Polymers最新文献

{"title":"Advances in Digital Light Processing (DLP) Bioprinting: A Review of Biomaterials and Its Applications, Innovations, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Cem Alparslan, Şenol Bayraktar","doi":"10.3390/polym17091287","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17091287","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Digital light processing (DLP) technology stands out as a groundbreaking method in the field of biomedical engineering that enables the production of highly precise structures using photopolymerizable materials. Smart materials such as shape memory polymers, hydrogels, and nanocomposites are used as ideal materials for personalized medicine applications thanks to their properties such as superior mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and sensitivity to environmental stimuli in DLP technology. The integration of these materials with DLP enables the production of functional and complex structures, especially in areas such as bone and soft tissue engineering, drug delivery, and biosensor production. However, limited material diversity, scalability problems in production processes, and technical difficulties in optimizing bioprinting parameters are among the main obstacles in this field. This study systematically examines the role of smart biomaterials in DLP-based bioprinting processes. It addresses the innovative applications of these materials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. It also comprehensively evaluates its contributions to biomedical applications and discusses future research areas to overcome current limitations.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12074245/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144029652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rational Designing of NiO Nanoparticles Anchored with PEG-WO₃ for Enhanced Water Oxidation Performance.","authors":"Mrunal Bhosale, Pritam J Morankar, Rutuja U Amate, Chan-Wook Jeon","doi":"10.3390/polym17091281","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17091281","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The electrochemical water splitting method is widely regarded as an efficient and sustainable approach for producing high-purity hydrogen in an environmentally friendly manner. Cost-effective and efficient electrocatalysts are essential for augmenting the electrocatalytic water oxidation reaction. Herein, the PEG-WO₃-NiO electrocatalyst is acknowledged for attaining efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performances in alkaline conditions. The NiO nanoparticles anchored themselves to the PEG-WO₃'s surface and produced an effective interfacial contact between the electrocatalyst materials. Among various compositions, the optimized ratio of the PEG-WO₃-NiO electrocatalyst exhibits a low overpotential of 349.7 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm^-2 and a Tafel slope of 71.22 mV dec^-1 for the OER in 1 M KOH. Additionally, the electrocatalyst demonstrates excellent stability, maintaining its performance even after 5000 cyclic voltammetry (CV) cycles and chronopotentiometry analysis. Given its durability and high electrochemically active surface area, the PEG-WO₃-NiO electrocatalyst contributes to the advancement of cost-effective and scalable solutions for water oxidation applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12074263/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144041528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioral Study of Elastomeric O-Rings Built into Coaxial Sealing Systems.","authors":"Andrea Deaconescu, Tudor Deaconescu","doi":"10.3390/polym17091275","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17091275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coaxial sealing systems are increasingly used in the construction of hydraulic cylinders. In addition to the seal that ensures the actual packing of the entire system, the O-ring plays an important role in the functioning of the hydraulic subassembly. In order to understand the sealing phenomenon of coaxial systems, a physical and mathematical model of the contact between the O-ring and its contacting surfaces is required. Within this context, this paper presents a calculation method of the pressures generated in the contact areas of the O-ring with its adjacent surfaces, as well as of the widths of the contact areas. The input quantities for these calculations were certain material characteristics (hardness, elasticity modulus, and Poisson's coefficient) of the sealed-off fluid pressure and the specific radial deformation, which is a characteristic that describes the mounting of the O-ring in its groove. This article concludes with recommendations for the mounting of the O-ring and the required characteristics of the used materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12073473/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144029894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Fully Bio-Based Butylene Succinate Oligomers with Varying Molecular Weights for Sustainable Food Packaging Applications.","authors":"Carmen Olivas-Alonso, Yaiza Flores, Antxon Martínez de Ilarduya, Amparo Chiralt, Sergio Torres-Giner","doi":"10.3390/polym17091276","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17091276","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of bio-based and biodegradable materials is critical for reducing environmental impact and addressing global challenges associated with the extensive use of plastics in packaging applications. In this study, linear oligomers of butylene succinate (OBS) with three different molecular weights were synthesized using succinic acid (SA) and 1,4-butanediol (BDO), both monomers derived from biomass. The synthesized fully bio-based OBS samples were characterized in terms of their molecular structure, degree of polymerization, crystallinity, and thermal properties, showcasing their potential as additives for biopolymers in food packaging. Oligomers with weight-average molecular weight (M_w) values of 2050 g·mol^-1 (OBS-L), 16,150 g·mol^-1 (OBS-M), and 33,147 g·mol^-1 (OBS-H), and Ð values in the 1.7-1.8 range were successfully synthesized. The results showed that the thermal degradation stability of OBS slightly increased, while the crystallinity decreased with increasing molecular weight. Furthermore, the analysis of the evolution of the lattice parameters suggested that oligomers with shorter chains favored crystal organization, resulting in a crystal unit cell with denser packing.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12073405/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144050612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Straightforward Methodology for the Quantification of Long Chain Branches in Polyethylene by ¹³C NMR Spectroscopy.","authors":"Francesco Zaccaria, Andrea Pucciarelli, Roberta Cipullo, Vincenzo Busico","doi":"10.3390/polym17091274","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17091274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Formation of long chain branches (LCB) in polyethylene (PE), via incorporation of in situ generated vinyl macromonomers, is known to affect material properties dramatically, making their detection and quantification of primary importance. ¹³C NMR spectroscopy is the archetypal technique for the analysis of polymer microstructure, yet it suffers from major limitations in the analysis of LCB in polyethylene, primarily in terms of resolution. Herein, we propose a simple and effective methodology for detecting and quantifying LCB based on the analysis of C atoms in β-position with respect to the branching point. By analyzing model ethylene/α-olefin copolymers bearing methyl, ethyl, butyl, hexyl or tetradecyl chain branches, we show how the C_β resonances can be used to discriminate between shorter or longer branches. Importantly, the proposed method allows the most critical discrimination between hexyl-type branches and LCB, with an up to three-fold detection enhancement with respect to previously proposed procedures based on the analysis of the methine carbons. The proposed approach is then tested on a representative industrial sample of HDPE, proving that it is suitable to detect very small amounts of LCB.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12074469/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144050754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Toughening Modification Methods for Epoxy Resins: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Jiawei Zhang, Zhen Zhang, Ran Huang, Lianjiang Tan","doi":"10.3390/polym17091288","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17091288","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This work provides a comprehensive review of the recent advancements in the toughening modification methods for epoxy resins. The study explores a variety of approaches, including the incorporation of liquid rubbers, core-shell rubber particles, thermoplastic resins, hyperbranched polymers, and the nanoparticle toughening method, each of which contributes to improving the mechanical properties and fracture toughness of epoxy resins. Special attention is given to the mechanisms underlying these toughening methods, such as reaction-induced phase separation, crack pinning, and energy dissipation through particle deformation. The paper also examines the synergistic effects achieved by combining different toughening agents, such as phenoxy thermoplastic rubber and core-shell rubber particles, which significantly enhance the critical fracture energy and impact strength of epoxy composites. Additionally, the challenges associated with each method, such as the potential reduction in mechanical properties and the influence of phase separation on material performance, are discussed. Through a detailed analysis of experimental studies, this paper highlights the effectiveness of various toughening strategies and suggests future research directions aimed at further optimizing epoxy resin toughening techniques for diverse industrial applications. Emerging computational modeling and machine learning applications in epoxy resin development are also systematically reviewed to highlight their potential in advancing predictive design frameworks.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12074522/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144007781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Ijaz et al. Biofunctional Hyaluronic Acid/κ-Carrageenan Injectable Hydrogels for Improved Drug Delivery and Wound Healing. <i>Polymers</i> 2022, <i>14</i>, 376.","authors":"Uzma Ijaz, Muhammad Sohail, Muhammad Usman Minhas, Shahzeb Khan, Zahid Hussain, Mohsin Kazi, Syed Ahmed Shah, Arshad Mahmood, Mohammed Maniruzzaman","doi":"10.3390/polym17091278","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17091278","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the original publication [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12073541/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144020455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing the Potential of Laser Femtosecond Technology for the Mass Production of Cyclic Olefin Copolymer Microfluidic Devices for Biomedical Applications.","authors":"Irene Varela Leniz, Taieb Bakouche, Malen Astigarraga, Florent Husson, Ane Miren Zaldua, Laura Gemini, José Luis Vilas-Vilela, Leire Etxeberria","doi":"10.3390/polym17091289","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17091289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Precision micromilling is currently widely used for the fabrication of injection mold inserts for the mass production of microfluidic devices. However, for complex devices with micrometer-scale and high density of structures, micromilling results in high production times and costs for production runs of hundreds or thousands of units. Femtosecond laser (fs-laser) technology has emerged as a promising solution for high-precision micromachining. This study analyzes the potential of fs-laser micromachining for the fabrication of injection mold inserts for the large-scale production of thermoplastic microfluidic devices. For the evaluation of technology, a reference design was defined. The parameters of the fs-laser process were optimized to achieve high resolution of the structures and optimal surface quality, aiming to minimize production times and costs while ensuring the quality of the final part. The microstructures were replicated in two different grades of COC (Cyclic Olefin Copolymer) by injection molding. The dimensional tolerance of the structures and the surface finish achieved both in the insert and the polymer parts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal microscopy. The surface quality of the final parts and its suitability for microfluidic fabrication were also assessed performing chemical bonding tests. The fs-laser machining process has shown great potential for the mass production of microfluidic devices. The developed process has enabled for a reduction of up to 90% in the fabrication times of the insert compared to micromilling. The parts exhibited very smooth surfaces, with roughness values (Sa) of 64.6 nm for the metallic insert and 71.8 nm and 72.9 nm for the COC E-140 and 8007S-04 replicas, respectively. The dimensional tolerance and the surface quality need to be improved to be competitive with the finishes achieved with precision micromilling. Nonetheless, there is still room for improvement considering the significant reduction in the production times through new laser processing strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12073569/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144009322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Sterilization Methods on the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed and Conventional PMMA Materials for Denture Bases of Immediate Obturators.","authors":"Anna Cybulska, Katarzyna Mańka-Malara, Michał Krasowski, Jerzy Sokołowski, Jakub Zwoliński, Andrzej Rafalski, Jolanta Kostrzewa-Janicka","doi":"10.3390/polym17091279","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17091279","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of 3D printing in the fabrication of immediate prosthetic restorations requires the possibility of sterilization. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different sterilization methods on the parameters of 3D-printing materials for dental prosthesis plates compared to conventional acrylic material. Forty-four samples were prepared for each tested material: Denture 3D+ (NextDent, The Netherlands), Denturetec (Saremco, Switzerland), Optiprint Laviva (Dentona, Germany), and Rapid Simplified (Vertex Dental, Netherlands). The impact strength of the samples was tested in a HIT 5.5P instrument (Zwick Roell, Germany) after three sterilization methods (pressurized steam, ethylene oxide, and radiation) and without sterilization as a control group. Significantly higher energy and impact strength were recorded for the conventional acrylic material. For Nextdent material, the recommended method of sterilization in terms of impaction is autoclave or ethylene oxide sterilization, Saremco-ethylene oxide sterilization, and Denton-ethylene oxide or radiation sterilization. Conventional acrylic material has a higher impact strength than 3D-printed material, which may encourage the selection of this material for restorations requiring higher fracture strength. The possibility of sterilizing the Nextdent 3D-printed material in the autoclave without worsening its durability makes it a recommended choice for digital clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12074480/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143979197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Size Effect on the Phase Transition and Dielectric Properties of Poly(vinylidene Fluoride) Ferroelectric Polymers.","authors":"Xiaofang Zhao, Min Yu, Xining Zhang","doi":"10.3390/polym17091286","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17091286","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multi-scale characterization techniques have been employed to analyze the size effect of microstructure on the phase transition behavior and dielectric properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films. The results show that oriented amorphous fraction layers are prone to form in the vicinity of the grain boundaries of nano-grained films, while the interfacial polarization and electrostriction effect play a major role. Polar nano-regions are prone to form in micro-grained films, and the maximum fraction of polar crystalline phase and maximal dielectric constant can be achieved due to the balance between the intrinsic effect and extrinsic effect of the material. On the contrary, the extrinsic effect corresponding to interfacial charges greatly influences the phase transition behavior between beta and alpha phases for coarse-grained PVDF films, while the dielectric properties are mainly influenced by the intrinsic electrostatic field and van der Waal interaction of the material. Hence, the dielectric behavior of nano-grained films can be adjusted by the copolymerization technique, that of micro-grained films can be adjusted by both the copolymerization technique and the controlling of microstructure morphology, and that of coarse-grained films can be adjusted by the doping technique.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12074403/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143976434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}