Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins最新文献

{"title":"Strain-Specific Lactobacillus Probiotics Intervention in Mitigating Obesity and Metabolic Dysregulation via Gut Microbiota Modulation in a Mouse Model of High-Fat Diet.","authors":"Ehsan Shad, Farnoosh Azadikhah, Shahram Shekarforoush, Saeed Nazifi, Mohammad Hadi Eskandari","doi":"10.1007/s12602-025-10743-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10743-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity and associated chronic diseases are major challenges to good health globally. Therapies based on probiotic modalities are rapidly gaining attention. The current study highlights the strain-specific effects of probiotics Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103 (LR), Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 (LP), and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis ATCC 12315 (LD) on obesity, metabolic health, and gut microbiota in C57BL/6 mice on either a high-fat diet (23.71% fat) or standard diet (5.5% fat). Eight groups were assessed over eight weeks with or without probiotic supplementation. LR in the HFD cohort (LR-H) demonstrated the greatest efficacy, reducing weight gain by 25.1% (6.26 ± 0.61 g vs. 8.36 ± 1.02 g), visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by 11.1% (2.16 ± 0.10 g vs. 2.43 ± 0.12 g), and liver weight by 11.4% (3.03 ± 0.10 g vs. 3.42 ± 0.12 g) compared with the HFD group. Metabolic improvements included reductions in serum glucose (20.7%), triacylglycerol (TG) (23.5%), cholesterol (8.9%), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (13.2%), and alanine transaminase (ALT) (63.4%). LR also decreased leptin and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels by 24.1% and 16.2%, suggesting reduced inflammation. Gut microbiota analysis revealed increased Firmicutes and beneficial genera (Lactobacillus, Allobaculum). LP and LD showed lesser effects, with weight gains of 8.04 ± 0.98 g and 7.21 ± 1.15 g, respectively. The superior efficacy of LR highlights its potential for obesity management, meriting further clinical exploration.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144966230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-discoloration of Tuna Fillet Through the Lactic Acid Bacteria Treatment: Interpretation by Metabolomic Analysis.","authors":"Du-Min Jo, Mi-Ru Song, Yoon Cho, Kyung-Jin Cho, Seul-Ki Park, Young-Mog Kim","doi":"10.1007/s12602-025-10715-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10715-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study considered the potential application of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) specifically Leuconostoc citreum M8 (M8) as a natural preservative that could retard discoloration of tuna fillets. Tuna fillets treated with M8 cell-free supernatant were stored at 10 °C. Through the color analysis, it was established that the red color was maintained and color changes prevented in M8-treated samples as opposed to controls. Besides that, antioxidant activities revealed that M8-treated fillets had greater catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase activity. Also, through metabolic profiling using GC-MS, there were observed significant metabolic differences, which were dominated by increases in amino acids such as tyrosine that are associated with improved quality preservation. Pathway analysis revealed the enrichment of biosynthetic pathways of tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine at significant levels, reflected in the discoloration effects observed. These findings interpret the metabolites of lactic acid bacteria, in this case, L. citreum M8, as a promising and natural tool for tuna shelf life and quality extension by inhibiting oxidation and discoloration.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144966281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lactobacillus sakei CVL-001 Inhibits Osteoclast Differentiation Through TLR2 and GPCR-Dependent Pathways and Prevents Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice.","authors":"Ah-Ra Jang, Dong-Yeon Kim, Tae-Sung Lee, Do-Hyeon Jung, Joo-Hee Choi, Jong-Hwan Park","doi":"10.1007/s12602-025-10727-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10727-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a common bone disease characterized by bone loss due to the disruption of bone homeostasis caused by decreased estrogen levels. It is estimated that approximately one third of women over the age of 50 will experience osteoporosis in their lifetime. Therefore, developing functional foods or treatments that can be safely consumed to prevent bone disease is essential. Recent studies have reported that gut microbiota is closely related to the development of osteoporosis. In this study, we confirmed that Lactobacillus sakei CVL-001 (CVL-001) and its metabolites (CVL-001S) alleviate OVX-induced bone loss. Furthermore, they inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by regulating NFATc1 expression. Imbalance in the gut microbiota also affects the release of cellular components such as lipoteichoic acid and exopolysaccharides from beneficial bacteria (e.g., lactic acid bacteria), as well as production metabolites such as short chain fatty acid. Therefore, to investigate the association between CVL-001S-mediated inhibition of osteoclast differentiation, we used osteoclast precursor cells isolated from TLR2 KO mice and the GPCR inhibitor. Although the inhibitory effect of CVL-001S on osteoclast differentiation could not be fully rescued by either the TLR2 KO cells or the GPCR inhibitor alone, pretreatment of TLR2 KO cells with the GPCR inhibitor completely abolished the inhibitory effect of CVL-001S on osteoclast differentiation. These results suggest that CVL-001S inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation through the cooperation of TLR2 with GPCR. Our results suggest that CVL-001S and CVL-001 can be a potentially therapeutic agent for preventing or treating bone disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144966227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Three Microbiome-Based Therapies on Loperamide-Induced Constipation in Mice by Restoring Intestinal Motility and Modulating the Intestinal Microbiota.","authors":"Xinfeng Bai, Lin Xu, Kai Wang, Lei Chen, Tianyu Bai, Peipei Li, Weihua Chu, Chao Song","doi":"10.1007/s12602-025-10732-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10732-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Constipation is a common gastrointestinal disorder, often associated with dysbiosis of the intestinal microecology. The treatments for constipation are various, and microbiome-based therapies provide supplementary or alternative options for its management. This study compared the therapeutic effects of three microbiome-based therapies, including probiotics, prebiotics, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), with the agonist mosapride on loperamide-induced constipation in mice, focusing on their restorative effects on intestinal motility and intestinal microecology. The results showed that mosapride had the most significant improvement in gut motility and key motility hormones, and also significantly restored gut microbiota. Probiotics significantly improved the levels of the motility hormones motilin (MTL) and substance P (SP) and significantly altered the composition of the microbiota. TCM significantly increased gut motility and was most effective in improving gut microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content. Inulin, on the other hand, had the least effect on defecation phenotype, intestinal motility, and restoration of intestinal microecology. Overall, this preclinical study in mice provides experimental insights into the therapeutic efficacy and potential mechanisms of these methods, which may contribute to the appropriate selection of candidate therapies for human constipation subtypes characterized by motility-microbiota axis dysfunction. In addition, the research highlights the critical importance of gut microbiota and their metabolites in the treatment of constipation and their potential as therapeutic indicators.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144966277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Nisin-Loaded Particles with Different Surface Charges.","authors":"Rūta Gruškienė, Alisa Gricajeva, Jolanta Sereikaitė","doi":"10.1007/s12602-025-10737-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10737-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nisin is a well-known bacteriocin used for food preservation. Encapsulation technologies can help increase its stability and protect its interaction with food components. The surface charge of nisin-loaded particles usually depends on that of the carrier. However, the effect of the positive and negative charge of the particles on the expression of antimicrobial activity is not fully understood. This study aims to determine how the surface charge of nisin-loaded particles influences their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Nisin-loaded particles were fabricated using three types of pectin, such as high methoxyl, low methoxyl pectin, and pectic acid, at the final concentrations of pectin and nisin of 0.2 mg/mL and 0.1 mg/mL, respectively, followed by coating with chitooligosaccharides at 0.025 mg/mL and 0.3 mg/mL. Nisin release from particles was analysed at pH values 2, 6, and 8. The Korsmeyer-Peppas model provided the best description of nisin release. The antibacterial effect of nisin-loaded low methoxyl pectin particles, uncoated and coated with chitooligosaccharides, was investigated on Gram-positive bacterial strains S. pyogenes ATCC 12384 and S. aureus ATCC 25932. The zeta-potentials of nisin-loaded particles uncoated and coated with 0.025 mg/mL of chitooligosaccharides were - 20.6 ± 5.8 and - 18.1 ± 0.7 mV, respectively. The particles coated with 0.3 mg/mL of chitooligosaccharides were positively charged, with a zeta potential of 20.0 ± 5.0 mV. The study showed that there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the antibacterial effect of particles with the same but opposite charge, that is, negative and positive. This finding broadens the possibilities for nisin formulations and the design of new delivery systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144966320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complementary Use of Probiotics and Their Antimicrobial Proteins in Brucellosis: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanisms and Clinical Benefits.","authors":"Narges Soozangar, Elnaz Faghfuri, Pourya Gholizadeh","doi":"10.1007/s12602-025-10731-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10731-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brucellosis, a chronic intracellular infection caused by Brucella spp., remains therapeutically challenging due to antimicrobial resistance and frequent relapse. Probiotic microorganisms produce antimicrobial proteins-including bacteriocins and thermostable peptides-that inhibit pathogen viability, modulate host immunity, and attenuate oxidative damage. In murine models, therapeutic administration of Lactobacillus-based probiotics reduced Brucella infection index by 58.75%, while prophylactic use yielded a 25% reduction. Co-treatment with rifampicin eliminated residual infection, outperforming antibiotics alone. Experimental and clinical data suggest probiotics enhance antioxidant markers-e.g., lower malondialdehyde and higher total glutathione-while modulating cytokine profiles toward Th1-skewed immunity, with increased IFN-γ and regulated IL-10. Pediatric trials report faster symptom resolution and improved oxidative balance under probiotic co-administration. Additionally, mucosal vaccines vectored by probiotic strains elicit strong IgA/IgG titers and T-cell responses, targeting Brucella antigens such as Omp16, Omp31, and SOD. Given the limitations of current antibiotic regimens and rising antimicrobial resistance, probiotic-based approaches could offer a promising adjunctive strategy. Despite preclinical promise, no phase III trials exist evaluating probiotic-antibiotic synergy in human brucellosis. Future directions include standardized strain selection, mechanistic optimization, and multicenter randomized trials to enable clinical translation of probiotic-protein therapeutics in brucellosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144966296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Lactobacillus Acidophilus (La5) on the Incidence of Urinary Tract Infection in the Puerperium: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.","authors":"Fatemeh Borhani, Fatemeh Abbasalizadeh, Sakineh Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, Aziz Homayouni-Rad, Mojgan Mirghafourvand","doi":"10.1007/s12602-025-10719-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10719-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the probiotic on the incidence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) during the postpartum period (primary outcome) and quality of life, breastfeeding performance, infant growth, and adverse effects (secondary outcomes). This double-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted in Tabriz-Iran. A total of 234 eligible women were randomly assigned to either the probiotic group or the placebo group using block randomization. The intervention group received a 500-mg capsule containing 2 × 10⁹ CFU of Lactobacillus acidophilus once daily for 8 weeks, while the control group received a 500-mg capsule containing regular corn starch with the same dosing schedule. A urine culture test was performed 8 weeks after the start of the intervention to assess the incidence of UTI. Quality of life was evaluated before and after the intervention. Other outcomes, including breastfeeding performance and infant growth, were assessed at the end of the intervention. The incidence of UTIs in the probiotic group was significantly lower than in the placebo group at the 2-month follow-up after the intervention (adjusted odds ratio, 0.41; 95%confidence interval, 0.17 to 0.93; p = 0.033). A statistically significant difference between groups was noted in the overall quality of life score (p = 0.003) and the mental health domain (p = 0.004). There was no statistically significant difference between groups regarding the mean breastfeeding performance score (p = 0.335) and infant growth (p = 0.493). Our results supported the hypothesis that probiotics can effectively reduce the incidence of UTIs. Further studies are recommended to reach definitive conclusions.Trial registration: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT): IRCT20120718010324N81. Date of registration: 1 March 2024; URL: https://irct.behdasht.gov.ir/user/trial/73821/view ; Date of first registration: 1 March 2024.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144966164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Peptides as Next-Generation Disinfectants: Tackling Biocide and Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital Hygiene - A Narrative Review.","authors":"Muhammad Umer Asghar, Noor Ul Ain, Muhammad Tariq, Arsalan Haseeb Zaidi","doi":"10.1007/s12602-025-10722-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10722-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The global burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) is exacerbated by an increase in the number of biocide-resistant pathogens in hospital settings. Traditional disinfection methods face limitations, such as biofilm resilience, environmental hazards, and inadvertent selection of resistant strains. This review explores peptide-based disinfectants as innovative solutions to these challenges and highlights their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, biodegradability, and eco-friendliness. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) exhibit mechanisms such as membrane disruption, biofilm inhibition, and bridging the gap between conventional and probiotic disinfectants. Innovations in peptide design and bioengineering have enhanced their efficacy against multidrug-resistant pathogens, including vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). AMP-based solutions have shown a 70-90% reduction in pathogen load in hospital trials, surpassing traditional disinfectants in terms of both effectiveness and safety. This review also emphasizes the feasibility of AMP-based disinfectants in resource-limited settings, where AMR and biocide resistance are particularly problematic. By analyzing the challenges, innovations, and economic aspects of integrating peptide-based disinfectants into hospital hygiene protocols, this study underscores their transformative potential. AMP-based solutions offer sustainable alternatives to combat AMR and biocide resistance, paving the way for more effective global infection-control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144966286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening of Lactobacillus plantarum LPH10 and Its Anti-inflammatory Properties: Acid and Bile Salt Tolerance, Bacteriostatic Activity and Regulation of NF-κB/IRF Pathways.","authors":"Dan Xiong, Tao Sun, Mengru Liu, Bo Wang, Tianzhu Guan, Wenyuan Zhou, Zhenquan Yang","doi":"10.1007/s12602-025-10725-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10725-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inflammatory diseases pose a significant threat to human health, and probiotics have increasingly drawn substantial attention for their anti-inflammatory potential. In this research, a model of inflammation was constructed using J774-Dual reporter cells. Lactobacillus plantarum LPH10 with anti-inflammatory properties was screened from Yangzhou pickles. Its characteristics of acid tolerance, bile salt tolerance, bacteriostatic ability, and inhibition of the Salmonella-induced inflammation were evaluated. The results demonstrated that LPH10 exhibited excellent tolerance in simulated gastric acid (pH 3.0) and small intestinal bile salt (0.3%) environments, maintaining high survival rates at both 2 h and 4 h, indicating remarkable acid and bile salt resistance. Bacteriostatic assays demonstrated that LPH10 was effective in restraining the growth of Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli. Moreover, LPH10 displayed sensitivity to a broad spectrum of antibiotics and did not notably affect the viability of RAW264.7 macrophages, which indicated its safety. LPH10 was discovered to be able to potently suppress the activation of the NF-κB and IRF signaling pathways triggered by LPS and S. enteritidis. In the LPS-induced inflammation model, LPH10 downregulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, while upregulating the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In the Salmonella-induced inflammation model, LPH10 also regulated the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, thereby exerting potent anti-inflammatory effects. Overall, L. plantarum LPH10 was successfully screened due to its multiple beneficial properties. This study provides a solid theoretical basis and experimental support for the screening and application of functional anti-inflammatory probiotics and will provide new approaches and probiotic candidates for the development of anti-inflammatory foods and the treatment of inflammatory diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144966184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Koumiss Microbiome: Investigation of the Microbial Composition and Functional Potential of a Unique Beverage of Fermented Milk Produced at Kyrgyz Mountains.","authors":"Fatih Ramazan İstanbullugil, Kemal Sanli, Tarık Ozturk, Birsen Cevher Keskin, Ayturgan Düyşöbayeva, Ali Risvanli, Ulas Acaröz, Damla Arslan Acaröz, Ruslan Salykov, Mitat Sahin","doi":"10.1007/s12602-025-10718-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10718-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to investigate the microbial composition of koumiss made via traditional methods in Kyrgyz mountain pastures. We collected koumiss samples produced in plastic (P), wood (T), and leather (D) containers at household settings. These samples were subjected to shotgun metagenomic sequencing. As a result of the metagenome analyses, we identified a diversity of bacteria, yeasts, bacteriophages, and archaea in koumiss produced within different containers. Koumiss' microbial community was predominantly composed of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), particularly Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactococcus lactis. Additional LAB species such as Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, Lactococcus raffinolactis, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and Lactococcus cremoris, as well as non-LAB taxa such as Kluyvera intermedia, Raoultella planticola, and Hafnia alvei were also identified as part of the koumiss microbiota. Nonetheless, the opportunistic pathogen, Enterobacter hormaechei, was among the detected species. The most abundant yeast species was identified as Brettanomyces bruxellensis. Other yeast species involving Monosporozyma unispora, Monosporozyma servazzii, and Yarrowia lipolytica were also detected within the metagenome. Despite the type of container material not significantly affecting the microbial diversity, Bifidobacterium spp. and bacteriophages were identified at higher levels in plastic containers. We detected various antimicrobial resistance genes and gene clusters that produce bioactive compounds within koumiss samples. This study highlights koumiss' rich microbial composition and its potential health impacts. It underscores the importance of effectively utilizing metagenomic and bioinformatics methods for better comprehension of the microbiota of koumiss.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144874852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}