Polymers最新文献

{"title":"Breathable, Flexible, and Durable Woven Fabric with Polyester/Carbon Nanotube-Wrapped Cotton Yarns for Wearable Electrothermal Heaters.","authors":"Yunxia Liang, Xuejiao Wang, Qiwen Liu, Ya Wang, Yuexiao Sun, Yiming Xu, Dianliang Wang, Xiaogang Luo, Ke-Qin Zhang","doi":"10.3390/polym18192454","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym18192454","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Owing to their breathability, flexibility, washability, and wearability, fabric-based wearable heaters have gained significant attention for personal thermal management and thermotherapy applications. A key challenge, however, lies in achieving high electrical conductivity without compromising the inherent fabric properties or electrothermal performance. To address this, we applied a surface engineering strategy by weaving polyester (PET) warp yarns with carbon nanotube-wrapped cotton weft yarns (CCY) to construct a conductive blended fabric. The CCY was prepared through a facile surface wrapping process, creating a conductive layer on the cotton yarns. The resulting PET/CCY fabric exhibited excellent breathability, with air permeability of 1104.09 ± 7.69 mm s^-1 and moisture permeability of 2536.67 ± 25.45 g m^-2 day^-1. It also demonstrated superior electrothermal performance, including a rapid response time (45 s), low driving voltage (1-7 V), uniform temperature distribution, and reliable stability. Remarkably, the fabric maintained consistent performance after 5000 bending cycles, 500 folding cycles, 60 washing cycles, and 12 weeks of atmospheric exposure, highlighting its flexibility, washability, and long-term durability. These comprehensive properties position the PET/CCY blended fabric as a promising high-performance wearable heater for advanced personal thermal management and thermotherapy applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149195779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gamma-Irradiated Starch/Chitosan Composite Particles for the Adsorption of <i>Neospora caninum</i> Membrane Proteins as a Potential Vaccine Delivery Platform.","authors":"María Paula Palma-Calvo, Laria Rodríguez-Quesada, Randall Chacón-Cerdas, Manuel Vilanova, Ricardo Starbird-Perez","doi":"10.3390/polym18192447","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym18192447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gamma irradiation offers a simple and reagent-free strategy for tailoring the physicochemical properties of starch for the development of functional biomaterials, although its application in protein delivery systems remains largely unexplored. In this study, starch was irradiated at doses between 50 and 500 kGy and combined with chitosan to produce composite particles for the adsorption of <i>Neospora caninum</i> membrane proteins (NcMP), with the aim of developing a potential intranasal vaccine delivery platform. Irradiation induced progressive oxidation and depolymerization of starch, as evidenced by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, increased apparent amylose content, reduced molecular weight and hydrodynamic diameter, and shifted the zeta potential to -13.4 mV, leading to the selection of starch irradiated at 300 kGy for particle preparation. The resulting starch-chitosan particles exhibited spherical morphology and, following protein adsorption, formed a protein-associated nanosystem with a hydrodynamic diameter of 105.7 nm and a zeta potential of -18.8 mV. Protein association was confirmed by fluorescence co-localization and an adsorption efficiency of 34%. These findings demonstrate that gamma irradiation is an effective approach for engineering starch-based composite particles with physicochemical characteristics suitable for protein association and intranasal delivery, supporting their potential as a versatile platform for protein subunit vaccine formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667077/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149196180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fatigue Cracking Resistance of Crumb Rubber-Modified Asphalt: Mechanisms, Testing Methods, and Multiscale Performance Evaluation from Binder to Field.","authors":"Anil Rai, Sushmit Sharma Bhattarai, Hyunhwan Kim, Moon-Sup Lee, Soon-Jae Lee","doi":"10.3390/polym18192451","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym18192451","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fatigue cracking is a load-related distress limiting flexible pavement service life. This review evaluates 121 studies on the fatigue resistance of crumb rubber-modified asphalt (CRMA) across binder, mixture, modeling, and field scales. CRMA improves fatigue resistance through rubber-asphalt interaction and the elastic contribution of undissolved particles; adequate swelling, dispersion, and bonding slow crack propagation, whereas weak interaction or aging-related interface weakening promotes localized damage. Optimum rubber contents and particle sizes vary with damage stage, material scale, dosage basis, and processing. The benefit is strain-dependent, greater at 2.5% than 5.0%, and rankings may reverse between amplitudes. Linear viscoelastic parameters poorly characterize progressive damage in highly modified binders; linear amplitude sweep testing with viscoelastic continuum damage analysis is more informative but sensitive to the failure criterion. The benefit narrows with evaluation scale, though not uniformly: binder-level improvements reach 116 times the control at 2.5% strain and 45 times at 5.0%, mixture-scale improvements about 1.4 to 10 times (upper bound provisional), and field performance comparable to or moderately better than modified controls. CRMA is a viable alternative to polymer-modified asphalt under specific conditions; equivalence rather than superiority is defensible. Standardized failure criteria, phase-resolved aging procedures, protocols representing healing, and validated multi-scale relationships are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667453/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149195856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of Customizable Ligand-Functionalized Chitin Biopolymer Adsorbents Utilizing the Azide-Alkyne \"Click\" Reaction for the Adsorption of Aqueous Cu(II).","authors":"Blaine M Berrington, Reyla Williams, Richard LaDouceur","doi":"10.3390/polym18192450","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym18192450","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chitin is an abundant biopolymer, with 1-3 million tons potentially available annually from shellfish-processing waste, but remains underutilized because its insolubility in conventional solvents makes it difficult to process and functionalize. Herein, a three-step route to chitin adsorbents with interchangeable ligands is reported. Highly acetylated chitin was tosylated and converted to the C-6 azide, and amine- and hydroxyl-terminated ligands were attached to this common intermediate by the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) \"click\" reaction, yielding water-insoluble derivatives. Cu(II) adsorption to the adsorbents was evaluated using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES analysis). Under standard conditions (pH 6.0, 4 h contact), amine- and alcohol-chitin adsorbed 30.1 ± 1.3 and 22.3 ± 1.9 mg Cu g^-1, respectively, approximately 4.9- and 3.6-fold more than unmodified chitin. Isotherm data were well described by the Langmuir model, with apparent capacities of 37.4 and 25.7 mg g^-1 at 4 h contact. The adsorbents could be regenerated with 7% (<i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) HCl, retaining 46% and 42% of their initial uptake after four cycles. The differences in derivatives' uptakes are attributable to the identity of the grafted ligand, illustrating how the click route allows chitin adsorbents to be tailored through the choice of alkyne.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667407/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149196008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Piezoresistive Behaviors in TPMS Lattice Structures Produced with MWCNT-Reinforced PLA Filament.","authors":"Mustafa Ercan Gündüz, Erkan Bahçe","doi":"10.3390/polym18192449","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym18192449","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although the piezoresistive behavior of conductive polymer composites has been widely studied, the geometry-dependent piezoresistive response of MWCNT/PLA-based TPMS lattice structures produced by fused filament fabrication (FFF) remains insufficiently explored. The primary objective of this study is to comparatively investigate the mechanical, thermal, electrical, and piezoresistive behaviors of Gyroid (G), Diamond (D), and Schwarz Primitive (P) TPMS lattice structures produced using the same material system, constant relative density, and XY printing orientation. For this purpose, a 2 wt.% multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composite filament was fabricated via solvent mixing and used to produce the three TPMS topologies through FFF. Mechanical and electromechanical properties were assessed via Shore D hardness, monotonic compression tests, and in-situ electrical measurements using three independent replicate specimens for each topology (<i>n</i> = 3). The highest hardness was recorded for Diamond (75.6 Shore D) and the lowest for Schwarz Primitive (71.2 Shore D). At 50% compressive strain, compressive stresses were 14.164, 8.777, and 3.152 MPa for Diamond, Gyroid, and Schwarz Primitive, respectively. Specific energy absorption (SEA) values followed the same order at 9.161, 6.149, and 2.917 J g^-1. Electrical conductivity and resistivity variations under loading were characterized using the four-probe method, with Diamond exhibiting the highest and Schwarz Primitive the lowest conductivity. Piezoresistive analysis showed that Diamond achieved the highest positive compressive gauge factor (GF) values of 4.74 and 2.74 at 10% and 25% strains, respectively. At 50% strain, Gyroid demonstrated superior sensitivity (GF = 1.66) over Diamond (1.57) and Schwarz Primitive (1.49). Electrical resistance exhibited a monotonic decrease with advancing compressive strain across all topologies, validating a coherent and continuous piezoresistive response under uniaxial compression. These results indicate that Diamond offers the best overall performance in mechanical strength, SEA, and low-to-medium strain sensitivity, while Gyroid is preferable for high-strain sensing. Overall, 2 wt.% MWCNT/PLA-based TPMS structures demonstrate considerable potential for piezoresistive sensor applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667119/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149196188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of the Glycerol/Quercetin Ratio on the Structure and Tensile Behavior of PVA-Based Films.","authors":"Sarah Kalli Silva da Silva, Nathalia Vieira Villar de Nunes, Chiara das Dores do Nascimento, Eduarda Vieira Silva, Everton Granemann Souza, Camila Monteiro Cholant, Ivandra Ignes de Santi, Amanda Dantas de Oliveira, Cesar Aguzzoli, Alexandre Ferreira Galio, André Luiz Missio","doi":"10.3390/polym18192452","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym18192452","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based films containing glycerol and quercetin were prepared by casting as potential active-packaging materials. The effects of the glycerol/quercetin ratio on structural, thermal, mechanical, barrier, and antioxidant properties were investigated. Neat PVA and ternary formulations with PVA/glycerol/quercetin ratios of 70/20/10 (PVA+Gly+Q10) and 70/10/20 (PVA+Gly+Q20) by mass were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, contact angle, TGA/DTG, tensile testing, water vapor permeability (WVP), total phenolic content, and DPPH assays. FTIR indicated changes in hydrogen bonding without new covalent functionalities, while apparent whole-film crystallinity indices were 16.2%, 11.1%, and 10.6%, respectively. Tensile tests included additional glycerol-rich and quercetin-rich endpoint controls to characterize the mechanical range of the formulation series. Neat PVA exhibited the highest maximum stress (15.67±1.49 MPa). PVA+Gly+Q20 showed a strain at break of 256.87±115.68% and an apparent tensile modulus of 26.61±3.40 MPa. The glycerol-rich endpoint exhibited high extensibility, whereas the quercetin-rich endpoint showed a markedly higher apparent tensile modulus (404.69±45.72 MPa). DPPH activity increased from 11.18% for PVA to 35.38% and 44.31% for PVA+Gly+Q10 and PVA+Gly+Q20, respectively. PVA+Gly+Q20 also exhibited approximately 68% lower mean WVP than PVA+Gly+Q10, with no significant formulation effect. These results support further development of PVA+Gly+Q20 for active packaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13666965/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149196242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat Treatment Effects on Additively Manufactured Polymer Matrix Composites.","authors":"Germán Omar Barrionuevo, Felipe Fernández, Yuvaraj Ravishankar Chappidi, Jorge Ramos-Grez, Wilson Navas-Pinto, Jonathan D Reyes-Ortiz, Duncan E Cree","doi":"10.3390/polym18192446","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym18192446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Additive manufacturing (AM) of polymer matrix composites (PMCs) enables the fabrication of complex, structurally efficient parts, but the layer-wise thermal history intrinsic to processes such as material extrusion, vat photopolymerization, powder bed fusion, and direct ink writing leaves as-printed components in a metastable state: sub-equilibrium crystallinity or incomplete cure, interlayer porosity, weak interlaminar bonding, and locked-in residual stress. Post-fabrication heat treatments have positioned themselves as an attractive and straightforward strategy to address these deficiencies; however, the reported outcomes vary widely across material systems and treatment protocols. This review consolidates and analyzes the existing literature on heat treatment effects in AM-PMCs by organizing the different reported strategies into a taxonomy encompassing free and constrained annealing, pressure-assisted consolidation (including hot isostatic pressing and hot pressing), and post-curing processes for thermoset and photopolymers. The comprehensive literature review allowed identification of four coupled microstructural mechanisms, which govern the resulting property changes after the heat treatment: crystallization, interlayer/interface healing, porosity evolution, and residual stress relaxation. Post-treatment mechanical testing revealed that interlaminar shear strength exhibits the largest and most consistent improvement, while tensile and flexural performance respond differently depending on material systems and treatment conditions. Thermal and dimensional results are shown to be mechanistically coupled between heat deflection maximization temperature and shrinkage or warping minimization. Reinforcement type and matrix chemistry play a substantial role in modulating the treatment response, as continuous-fiber and carbon-fiber systems generally benefit most from pressure-assisted treatment. The present review concludes by identifying persistent gaps in protocol standardization, interlaminar or fatigue characterization, and reinforcement-treatment coupling studies, while outlining directions, including in situ consolidation and data-driven process-property modeling for future work.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667581/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149196203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AAEM/ADH Self-Crosslinking Waterborne Polyurethane-Acrylate Binder for High-Adhesion Waterborne Inks on PET Films.","authors":"Junqing Xi, Chenglong Jiao, Chao Liu, Shixiong Sun, Benbo Zhao, Yunjun Luo","doi":"10.3390/polym18192453","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym18192453","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To address the poor adhesion of waterborne inks to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films, a low-temperature ketone-hydrazide self-crosslinking system based on 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate (AAEM) and adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) was incorporated into a waterborne polyurethane-acrylate emulsion. Self-crosslinking waterborne polyurethane-acrylate emulsions (AWPUAs) with different AAEM contents were prepared and subsequently used as binders in waterborne inks for PET films. The results showed that increasing the AAEM content reduced the water absorption of the latex films while increasing their water contact angle and tensile strength. Meanwhile, the adhesion of the resulting waterborne inks to corona-treated PET films increased with increasing AAEM content, together with a substantial enhancement in re-solubility. At an AAEM content of 7 wt%, the AWPUA emulsion exhibited good colloidal stability, and the corresponding waterborne ink achieved nearly 100% adhesion while maintaining good re-solubility. These findings demonstrate that AAEM/ADH ketone-hydrazide self-crosslinking modification provides an effective approach for improving the film properties of waterborne polyurethane-acrylate emulsions and the application performance of waterborne inks on PET films.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13666957/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149196154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geopolymer-Derived Aluminosilicate Matrix Composites Reinforced with Continuous Nickel-Coated Carbon Fibers: Tensile Properties and Thermo-Oxidative Behavior.","authors":"Michal Jasiczek, Marcelina Bobrowska, Arnold Jedral","doi":"10.3390/polym18192448","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym18192448","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of an aluminosilicate geopolymer composite reinforced with continuous nickel-coated carbon fibers and establish its baseline mechanical properties and thermo-oxidative behavior. Unidirectional and balanced cross-ply laminates were fabricated via slurry impregnation, drum winding, and autoclave consolidation. The as-fabricated laminates exhibited a bulk density of 1.94 ± 0.16 g/cm³ and an apparent porosity of 23.8 ± 2.5%. For the [0]₈ laminates, the mean tensile strength was 827.0 MPa at room temperature, 832.1 MPa at 371 °C, 745.7 MPa at 427 °C, and 365.5 MPa at 538 °C. Temperature-dependent failure modes shifted from predominantly longitudinal splitting up to 371 °C, to mixed splitting and fiber-dominated tensile fracture within the gauge section at 427 °C, and finally to brittle, fiber-dominated tensile fracture with no apparent fiber pull-out at 538 °C. Thermo-oxidative studies showed that the net mass loss of the coupons remained below 0.4% after 1000 h at 316 °C but reached approximately 4.7% after 336 h at 371 °C. The sections examined after exposure at 371 °C showed non-uniform filament thinning. These results establish a baseline mechanical and thermo-oxidative characterization for the proposed material system and identify prolonged oxidation as a limitation requiring further evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667076/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149196148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polymer Flooding for EOR: Field Applications, Recovery Performance, Injectivity, and Scale-Up Lessons (2005-2025).","authors":"Rafael E Hincapie","doi":"10.3390/polym18192443","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym18192443","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polymer flooding is one of the most widely applied chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technologies and has progressed from conventional onshore sandstone applications to increasingly challenging reservoir environments. This study reviews global polymer flooding experience from 2005 to 2025 using a curated database of 54 documented field applications, including injectivity tests, pilots, and commercial projects across sandstone, carbonate, unconsolidated, heavy oil, offshore, high-salinity, and high-temperature reservoirs. Field data, laboratory investigations, and reported operational experience were evaluated to assess injectivity behavior, polymer retention, viscosity stability, recovery performance, surveillance practices, and implementation outcomes. The reviewed projects span reservoir temperatures from 16 to 124 °C and salinities from approximately 500 to 270,000 ppm total dissolved solids. The analysis shows that successful polymer flood applications are consistently associated with effective mobility control, sustained injectivity, appropriate polymer quality, surveillance-supported reservoir management, and disciplined operational execution. Advances in ATBS-containing and thermally stable polymers have expanded applicability into harsher reservoir conditions, although many developments remain at the injectivity assessment or pilot stage. The resulting synthesis provides a field-based framework linking reservoir conditions, injectivity, polymer performance, surveillance, and operational execution to support screening, qualification, design, scale-up, and decision-making for future polymer flood developments.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667641/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149195638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}