Polymers最新文献

{"title":"Biopolymer/Suture Polymer Interaction: Is It a Key of Bioprosthetic Calcification?","authors":"Irina Yu Zhuravleva, Anna A Dokuchaeva, Andrey A Vaver, Ludmila V Kreiker, Elena V Kuznetsova, Rostislav I Grek","doi":"10.3390/polym17111576","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17111576","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of suture material made of polyester (PET), polypropylene (PP), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) on the calcification of a bovine pericardium (BP) consisting of collagen biopolymer preserved with an epoxy compound. Non-porous film made of the synthetic reinforced polymer REPEREN^® was chosen as a control material. Samples of the material (sutured or non-sutured with each of the three types of surgical sutures) were implanted subcutaneously in 45 young rats for 30, 60, and 90 days. The calcium content of the explants was quantified using atomic absorption spectrometry, a histological examination was performed using hematoxylin and eosin and von Kossa staining, and the structure of the calcium phosphate deposits was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) with color field mapping. The results demonstrated the absence of calcification in the non-sutured BP and in all the REPEREN^® groups. In the sutured BP samples, a dynamic increase in the Ca content and the Ca/P ratio to 1.67-1.7 (crystalline hydroxyapatite) was observed by the 90th day. The minimum Ca content among the sutured BP groups was detected in samples where the PET thread was used. The cellular reaction to BP was significantly more pronounced than the reaction to REPEREN^® throughout the entire observation period; collagen homogenization was noted near the sutures. It can be concluded that all the studied suture materials provoke BP calcification. PET has the minimal negative effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12157850/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144286224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bouncy Idea or Solid Practice? Exploring Industry Barriers in the Incorporation of Devulcanized Rubber into Compounds for Rubber Products.","authors":"Eric Roetman, Jelle Joustra, Geert Heideman, Ruud Balkenende","doi":"10.3390/polym17111570","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17111570","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Devulcanization has the potential to help meet circular economy goals by recovering end-of-life rubber. However, the adoption of devulcanized rubber by manufacturers remains low at the industry level. Devulcanization value chains are complex and involve multiple stakeholders, including waste collectors, sorters, recyclers, compounders, manufacturers and regulatory bodies. This study investigated the barriers compounders and manufacturers face when incorporating devulcanized rubber into new compounds and identified primary underlying causes. The research was conducted through in-depth interviews with compounders and manufacturers of tires and general rubber goods, focusing on the technical, market, institutional, and cultural factors related to incorporating recycled materials, specifically devulcanized rubber. From the results, we identified a number of barriers faced by the industry. A key barrier was the heterogeneity of devulcanized rubber, which made it more difficult to add to new rubber compounds with consistent quality. Other barriers included a lack of standardization and coordination, along with misaligned regulations that hamper the market adoption of devulcanized rubber. This implies that increasing the uptake of devulcanized rubber at the industry level will not be achieved through technological advancements alone or isolated market interventions; instead, it requires comprehensive, systemic solutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12157945/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144286225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Study on Pervaporation Performance of Polyphosphazene Membranes with Different Fluorine Side Groups for Thiophene/<i>n</i>-Heptane Separation.","authors":"Bingcong Xu, Xingmei Zhang, Wenwen He, Xiaolong Han","doi":"10.3390/polym17111573","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17111573","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, polyphosphazene (POP) membranes have been gaining more and more attention owing to their excellent pervaporation desulfurization performance. To develop new POP membranes, three kinds of POPs with different side groups, Poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] (PTFEP), Poly[bis(trifluorobutoxy)phosphazene] (PTFBP), and Poly[bis(octafluoropentyloxy)phosphazene] (POFPP), were synthesized. The NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that POPs with a designed structure were successfully prepared. Subsequently, the composite membranes based on these POPs were fabricated by solution casting. The influence of side groups on the desulfurization performance of membranes was systematically evaluated via a pervaporation test. Among these membranes, the PTFBP membrane exhibited the highest separation efficiency, significantly outperforming other membrane types with a permeation flux of 0.284 kg·m^-2·h^-1 at 200 ppm and 85 °C, along with a sulfur enrichment factor of 26.48. In addition, the effects of temperature and feed concentration on separation performance were investigated in detail.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12157321/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144286243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Assessment of Anion Exchange Membranes for CO₂ Capture Processes: A Focus on Fumasep^® and Sustainion^®.","authors":"Kseniya Papchenko, Sandra Kentish, Maria Grazia De Angelis","doi":"10.3390/polym17111581","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17111581","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anion exchange membranes are utilised in cutting-edge energy technologies including electrolysers and fuel cells. Recently, these membranes have also emerged as a promising tool in CO₂ capture techniques, such as moisture-driven direct air capture and the separation of CO₂ from other gases, leveraging the moisture-induced sorption/desorption and diffusion of CO₂ in its ionic forms. In this study, we examine the absorption and permeation of CO₂ and CH₄ in two commercially available anion exchange membranes, Fumasep^® and Sustainion^®, under dry conditions. With the exception of CO₂ sorption in Fumasep^®, these measurements have not been previously reported. These new data points are crucial for evaluating the fundamental separation capabilities of these materials and for devising innovative CO₂ capture strategies, as well as for the simulation of novel combined processes. In a dry state, both materials demonstrate similar CO₂ absorption levels, with a higher value for Sustainion^®. The CO₂ solubility coefficient decreases with pressure, as is typical for glassy polymers. Fumasep^® exhibits higher CO₂/CH₄ ideal solubility selectivity, equal to ~10 at sub-ambient pressures, and higher diffusivity. The CO₂ diffusion coefficient increases with the CO₂ concentration in both membranes due to swelling of the matrix, varying between 0.7 and 2.2 × 10^-8 cm²/s for Fumasep^® and between 1.6 and 9.0 × 10^-9 cm²/s for Sustainion^®. CO₂ permeability exhibits a minimum at a pressure of approximately 2-3 bar. The CO₂ permeability in the dry state is higher in Fumasep^® than in Sustainion^®: 3.43 and 0.72 Barrer at a 2-bar transmembrane pressure, respectively. The estimated perm-selectivity was found to reach values of up to 40 at sub-ambient pressures. The CO₂ permeability and CO₂/CH₄ estimated perm-selectivity in both polymers are of a similar order of magnitude to those measured in fluorinated ion exchange membranes such as Nafion^®.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12157859/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144286154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Design and Role of the Dynamic Hydrogen Bonds and Hydrophobic Interactions in Temperature-Switchable Polymers: From Understanding to Applications.","authors":"Yurij Stetsyshyn, Halyna Ohar, Andrzej Budkowski, Giuseppe Lazzara","doi":"10.3390/polym17111580","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17111580","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Temperature-induced transitions in polymer systems, often governed by a phenomenon called critical solution temperatures (CSTs), lie on the basis of various advanced technologies such as tissues detachment, smart windows, enhanced DNA biosensors, etc. Despite this application-oriented progress, the molecular mechanisms of the temperature-induced transition based on CSTs remain often underexplored or weakly explained. In this review, we focus on the different molecular mechanisms driving CST-based transitions, systematizing information on homofunctional polymer systems. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for manipulating temperature-sensitive properties, which offers significant potential for future innovations in smart materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12157329/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144286262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Sandy Clayey Silt Stabilized with Lignin Fiber and Cement Synergy.","authors":"Shuangfeng Guo, Xiaoyi Jiang, Zhihua Zhang, Qingrui Lu, Zhe Wang, Kai Zhao","doi":"10.3390/polym17111584","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17111584","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soil treatment with natural materials is an effective method to improve the mechanical properties of the original soil for recycling engineering construction. This research aims to evaluate the synergistic effects of lignin fiber and cement on sandy clayey silt stabilization. A factorial experimental design was employed, testing five lignin fiber contents (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) and three cement contents (0%, 2%, and 4%) across four curing periods (1, 7, 14, and 30 days). Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were conducted in triplicate for each combination (total *n* = 180 samples), and failure surfaces were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Results indicate a critical lignin fiber threshold of 4%, beyond which UCS decreased by 15-20% due to increased void ratios. Statistical analysis (ANOVA, *<i>p</i>* < 0.05) confirmed significant interactions between lignin fiber, cement content, and curing time. For instance, 4% lignin fiber and 4% cement yielded a 139% UCS increase after 30-day curing compared to untreated soil. SEM-EDX revealed that lignin fiber networks enhance ductility by bridging soil particles, while cement hydration reduced particle detachment. These findings provide a quantitative framework for optimizing lignin fiber-cement stabilization in sustainable geotechnical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12158177/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144286271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Lightweight Thermoplastic Acrylic PMMA Composites and Characterization of Their Mechanical Properties.","authors":"Jiming Sun, Hyeonseok Han, Sooyeon Ahn, Seongsu Jung, Sung Kyu Ha","doi":"10.3390/polym17111563","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17111563","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effects of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and dimethylaniline (DMA) composition on the induction time and the tensile strength of thermoplastic acrylic (PMMA) resins have been investigated in this study. Eighteen resin formulations were prepared with different BPO/DMA ratios (2.0-9.5) and DMA contents (0.28-0.65 mol%), and it was observed that tensile strengths reached up to 66 MPa, and induction times (ITs) ranged from 100 to 207 min. Higher BPO/DMA ratios improved tensile strength but shortened IT, while greater DMA content accelerated curing. Polynomial regression models were successfully established, i.e., a third-order equation for the strength and a second-order equation for the IT, based on the BPO/DMA ratio and DMA content to identify the optimal formulation to balance the strength and the IT time. Two selected formulations, P-4-0.5 and P-3-0.3, were applied in vacuum-assisted resin infusion of glass fiber composites. The best-performing unidirectional (UD) laminate achieved a tensile strength of 1244 MPa. As regards ±45° biaxial (BX45) laminates, they exhibited a tensile strength of 124 MPa and a failure strain of 9.02%, which, while lower than that of epoxy, indicates competitive performance. These results demonstrate that the resin was well infused, resulting in 64% higher fiber volume fraction than typical infused glass/epoxy composites, and compositionally optimized PMMA resins can deliver epoxy-comparable strength and enhance damage tolerance in structural composite applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12157979/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144286257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Projection-Based Simulation Method for Robotic 3D Printing of Large-Scale Polymer Composite Structures.","authors":"Yuen Xia, Kil-Sung Lee, Sung Kyu Ha","doi":"10.3390/polym17111564","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17111564","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As large-scale additive manufacturing advances, the reliable prediction of the structural behavior of FDM-printed composites is becoming increasingly important. However, existing finite element methods often oversimplify the material anisotropy introduced by the printing path. This study proposes a projection-based method that maps toolpath-defined fiber orientations directly into a finite element model to represent anisotropic mechanical behavior. The mechanical properties of printed carbon fiber-reinforced ABS were experimentally characterized in three directions (UDL, UDT, and UD10). The results confirmed strong anisotropy, with elastic moduli ranging from 3.2 to 9.8 GPa and tensile strengths from 20 to 81 MPa. The shear modulus and strength obtained from the 10° off-axis tensile tests were 1.17 GPa and 10.9 MPa, respectively. This directional data enabled the implementation of the FE model of a 20 m-long printed ship structure. The predicted mid-span deflection (2.19 mm) differed by only 5% from the experimental measurement (2.08 mm). While effective, this method may face challenges with highly irregular geometries. Nevertheless, it offers a scalable approach for the accurate simulation of FDM-printed composites.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12157892/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144286368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Preparation of Inherently Photostable Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate) by Chemically Bonding UV-Stabilizing Moieties in Molecular Chains.","authors":"Xinpeng Zhang, Yan Ye, Yaqiao Wang, Hongli Bian, Jing Yuan, Jianping Ding, Wanli Li, Jun Xu, Baohua Guo","doi":"10.3390/polym17111567","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17111567","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) is a promising biodegradable polymer with balanced mechanical properties and excellent degradability, making it an ideal material to reduce plastic pollution. However, its susceptibility to ultraviolet (UV) degradation, due to photosensitive aromatic rings and carbonyl groups in its structure, limits its use in outdoor settings like mulch films. Conventional methods of incorporating small-molecule UV stabilizers face challenges such as poor compatibility, uneven dispersion, and migration under environmental conditions, reducing their effectiveness over time. This study developed a novel strategy to enhance PBAT's UV resistance by chemically bonding UV-stabilizing moieties directly into its molecular chains to address these limitations. A novel UV absorber containing a polymerizable group was synthesized and copolymerized with PBAT's main chain, creating an intrinsically UV-stable PBAT. The UV-stable PBAT was evaluated for UV resistance, mechanical performance, and durability through accelerated aging and solvent extraction tests. The results demonstrated that UV-stable PBAT exhibited exceptional light stabilization effects, with no detectable UV absorber leaching in ethanol even after 114 h, whereas PBAT blends lost nearly 90% of UV-0 within 24 h. Furthermore, UV-stable PBAT maintained 67.1% tensile strength and 48.8% elongation at break after aging, which exhibited the best mechanical retention performance. Even when subjected to solvent extraction, the 42.6% tensile strength retention outperformed the PBAT blends. This innovative chemical modification overcomes the limitations of additive-based stabilization, offering improved durability, compatibility, and performance in outdoor applications. Our research provides key insights into the fundamental properties of PBAT films for UV resistance, demonstrating their potential for use in demanding fields such as agricultural films.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12158125/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144286252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Continuous Mixer Design and Parameters on the Degradation of Polylactic Acid.","authors":"Mansour Alotaibi, Jainam Shah, Aniket Sadani, Carol Forance Barry","doi":"10.3390/polym17111568","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17111568","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polylactic acid (PLA) has gained attention as a sustainable, compostable polyester, but process-induced degradation in single- and twin-screw extruders reduces PLA's molecular weight and affects its properties. In addition, PLA is often blended with other materials to improve its properties. A continuous mixer, which provides tighter control of shear levels and lower processing temperatures, produces less degradation of heat-sensitive polymers like polyvinyl chloride, but there is limited information about the effects of machine design and processing parameters. Therefore, this work investigated three parameters in the mixer section (rotor design, rotor speed, and orifice position) and screw speeds in the extruder section when processing PLA using a continuous mixer. The resultant PLA samples were characterized for their rheological, thermal, and chemical structure properties. It was found that higher rotor speeds and smaller orifice openings resulted in lower molecular weights, whereas varying the screw speed in the extruder did not significantly affect the molecular weight. Rotor design substantially impacted degradation, with rotors that provided lower shear stress and residence time producing very low reductions in molecular weight. Overall, this work provided insight on how to select rotors and processing parameters to reduce degradation of PLA for continuous mixer.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12158169/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144286279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}