Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins最新文献

{"title":"Epinecidin-1 Induces Distinct Oncosis and Pyroptosis Responses in Osteosarcoma Cells and Enhances Methotrexate-associated Cytotoxicity.","authors":"Yuan-Chen Lee, Chia-Chi Tsai, Xu-Chen Liu, Yi-Chun Chen, Chih-Cheng Cheng, Hsin-Hsien Yu, Bor-Chyuan Su","doi":"10.1007/s12602-026-11229-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-026-11229-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Marine antimicrobial peptide epinecidin-1 (epi) is known to have inhibitory effects toward several cancers. In this study, we further evaluated the therapeutic potential of epi in osteosarcoma. We found that epi effectively killed two osteosarcoma cell lines, MG63 and U2OS. Notably, the cytotoxic mechanism in these two cell lines was not classical apoptosis or necroptosis. Rather, epi induced pyroptosis in U2OS cells, and it triggered oncosis in MG63 cells. In both cell lines, epi caused mitochondrial damage accompanied by a redistribution of intracellular calcium, characterized by decreased mitochondrial calcium and increased cytosolic calcium. Increased cytosolic calcium further contributed to mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. Additionally, epi stimulated gasdermin D cleavage via caspase-1 activation, resulting in pyroptosis. In MG63 cells, increased cytosolic calcium contributed to epi-induced oncosis. Furthermore, the combination of epi with MTX increased intracellular MTX accumulation and resulted in greater cytotoxicity than either treatment alone. We also found that epi inhibits MG63-derived cancer spheres, with increased porimin expression suggesting the potential involvement of oncosis. Overall, this study reveals that epi exerts potent cytotoxic effects on osteosarcoma cancer cell lines and cancer spheres, and it enhances MTX-associated toxicity. Thus, our study suggests that epi can inhibit osteosarcoma via distinct mechanisms, highlighting its promising potential as a therapeutic agent for osteosarcoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Peptides Targeting Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi: Mechanism of Action, Structural Insights, and Translational Challenges - A Review.","authors":"Drakhshaan, Talha Ali Chohan, Aisha Qayyum, Noor-E-Eden Qayyum, Hina Sarfraz, Umair Khurshid, Humayun Riaz, Tahir Ali Chohan","doi":"10.1007/s12602-026-11214-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-026-11214-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The emergence of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi has become a major global health concern, particularly in regions with limited sanitation and healthcare infrastructure. The declining effectiveness of conventional antibiotics has intensified the search for alternative antimicrobial strategies. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), short cationic molecules that form a fundamental component of innate immunity, have gained increasing attention due to their rapid bactericidal activity, multifunctional mechanisms, and reduced propensity for resistance development. This review systematically summarizes the sources, structural characteristics, and mechanism of action of AMPs investigated against S. typhi, with particular emphasis on their antibacterial mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and challenges in the treatment of S. typhi infections. A PRISMA-guided literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, complemented by manual screening of relevant studies. Multiple AMPs, including human β-defensins, cathelicidins, and peptides derived from microbial, marine, and synthetic origins, demonstrated notable in vitro and in vivo activity against S. typhi. These peptides display diverse structural conformations, such as α-helical, β-sheet, and mixed architectures, which influence their interactions with bacterial membranes, intracellular targets, and other cellular components, thereby contributing to their antimicrobial potency. Despite encouraging preclinical findings, challenges related to stability, toxicity, and delivery continue to limit clinical translation. Overall, AMPs represent promising candidates for addressing drug-resistant S. typhi infections, with future progress dependent on optimized peptide design and advanced delivery strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracellular Vesicles from Lactic Acid Bacteria: Emerging Postbiotic Effectors in Host-Microbe Crosstalk.","authors":"Maria Júlia Borges Mello, Bárbara Ribeiro Fonseca, Gabriela Coutinho Saceloti, Luciana Debortoli de Carvalho, Bordalo Lívia Tonucci, Sara Malaguti Andrade Soares, Julliane Dutra Medeiros, Alessandra Barbosa Ferreira Machado, Jacy Gameiro","doi":"10.1007/s12602-026-11223-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-026-11223-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article addresses extracellular vesicles derived from lactic acid bacteria (LAB-EVs), which have become fundamental mediators of host-microbe communication, yielding new insights about the molecular mechanisms underlying probiotic and postbiotic activity. The review integrates current evidence on the biogenesis, structural characteristics, and functional roles of LAB-EVs, stressing their capacity to transport bioactive cargos - including proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites - to host cells. We highlight how LAB-EVs interact with the intestinal epithelial barrier, modulate innate and adaptive immune responses, and contribute to the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis. Particular attention is given to signaling pathways mediated by pattern recognition receptors, macrophage polarization, and the regulation of tight junction proteins, which collectively sustain barrier integrity and immune tolerance. Furthermore, we discuss the therapeutic implications of LAB-EVs in inflammatory bowel disease, epithelial repair, and systemic tissue regeneration. Despite these promising findings, significant obstacles remain in standardizing isolation methods, characterizing vesicle heterogeneity, and developing regulatory systems for clinical translation. Conquering these technical and safety barriers will be essential to consolidate LAB-EVs as safe and effective postbiotic tools in microbiome-based therapies. This review provides a discerning perspective on the current state of LAB-EVs research and describes future directions for their use in human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149031195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective α-Amylase Inhibition by Plant Defensins: Structural Determinants, Engineering Strategies, and Translational Prospects.","authors":"Ahmad Ibrahim, Mohd Shukuri Bin Mohamad Ali, Adam Thean Chor Leow, Noor Dina Binti Muhd Noor, Azira Muhamad, Fairolniza Mohd Shariff","doi":"10.1007/s12602-026-11216-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-026-11216-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant defensins are best known as antimicrobial peptides, yet their capacity to inhibit α-amylase, a property relevant to both crop protection and the management of postprandial hyperglycaemia, remains comparatively uncharacterized. These cysteine-rich peptides adopt a conserved cysteine-stabilized αβ fold whose disulfide network confers resistance to proteolysis and thermal denaturation, properties compatible with sustained enzyme inhibition in the insect gut or the human gastrointestinal tract. A small subset shows isoform preference: the cowpea defensin VuD1 inhibits storage-pest enzymes more strongly, though not absolutely, than human isoforms, whereas the 12-residue fragment F3 from Capsicum chinense inhibits human salivary α-amylase. Evidence that a human-active profile is accessible within an intact defensin scaffold therefore remains limited. This review examines how loop architecture and γ-core geometry govern that selectivity. Its central argument is that the limiting problem is selectivity rather than potency, since discriminating insect from mammalian α-amylase is the prerequisite for safe crop protection and for therapeutic use alike. Progress is constrained less by conceptual gaps than by evidentiary ones. Most reported inhibition derives from single-concentration endpoint assays that cannot distinguish competitive from non-competitive mechanisms; formal kinetic parameters exist for one defensin-enzyme pair only, and the mechanism established there is non-competitive; direct binding measurements and co-crystal structures are absent; and in vivo validation is scarce. Mechanistic claims therefore rest largely on molecular docking. We separate what is experimentally established from what is computationally inferred, evaluate engineering and expression strategies against that evidence, and define the kinetic, structural and translational gaps that must be closed.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149031200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Goat Bile Acid and Clostridium butyricum Exert a Synergistic Effect in Enhancing the Therapeutic Efficacy Against Diarrhea Induced by Escherichia coli Infection.","authors":"Zhiyu Zhu, Qingyun Bu, Chen Li, Haoyu Sun, Yue Li, Yunfei Deng, Feier Liu, Ning Jia, Zhenhong Sun, Kai Wei","doi":"10.1007/s12602-026-11196-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-026-11196-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The goat industry is a pivotal livestock sector in China, but bacterial diseases severely restrict its sustainable development and production efficiency. Antibiotic overuse in goat farming causes adverse effects and food safety risks, highlighting the urgent need for safe and effective antibacterial functional feed additives. Bile acids are endogenous cholesterol metabolites with hepatoprotective, antioxidative, and intestinal barrier-enhancing functions. They directly inhibit pathogenic Escherichia coli by disrupting bacterial membrane structure and indirectly suppress pathogen colonization via regulating intestinal microflora. Clostridium butyricum maintains intestinal microecological balance, inhibits pathogens by secreting butyric acid to increase intestinal acidity, and promotes intestinal epithelial repair and tight junction protein expression, thereby alleviating -induced intestinal injury, diarrhea and inflammation. Goat bile acid and C. butyricum shows great potential against E. coli-induced diarrhea. Goat bile acid directly suppresses pathogens, while C. butyricum repairs intestinal homeostasis. Their combination provides a comprehensive strategy covering acute pathogen control and long-term mucosal recovery, serving as a promising biological alternative to reduce or replace antibiotics, especially for antibiotic-associated dysbiosis and antimicrobial resistance. This study first established an E. coli-infected mouse model to determine optimal modeling and therapeutic doses. Results showed that 200 mg/kg goat bile acid plus 0.1 g/kg C. butyricum freeze-dried powder significantly alleviated infection-induced damage. A diarrheal goat kid model was further developed, and the combination of a dose of 1.0 g of goat bile acid per kid and a dose of 5.0 g of C. butyricum per kid powder enhanced antioxidant capacity, reduced intestinal inflammation, improved jejunal structure, strengthened intestinal barrier and increased microbiota diversity in goat kids. Consistent beneficial effects were observed in both models. The combination improved jejunal morphology, upregulated mRNA expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-1, decreased malondialdehyde content and enhanced superoxide dismutase activity in the liver, jejunum and serum. It also upregulated anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10, and downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, with better efficacy than goat bile acid alone.This study confirms that dietary supplementation with goat bile acid and C. butyricum effectively protects goat kids against E. coli infection, providing a practical approach for ruminant health management and helping reduce antibiotic dependence in commercial goat farming.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149031185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biocontrol Potential of Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens JDF-1 Against Aspergillus Flavus During Cigar Tobacco Fermentation: Antifungal Activity, Aflatoxin Suppression, and Metabolomic Associations.","authors":"Hui Zhang, Yuming Yin, Ying Yang, Xueru Song, Youguo Zhang, Jiakui Huang, Jilai Zhang, Yonghe Cui, Yulong Su, Youbo Su","doi":"10.1007/s12602-026-11217-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-026-11217-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mould contamination during cigar tobacco fermentation can cause spoilage and aflatoxin accumulation. This study isolated culturable fungi associated with mouldy cigar tobacco and evaluated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens JDF-1 as a candidate biocontrol strain under controlled fermentation conditions. A total of 215 fungal isolates were obtained using six culture media and identified by colony morphology and ITS sequencing. Antagonistic bacteria isolated from healthy tobacco leaves were screened by dual-culture assays and identified using physiological-biochemical characteristics and 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. Candidate compounds tentatively assigned from the cell-free JDF-1 fermentation supernatant were evaluated in a comparative antifungal screening assay against Aspergillus flavus. Four treatments-sterile-water control (CK), JDF-1 inoculation (TA), A. flavus inoculation (TH), and co-inoculation with JDF-1 and A. flavus (THA)-were compared after 35 days of simulated fermentation. (A) flavus was the predominant culturable fungal species, accounting for 48.84% (105/215) of all isolates. JDF-1 produced the largest inhibition zone (9.5 mm) among the screened bacterial isolates and was preliminarily identified as (B) amyloliquefaciens. Among the tested candidate compounds, cyclo(Leu-Pro) showed the lowest EC₅₀ against A. flavus (101.66 ± 6.55 µg/mL), but its contribution to the activity of the native supernatant was not established. The TH treatment showed pronounced mould development and the highest concentrations of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2. Co-inoculation with JDF-1 substantially reduced visible mould development and aflatoxin accumulation relative to TH, whereas TA showed a mould incidence of 0.71% and no detectable aflatoxins. JDF-1-containing treatments were also associated with changes in major tobacco chemical constituents and metabolite profiles. Untargeted metabolomics and KEGG enrichment identified treatment-associated LC-MS features and pathway annotations but did not establish pathway regulation, metabolic flux, or causal mechanisms. These findings support JDF-1 as a candidate biocontrol strain for reducing A. flavus contamination and aflatoxin risk during cigar tobacco fermentation under controlled conditions. Further targeted metabolite validation, fungal-biomass quantification, and pilot-scale evaluation are required.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149031225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Non-viable Probiotics on Obesity-Related Outcomes in Rodent Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Samira Soltanieh, Maesha Musarrat, Md Abdul Alim, Wenjun Zhu, Zerui Liao, Kequan Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s12602-026-11206-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-026-11206-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Non-viable probiotics have been increasingly studied as a safer and more stable alternative to live probiotics to manage obesity and metabolic disorders. But efficacy across strains, doses, and treatment durations is still unknown. This systematic review and meta-analysis included 40 eligible controlled animal studies to quantify the effects of inactivated probiotics (by heat or sonication) on obesity-related outcomes in high-fat diet-induced obese rodent models. Our analysis showed a significant reduction in final body weight and total fat mass with supplementation of inactivated probiotics, whereas weight gain showed a favorable but non-significant decrease. Fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR were significantly improved as well indicating improved glycemic control. The results of the lipid profile showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol. Triglycerides and LDL cholesterol showed a favorable but not a significant decrease and HDL cholesterol was not significantly affected. Liver enzymes showed a significant reduction in ALT and a favorable, but not significant, reduction in AST. Subgroup analyses revealed treatment strain, duration, and dosage as moderators of specific outcomes. Treatment-specific effects differed across metabolic domains. Findings from these preclinical models support the potential of inactivated probiotics against obesity-related metabolic dysfunction; however, heterogeneity was observed for several outcomes. For each outcome, Egger's regression tests were applied separately to identify publication bias or other small-study effects specific to outcomes. Nevertheless, these preclinical data justify the translation of inactivated probiotics interventions into clinical research in obesity-related disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149008839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PB01 Supplementation Enhances Early Wound Closure in Diabetic Rats.","authors":"Shaghayegh Hemmati, Malwina Ulanowska, Hiva Alipour, Simone Riis Porsborg, Vladimir Zachar, Fereshteh Dardmeh","doi":"10.1007/s12602-026-11190-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-026-11190-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Impaired wound healing is a major complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by delayed wound closure and prolonged inflammation. Current therapies focus largely on local wound management and do not address systemic factors contributing to defective repair. Probiotics have emerged as modulators of immune and metabolic pathways, but evidence for strain-specific, orally mediated effects on diabetic wound healing remains limited. This exploratory study investigated whether oral supplementation with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PB01 influences wound healing in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to healthy control, diabetic control, or probiotic-treated diabetic groups. Diabetic rats received daily oral L. rhamnosus PB01 (1 × 10⁹ CFU) or saline. Full-thickness excisional wounds were created, and wound closure was assessed longitudinally using standardized digital planimetry. Histological evaluation and immunohistochemical staining for inflammation- and regeneration-associated markers were performed at defined time points. Probiotic supplementation did not alter systemic glycemic control but was associated with significantly improved wound closure during the early post-wounding period compared with untreated diabetic controls. At later stages, wound closure converged across groups. Probiotic-treated diabetic wounds exhibited qualitatively reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and lower pro-inflammatory cytokine staining, alongside altered transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) expression patterns. These findings suggest that oral L. rhamnosus PB01 supplementation is associated with enhanced early wound closure in diabetic rats, independent of glycemic control, and support further mechanistic and translational investigation of strain-specific probiotic interventions for diabetic wound healing.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148991020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Targeting Pathogenic Infection and Virulence Genes of Enterococcus Faecalis Using Lactoferrin Bismuth Nano-form.","authors":"Farag M Mosallam, Dalia A Elzahaby, Eman A Helmy, Marwa M Helal, Rana Mohamed Elshimy","doi":"10.1007/s12602-026-11204-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-026-11204-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148983508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of In Ovo Probiotic Injection and Dietary Supplementation on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Status, and Selected Culturable Intestinal Microorganisms in Broilers.","authors":"Mehmet Reşit Karageçi̇li̇, Sezen Tayam, Muhammed Fatih Ceyhan, Rabia Mehtap Tuncay","doi":"10.1007/s12602-026-11207-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-026-11207-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study investigated the effects of in ovo (IO) probiotic injection and dietary probiotic supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant status, and selected culturable intestinal microorganisms in broilers. A total of 540 fertile Ross 308 eggs were allocated to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement consisting of two in ovo treatments (no injection or probiotic injection) and three dietary probiotic supplementation levels (0, 5, or 10 mL/kg feed). After hatching, 504 chicks were assigned to six treatment groups with four replicate pens per treatment. The control group received no IO injection and was fed a commercial diet. Birds in the Control+P5 and Control+P10 groups received no IO injection and were fed diets supplemented with 5 and 10 ml/kg probiotic, respectively. The remaining treatment groups received IO injection and were subsequently fed diets containing 0, 5, and 10 ml/kg probiotic supplementation. The in ovo application was performed on day 18 of incubation at a dose of 50 µl/egg. No significant interaction between in ovo treatment and dietary probiotic supplementation was observed for growth performance variables. In ovo probiotic application did not affect body weight, feed intake, or feed conversion ratio throughout the experimental period. However, dietary probiotic supplementation negatively affected body weight from the second week onward and adversely affected feed intake during days 8-14, 15-21, and 22-28. Although in ovo probiotic application increased total antioxidant capacity in liver tissue, it reduced the concentrations of vitamin E, retinol, and carotenoids at Day 42. IO probiotic injection increased Bacillus subtilis counts, whereas it decreased Lactobacillus spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae counts in intestinal contents. Only high level dietary probiotic supplementation increased Bacillus subtilis counts while decreased Lactobacillus spp counts. In conclusion, in ovo probiotic administration primarily affected hepatic antioxidant status and selected culturable intestinal microorganisms, whereas continuous dietary supplementation at the tested doses adversely affected growth performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148983417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}