan Wang ,&nbsp;Yibing Chai ,&nbsp;Linyan Wang ,&nbsp;Guijiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Kesong Yu ,&nbsp;Xiaoke Sun ,&nbsp;Enle Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108920","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108920","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An efficient method was developed to fabricate nano-scale poly(lactic acid) (PLA) foams with high volume expansion ratio (VER) aiming at optimizing their properties and cost-effectiveness. The introduction of chain extender ADR (1 wt%) provided enhanced melt strength maintaining cell growth, which created conditions for high value of VER during foaming. The appropriate amount of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) (P34HB) promoted the crystallization performance and melt strength of samples, which not only facilitated local adsorption of CO₂ and bubble nucleation but also effectively avoided the excessive growth of cells. The impacts of P34HB and ADR as well as foaming temperature were systematically investigated to obtain the optimum conditions for preparing nano-foams with high VER. It could be concluded that the composite foams possessing optimal cell structures were prepared under 113 °C with 3 wt% P34HB content. The foams exhibited an exceptional combination of cell diameter approaching 150 nm, cell density achieving 2.5 × 10¹⁵ cells/cm³, and VER reaching 4.6, exceeding the results reported in existing literatures. The referred foams displayed excellent compression behaviors and superior thermal insulation performances. Generally, the foams fabricated in this work would show broad application prospects in various fields for their outstanding nano-structure and VER.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 108920"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144580059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of mechanical and physical properties of pineapple leaf fiber and coffee husk filler reinforced polymer composite using response surface method","authors":"Kinisa Wareso Abesho ,&nbsp;Moera Gutu Jiru ,&nbsp;Hirpa G. Lemu ,&nbsp;Mohammed Abdulkedir Alfeki","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108915","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108915","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the search for structural materials that are strong, lightweight, and cheap, pineapple leaf, which is rich in cellulose and relatively inexpensive, seems to have good potential reinforcement in yarn production. Pineapple leaf fibers (PALF) and coffee husk filler (CHF) can be new sources of raw materials for industries and can be potential for polymer reinforcement. This study fabricates composite samples using the hand layup method, and the Response Surface Methodology is used to optimize the experimental design. An analysis of variance determines the significance of variables and the interaction between them and responses. To assess mechanical characteristics (such as tensile, compression, flexural, and impact strength), and the physical properties like, thermogravimetric, water absorption, characterization, regression models are developed and statistically validated. The quadratic model is found to be the best fit for the tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and water absorption models, while the two-factor interaction model is determined to be the best fit for the compression strength. The primary significant output parameter contributions in all responses are 28.497 % of PALF for tensile strength, 65.41 % of PALF for compression strength, 29.755 % of CHF for flexural strength, 84.454 % of PALF for impact strength, and 56.92 % of PALF for water absorption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 108915"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in butt fusion jointing of HDPE pipes: A comprehensive review of fusion conditions and joint integrity assessment techniques","authors":"Ahmed I. Alhatti ,&nbsp;Suleyman Deveci ,&nbsp;Imad Barsoum ,&nbsp;Abdelrahman I. Hosny","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108909","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108909","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-density polyethylene (HDPE) piping systems are increasingly recognized for their exceptional corrosion resistance, flexibility, long-term mechanical durability, leak-free monolithic joints, fast and easy installation, and overall cost-effectiveness across a range of industrial sectors, from municipal water and gas networks to safety class nuclear power plant piping applications. The long-term reliability of these systems hinges critically on the integrity of butt-fusion (BF) joints, which often represent the most vulnerable points under operational stresses and environmental conditions. This review serves a dual purpose, it distils best practices for fusion-condition optimisation and evaluates joint-integrity assessment methods, offering a unified guideline for butt-fusion jointing (BFJ) of HDPE pipes. Fundamental fusion parameters such as fusion temperature, interfacial pressure, and heating/cooling durations that govern polymer chain interdiffusion and resultant joint strength are explained. Key standards are examined for their differing recommendations, underscoring the need for harmonized global guidelines. Standard joint integrity testing methods and recent advancements in mechanical testing, ranging from short-term tensile and impact assessments to long-term creep and slow crack growth (SCG), were critically reviewed. Emerging approaches such as, tapered-waist tensile (TWT) specimens, and hydro-axial tension (HAT) evaluating the full joint thickness, offer steps toward addressing the pronounced limitations of existing test methods revealed. The review concludes by highlighting critical research gaps, including real-time joint monitoring for proactive defect mitigation, adaptive multi-stage pressure protocols, and the development of reliable qualification and testing methods specifically tailored to large-diameter, thick-wall HDPE pipes. Addressing these issues is pivotal for advancing BFJ performance, ultimately fostering globally standardized, next-generation HDPE pipelines with trustworthy reliability in high-stakes engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 108909"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics to Metabolomics: Understanding the environmental and health implications of plastic pollution","authors":"Ashish Gaur ,&nbsp;Nishant Singhal ,&nbsp;Rajat Singh ,&nbsp;Rajul Jain ,&nbsp;Narpinder Singh ,&nbsp;Gaurav Pant ,&nbsp;Arun Karnwal ,&nbsp;Tabarak Malik","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108918","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108918","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics (MPs) are composed of solid plastic fragments that are smaller than 5 mm and are insoluble in water. MPs have acquired more attention in recent years, due to their pervasiveness in the environment. There are worries regarding the potential health effects of these particles on humans because they have been discovered in various food products and water sources. So, a comprehensive method for researching the biochemical effects of MP exposure is provided by metabolomics, an analytical technique that is useful for analyzing metabolites within biological systems. This review explores the application of metabolomics to the investigation of the biological consequences of Microplastic (MP) pollution. It looks at metabolomics methods, both targeted and untargeted, that offer a thorough examination of the metabolites impacted by MP exposure. The review also examines the potential health risks—such as oxidative stress, immune system disruption, and metabolic problems—associated with MP exposure. It highlights the need for additional study to elucidate the long-term health consequences of MP exposure. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the biological effects of MP contamination and its wider ecological and health implications by combining metabolomics with environmental research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 108918"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144571793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced antistatic composites for electrostatic Dissipation: Development of EPDM based conductive elastomeric nanocomposites","authors":"Habiba Tanveer ,&nbsp;Shaista Taimur ,&nbsp;Mujtaba Ellahi ,&nbsp;Talha Baig ,&nbsp;Nazeeha S. Alkayal ,&nbsp;Ahsan Ali ,&nbsp;Tariq Yasin ,&nbsp;Wael A. Altabey ,&nbsp;Mohammad Noori ,&nbsp;Sallam A. Kouritem","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108917","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108917","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrostatic charge buildup is a prevalent challenge instigating safety risks and operational inefficiencies in different industrial sectors. The necessity for efficient electrostatic dissipation with reliable antistatic solution is a critical contest. This study reports for the first time the development of EPDM based elastomeric nanocomposites (ENCs) reinforced by novel electrically conducting grafted polymeres specifically, polyaniline grafted sepiolite (ENC1), polyaniline grafted graphene oxide (ENC2), and polyaniline grafted sepiolite/reduced graphene oxide (ENC3), offering a significant electrostatic dissipation capability. This novel approach not only enhances the conductivity of the rubber but also opens new avenues for applications in various industries requiring antistatic properties. Compositional analyses are carried out by Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. Morphological studies by SEM indicate the homogeneous distribution of fillers in continuous EPDM matrix. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the developed nanocomposites exhibited thermal stability up to 350 °C, attributed to the incorporation of thermally stable conductive fillers. The electrical and mechanical properties were investigated for their potential use as antistatic materials. The minimum surface resistivity (65 × 10³Ω/·) and antistatic half-life (τ_1/2, 0.000005 s) validates their application as antistatic material to prevent sensitive electronic devices from charge accumulation. The maximum tensile strength of 51 MPa and elongation at break of 247 % was observed. The maximum cross-link density (ϑ) of 4.0 × 10⁻² mol/cc is shown by ENC3. The hydrophobic nature of EPDM sheets was investigated by water contact angle and water absorption %. The insights of this study provide the acumen of next-generation novel grafted polymer filler-based elastomeric nanocomposites for antistatic/electrostatic dissipative applications along with enhanced durability, environmental sustainability, and innovative industrial utility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 108917"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal mix ratio and numerical simulation study of concrete modified by nano-silica synergistically reinforced with basalt fibers","authors":"Changxing Zhu,&nbsp;Duo Li,&nbsp;Shengran Zhang,&nbsp;Huazhe Jiao,&nbsp;Jiaqi Guo,&nbsp;Xinming Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108913","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108913","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the implementation of a series of national strategies, China's infrastructure construction is facing significant opportunities as well as considerable challenges. As one of the core building materials, concrete is required to meet increasingly stringent performance demands. Against this backdrop, this study focuses on developing a high-performance concrete with both high strength and high toughness. Basalt fiber (BF) and nano-silica (NS) were selected as the primary modifying materials. An orthogonal experimental design was employed to systematically investigate the effects of BF length, BF content, and NS content on the strength and toughness of concrete, in order to determine the optimal mix proportion. Experimental results show that as BF length, BF content, and NS content increase, both strength and toughness indicators initially increase and then decrease. The influence of each factor on performance indicators follows the order: BF content &gt; BF length &gt; NS content. Based on range analysis and variance analysis of the orthogonal tests, the optimal mix proportion was determined as BF length: BF content: NS content = 6 mm: 0.2 %: 2 %. Mechanical tests and microstructural observations were conducted on specimens prepared with the optimal mix. The results indicate that NS effectively fills micro-pores within the concrete, enhances density, and significantly improves mechanical performance. The coral-like micro/nano structures formed by NS modification significantly increase the surface roughness of BF. These structures highlight the excellent synergistic interaction between BF and NS, which jointly enhance the interfacial bonding performance. BF also provides a bridging effect within the concrete matrix, inhibits microcrack propagation, and markedly enhances toughness. Furthermore, numerical simulations were used to further elucidate the fracture behavior and energy evolution of flexural test specimens. The simulation results for peak stress, ultimate strain, and failure modes showed good agreement with experimental findings. The stress contour maps of nano-silica and basalt fiber-modified concrete (BFNSRC) and Part-BF were consistent with theoretical expectations. Energy–crack evolution analysis revealed that the cement matrix primarily absorbs and dissipates energy, while the presence of BF contributes additional dissipative capacity, thereby enhancing the material's toughness. The results of this study provide technical support and theoretical guidance for the preparation of high-strength, high-toughness, high-performance concrete.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 108913"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144571713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical cure kinetics analysis of unsaturated polyester resin system using compression molding process","authors":"Abdallah Barakat ,&nbsp;Georges Chahine ,&nbsp;Marc Al Ghazal ,&nbsp;Romeo Fono Tamo ,&nbsp;John Unser ,&nbsp;Joshua Hagan ,&nbsp;Uday Vaidya","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108914","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108914","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to optimize the compression molding (CM) process for fabricating sandwich panels composed of polyurethane (PU) foam cores and woven glass fiber (GF) face sheets bonded with unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). The panels were produced through hand layup and consist of PU core, two GF fabric layers, and two thin skin liners of GF sheet molding compound (SMC). A novel integration of embedded thermocouples and thermography imaging was employed during the CM process to investigate the thermal gradient through the thickness of the panel. A thermo-chemo numerical model was developed and validated to predict the thermal distribution and cure behavior during the manufacturing process. Sandwich panels with total thicknesses of 1.5 in, 3.0 in, and 4.0 in were analyzed. The data showed that the top and bottom surfaces reached 140 °C after ∼12 min, while the center required ∼15 min. Heat transferred rapidly through the thin face sheets (∼0.05 in), whereas thicker shear-ties (1.5–4.0 in) exhibited slower heat propagation due to higher thermal mass, resulting in delayed temperature rise and extended curing times in the core. The validated model successfully captured the effects of both external heating and internal exothermic heat generation on the cure kinetics. Final average degrees of cure (DOCs) were 91.77 %, 87.01 %, and 84.14 %, respectively. The results show that while the faces cured within ∼15 min, the shear-tie regions required 3–5 h depending on thickness. This work present a robust experimental-numerical framework for analyzing and optimizing the cure behavior in thick UPR-based sandwich composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 108914"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144556580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of the recyclate content of silicone elastomers on the mechanical properties of high consistency silicone rubber","authors":"Timo Hofmann,&nbsp;Kevin Klier,&nbsp;Ralf- Urs Giesen,&nbsp;Hans- Peter Heim","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108916","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108916","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this publication, the effects of finely ground silicone elastomer recyclate powder (&gt;50 μm) as a filler in a solid silicone rubber were investigated. The results indicated that when peroxide-curing high consistency silicone rubber is used, the recycled material has no influence on the crosslinking. In the rheological tests, however, it was observed that the viscosity increases with increasing filler content. The present study analyzed the tensile test and compression set to reveal an influence on the elastic properties of the material. The compression set increases by approx. 22 % compared to the reference value up to 60 phr recyclate content. In terms of tensile strength, the recyclate leads to a decrease in maximum stress of up to 45 % and elongation of up to 25 %. In contrast to the elastic properties, however, no significant change in hardness can be seen as a result of using the recycled powder.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 108916"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144570068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mesoscopic analysis and prediction of in-situ effect in FFF 3D printing CFRP/GFRP","authors":"Xiang Yu ,&nbsp;Pai Peng ,&nbsp;Tian-Yun Yao ,&nbsp;Yu Zhao ,&nbsp;Yong-Jun Zhou ,&nbsp;Yuan Jing","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108919","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108919","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The inadequate computational methodologies for fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing components, particularly in addressing interlayer characteristics, have hindered their widespread engineering applications. This paper presents a novel computational framework for in-situ effect determination, which identifies transverse tensile strength and shear strength (<em>Y</em>, <em>S</em>) through exhaustive search matching experimental ultimate tensile strength data, with the converged solutions being determined as authentic in-situ effect values (<em>Y</em>_is, <em>S</em>_is). Based on this method, the in-situ effect distribution patterns and calculation methods for FFF 3D printing carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) laminates are investigated under both pure matrix tensile failure mode and matrix tensile-shear coupling failure mode. The meso-structure indicates that, unlike conventional composite materials, the distinctive FFF 3D printing process diminishes the impact of adjacent layers on clustered plies in thin-layer structures. Consequently, the in-situ effect increases with clustered plies thickness. In terms of numerical prediction, this work refines the traditional empirical formula to account for the specific characteristics of FFF 3D printing composites. As a result, the improved model achieves regression values of 0.88 (CFRP) and 0.72 (GFRP) for transverse in-situ tensile strength, and 0.99 (CFRP) and 0.98 (GFRP) for in-situ shear strength, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 108919"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144570069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}