Polymers最新文献

{"title":"Self-Toughened Epoxy Resin via Hybridization of Structural Isomeric Curing Agents.","authors":"Woong Kwon, Jiyeon Cheon, Hei Je Jeong, Jong Sung Won, Byeong-Joo Kim, Man Young Lee, Seung Geol Lee, Euigyung Jeong","doi":"10.3390/polym17050695","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17050695","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fracture toughness is a key property of epoxy resins with a high glass transition temperature (T_g), used in carbon fiber/epoxy composites for aerospace applications. Conventional toughening methods rely on adding toughening agents, often compromising the processibility and thermal stability. This study introduces a simple self-toughening approach that enhances the fracture toughness without sacrificing other properties by controlling the cured epoxy network structure. Tetraglycidyl 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (TGDDM) epoxy resin was cured using mixtures of structural isomeric curing agents, 3,3'- and 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (3,3'- and 4,4'-DDS), at ratios of 7:3, 5:5, and 3:7. The optimal 7:3 ratio produced a resin with 30% higher fracture toughness compared to TGDDM/3,3'-DDS and 100% higher than the TGDDM/4,4'-DDS system. The T_g of the self-toughened resin ranged from 241 to 266 °C, which was intermediate between the T_g values of the TGDDM/3,3'-DDS and TGDDM/4,4'-DDS systems. This improvement is attributed to the higher crosslink density and reduced free volume of the epoxy network. These findings demonstrate that simply mixing isomeric curing agents enables self-toughening, providing a practical and efficient strategy to enhance the performance of high-T_g epoxy resins in advanced composite applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902468/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143616696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Environmental Analysis of the Post-Use Management Scenarios of the Heat-Shrinkable Film.","authors":"Patrycja Walichnowska, Józef Flizikowski, Andrzej Tomporowski, Marek Opielak, Wojciech Cieślik","doi":"10.3390/polym17050690","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17050690","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The post-use management of plastic films, including shrink films, poses a significant environmental and technological challenge for the industry. Due to their durability and difficulty in degradation, these wastes contribute to environmental pollution, generating microplastics and greenhouse gas emissions during improper disposal. This paper examines different post-use management methods for shrink wrap, such as recycling, landfilling, and incineration, and assesses their impact on the environmental impact of the bottle packaging process using a life-cycle analysis (LCA). This study shows that the recycling option has the lowest potential environmental impact. Compared to other post-use management options, recycling reduces the potential environmental impact by more than 50%. The analysis also shows that the tested scenario using recycled film and photovoltaic energy has the lowest potential environmental impact. Using recycled film and powering the process with renewable energy reduces the potential environmental impact by about 95% compared to Scenario 1 and by about 85% in Scenario 3.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902642/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143616985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biocontrol Potential of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Fibers Functionalized with Chitooligosaccharide/<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Using Electrospinning and Electrospraying.","authors":"Nikoleta Stoyanova, Nasko Nachev, Mladen Naydenov, Iliyana Valcheva, Mariya Spasova, Olya Stoilova","doi":"10.3390/polym17050692","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17050692","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sustainable agriculture increasingly relies on biocontrol agents as eco-friendly solutions to combat plant diseases while improving soil health. In this context, species of the genus <i>Bacillus</i>, particularly <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, have shown promise as effective biocontrol agents for plant diseases. This study demonstrates the successful fabrication of biohybrid materials by decorating electrospun poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) fibers with electrosprayed chitooligosaccharide (COS) and <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> using simultaneous electrospinning and electrospraying. During electrospraying, COS formed a uniform film over the PHB fibers, serving as both an adhesive and a protective coating that maintained the viability and functionality of the embedded bacteria. SEM confirmed that bacterial spores were uniformly spread across the COS-coated biopolymer fibers. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy verified the successful deposition of COS on the fibers, while mechanical assay demonstrated enhancement in mechanical characteristics after the COS film formation on the PHB fibers compared to uncoated PHB. In addition, COS improved the wetting properties of the fibrous PHB material, creating a favorable environment for bacterial growth and development. Microbiological tests showed that the embedded <i>B. subtilis</i> remained viable and proliferated normally after 48 h under suitable conditions at 28 °C on agar medium. Furthermore, the biohybrid COS/<i>B. subtilis</i>-<i>on</i>-PHB materials also effectively inhibited the growth of pathogenic fungi, including species of <i>Alternaria</i> and <i>Fusarium</i>. These findings highlight the potential of dual electrospinning/electrospraying techniques for the fabrication of eco-friendly biocontrol formulations. The integration of COS coatings with <i>B. subtilis</i> provides a promising approach for sustainable agriculture by combining enhanced material properties with effective antifungal activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902310/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143616848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Behavior of Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Polymer Composite Ring-like Structures: Unraveling the Effects of Agglomeration, Porosity, and Elastic Coupling.","authors":"Hossein Mottaghi T, Moein A Ghandehari, Amir R Masoodi","doi":"10.3390/polym17050696","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17050696","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This research examines the free vibration characteristics of composite ring-like structures enhanced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), taking into account the effects of CNT agglomeration. The structural framework comprises two concentric composite rings linked by elastic springs, creating a coupled beam ring (CBR) system. The first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is applied to account for transverse shear deformation, while Hamilton's principle is employed to formulate the governing equations of motion. The effective mechanical properties of the composite material are assessed with regard to CNT agglomeration, which has a significant impact on the elastic modulus and the overall dynamic behavior of the structure. The numerical analysis explores the influence of porosity distribution, boundary conditions (BCs), and the stiffness of the springs on the natural vibration frequencies (NVFs). The results demonstrate that an increase in CNT agglomeration leads to a reduction in the stiffness of the composite, consequently decreasing the NVFs. Furthermore, asymmetric porosity distributions result in nonlinear fluctuations in NVFs due to irregularities in mass and stiffness, whereas uniform porosity distributions display a nearly linear relationship. This study also emphasizes the importance of boundary conditions and elastic coupling in influencing the vibrational response of CBR systems. These findings offer significant insights for the design and optimization of advanced composite ring structures applicable in aerospace, nanotechnology, and high-performance engineering systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902752/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143616884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning-Driven Prediction of Composite Materials Properties Based on Experimental Testing Data.","authors":"Khrystyna Berladir, Katarzyna Antosz, Vitalii Ivanov, Zuzana Mitaľová","doi":"10.3390/polym17050694","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17050694","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The growing demand for high-performance and cost-effective composite materials necessitates advanced computational approaches for optimizing their composition and properties. This study aimed at the application of machine learning for the prediction and optimization of the functional properties of composites based on a thermoplastic matrix with various fillers (two types of fibrous, four types of dispersed, and two types of nano-dispersed fillers). The experimental methods involved material production through powder metallurgy, further microstructural analysis, and mechanical and tribological testing. The microstructural analysis revealed distinct structural modifications and interfacial interactions influencing their functional properties. The key findings indicate that optimal filler selection can significantly enhance wear resistance while maintaining adequate mechanical strength. Carbon fibers at 20 wt. % significantly improved wear resistance (by 17-25 times) while reducing tensile strength and elongation. Basalt fibers at 10 wt. % provided an effective balance between reinforcement and wear resistance (by 11-16 times). Kaolin at 2 wt. % greatly enhanced wear resistance (by 45-57 times) with moderate strength reduction. Coke at 20 wt. % maximized wear resistance (by 9-15 times) while maintaining acceptable mechanical properties. Graphite at 10 wt. % ensured a balance between strength and wear, as higher concentrations drastically decreased mechanical properties. Sodium chloride at 5 wt. % offered moderate wear resistance improvement (by 3-4 times) with minimal impact on strength. Titanium dioxide at 3 wt. % enhanced wear resistance (by 11-12.5 times) while slightly reducing tensile strength. Ultra-dispersed PTFE at 1 wt. % optimized both strength and wear properties. The work analyzed in detail the effect of PTFE content and filler content on composite properties based on machine learning-driven prediction. Regression models demonstrated high R-squared values (0.74 for density, 0.67 for tensile strength, 0.80 for relative elongation, and 0.79 for wear intensity), explaining up to 80% of the variability in composite properties. Despite its efficiency, the limitations include potential multicollinearity, a lack of consideration of external factors, and the need for further validation under real-world conditions. Thus, the machine learning approach reduces the need for extensive experimental testing, minimizing material waste and production costs, contributing to SDG 9. This study highlights the potential use of machine learning in polymer composite design, offering a data-driven framework for the rational choice of fillers, thereby contributing to sustainable industrial practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902830/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143616941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moisture-Driven Morphology Changes in the Thermal and Dielectric Properties of TPU-Based Syntactic Foams.","authors":"Sabarinathan Pushparaj Subramaniyan, Partha Pratim Das, Rassel Raihan, Pavana Prabhakar","doi":"10.3390/polym17050691","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17050691","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Syntactic foams are a promising candidate for applications in marine, oil and gas industries in underwater cables and pipelines due to their excellent insulation properties. The effective transmission of electrical energy through cables requires insulation materials with a low loss factor and low dielectric constant. Similarly, in transporting fluid through pipelines, thermal insulation is crucial. However, both applications are susceptible to potential environmental degradation from moisture exposure, which can significantly impact the material's properties. This study addresses the knowledge gap by examining the implications of prolonged moisture exposure on thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) and TPU-derived syntactic foam via various multi-scale material characterization methods. This research investigates a flexible syntactic foam composed of TPU and glass microballoons (GMBs) fabricated through selective laser sintering. The study specifically examines the effects of moisture exposure over periods of 90 and 160 days, in conjunction with varying GMB volume fractions of 0%, 20%, and 40%. It aims to elucidate the resulting microphase morphological changes, their underlying mechanisms, and the subsequent impact on thermal transport and dielectric properties, all in comparison to unaged samples of the same material. Our findings reveal that increasing the volume fraction of GMB in TPU-based syntactic foam reduces its thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity. However, moisture exposure did not significantly affect the foam's thermal conductivity. Additionally, we found that the dielectric constant of the syntactic foams decreases with increasing volume fraction of GMB and decreasing frequency of the applied field, which is due to limited molecular orientation in response to the field. Finally, moisture exposure affects the dielectric loss factor of TPU-based syntactic foams with GMBs, possibly due to the distribution morphology of hard and soft segments in TPU.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902309/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143616943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly Branched Poly(Adipic Anhydride-<i>Co</i>-Mannitol Adipate): Synthesis, Characterization, and Thermal Properties.","authors":"Mahir A Jalal, Einas A Abood, Zainab J Sweah, Hadi S Al-Lami, Alyaa Abdulhasan Abdulkarem, Haider Abdulelah","doi":"10.3390/polym17050684","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17050684","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, modification of poly(adipic anhydride) through branching its chains was carried out via melt condensation polymerization with D-mannitol. The percentage of mannitol was varied (3, 4, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Wt.%) and the resulting copolymers were purified and characterized by FT-IR and ¹³C-NMR. These analyses indicated that linear chains of poly(adipic anhydride) can react with strong nucleophiles and dissociate to produce highly branched poly(adipic anhydride-<i>co</i>-mannitol adipate) which confirms the validity of the proposed mechanism. The copolymer's molecular weight characteristics have been also examined using GPC analysis. Thermal properties of copolymers were also investigated using TGA, DTG, and DCS analyses. TGA/DTG revealed that the thermal degradation of copolymers proceeds in multi-stage decomposition, whereas the shift and pattern change of the melting point peak of DSC curves can identify the weight percentage of mannitol for homogenous copolymers. Two non-isothermal models, the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Kissinger methods, have been also employed to analyze thermogravimetric data collected from the thermal decomposition of the copolymers and found that Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method provides better results with R² correlation up to 99.3%. The activation energy in the region of <i>T_max</i> was determined and found that an increase in mannitol contents in copolymer has a positive impact on its thermal stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902328/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143615997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frontal Polymerization of Epoxy Resins: Kinetic Modeling, Rate Regulation and Curing Process Simulation for Space Manufacturing Applications.","authors":"Haisheng Wu, Yizhuo Gu, Xinyu Liu, Chaobo Xin","doi":"10.3390/polym17050680","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17050680","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Frontal polymerization (FP) technology has attracted significant attention as an efficient, low-energy curing method for thermosetting resins. By enabling self-sustaining polymerization reactions, FP significantly reduces curing time and minimizes external energy dependence, making it ideal for in-orbit manufacturing applications. In contrast to traditional curing methods, which are limited by high energy consumption and low efficiency, FP offers a more efficient and flexible alternative. Nonetheless, the FP process is sensitive to material composition, processing and environmental factors, requiring systematic studies to enhance performance. This work focuses on reaction mechanisms, curing kinetics and processing factors of a self-developed FP epoxy resin system. The revealed curing mechanism and kinetics reveals a high initiation energy barrier and rapid curing characteristics, showing appropriate reaction inertness before initiation and stable reaction without continuous external energy input. The influences of initiator concentration and epoxy resin type on polymerization rate and the properties of cured resin were examined. Additionally, a curing simulation method validated by the experiment were employed to analyze the effects of mold material, resin cross-sectional area, initial temperature and environmental conditions on polymerization behavior. The results provide valuable insights for optimizing FP, advancing the understanding of the curing process and improving resin performance in space-based applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902743/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143616910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Josef Albers' <i>Structural Constellations:</i> Investigating Formulations of Laminated Plastics Through Correlating the Industrial Literature with Scientific Analysis.","authors":"Maria Kokkori, Hortense de La Codre, Madeline C Meier","doi":"10.3390/polym17050681","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17050681","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Josef Albers' <i>Structural Constellations</i> series, created between 1948 and 1966, represents a pioneering exploration of plastic laminates as an artistic medium. Leveraging the unique properties of these materials, including their smooth surfaces, vibrant coloration, and precision in router engraving, Albers created machine-engraved works featuring intricate geometric compositions. This study combines archival research with scientific analysis to examine over fifty artworks and archival samples from the Josef and Anni Albers Foundation (1948-1970). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and digital microscopy were employed to identify polymer types and analyze surface morphologies. Chemometric methods were applied to process the substantial dataset, offering key insights into Albers' evolving material choices and their impact on the visual and structural properties of his works.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902680/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143616936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/Natural Wax/Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Composites for Disposable Plastic Applications.","authors":"Jacqueline Guadalupe Bocarando-Chacón, Iván Alziri Estrada-Moreno, Imelda Olivas-Armendáriz, Alejandro Vega-Rios, Mónica Elvira Mendoza-Duarte","doi":"10.3390/polym17050685","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17050685","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present research is a comprehensive study that developed poly(lactic acid) PLA/natural wax (Wx)/non-functionalized titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NF) and PLA/Wx/titanium dioxide nanoparticles functionalized with triethoxysilane (TiO₂-F) composites by melt blending. This research systematically investigated their hydrolytic degradation, antibacterial properties, oxygen permeability, and optical transparency. The TiO₂-NF or TiO₂-F (0.1, 0.5, or 1 wt%) were added to a PLA/Wx (85:15) blend using a Brabender internal mixer at 180 °C. Hydrolytic degradation was carried out in distilled water at 50 °C and an initial pH of 6.2 for 9 months. Changes in weight, morphology, and the rheological behavior of the blends were evaluated at different times during the hydrolytic degradation of the PLA/Wx/TiO₂-NF and PLA/Wx/TiO₂-F composites. The antibacterial properties of PLA/Wx, PLA/Wx/TiO₂-0.1-NF, and PLA/Wx/TiO₂-0.1-F were assessed by testing them against both <i>E. coli</i> (Gram-negative) and <i>S. aureus</i> (Gram-positive) bacteria. Their oxygen permeability and optical transparency are comparable to those of LDPE films. These composites, produced by melt blending, show potential for application as disposable plastics, which could significantly impact the fields of materials science and polymer engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902720/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143616990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}