Polymers最新文献

{"title":"Application of Fourier-Galois Spectra Analysers for Rotating Image Analysis.","authors":"Dina Shaltykova, Kaisarali Kadyrzhan, Ibragim Suleimenov, Gaini Seitenova, Eldar Kopishev","doi":"10.3390/polym17131791","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17131791","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is shown that the analysis of rotating circular images containing <i>n</i> = 2^p-1 pixels, the state of which is described by variables of binary logic, and <i>p</i> is an integer, is expedient to carry out using digital spectra obtained using the Fourier-Galois transformation, and the basis corresponding to such a transformation is formed by the method of classical algebraic extensions of the main Galois field <i>GF</i>(2) corresponding to binary logic. It is shown that the use of Fourier-Galois spectra makes it possible to reduce the analysis of a rotating image to the analysis of a still image by using the operation of digital logarithm. It is shown that the proposed approach is of interest, including from the point of view of improving equipment designed to study the rheological properties of liquids, in particular, polymer solutions in which non-trivial branched structures are formed. In this case, the use of the proposed approach provides an opportunity to modernize the classical method of measuring Stokes viscosity, focused on the study of mechanochemical reactions. The design of a viscometer that implements the proposed approach has been developed. In it, a digital image is formed by a set of optoelectronic pairs that track the circular motion of the ball in a cuvette driven by rotation. The electronic circuits of this type of viscometer are based on a Fourier-Galois spectrum analyser and a digital logarithm operation. The possibilities of generalizing the proposed approach to the analysis of rotating images of other types are considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12252000/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Poly(pyridinium salt)s Containing 9,9-Bis(4-aminophenyl)fluorene Moieties with Various Organic Counterions Exhibiting Both Lyotropic Liquid-Crystalline and Light-Emitting Properties.","authors":"Pradip K Bhowmik, David King, Haesook Han, András F Wacha, Matti Knaapila","doi":"10.3390/polym17131785","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17131785","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Main-chain conjugated and non-conjugated polyelectrolytes are an important class of materials that have many technological applications ranging from fire-retardant materials to carbon-nanotube composites, nonlinear optical materials, electrochromic materials for smart windows, and optical sensors for biomolecules. Here, we describe a series of poly(pyridinium salt)s-fluorene containing 9,9-bis(4-aminophenyl)fluorene moieties with various organic counterions that were synthesized using ring-transmutation polymerization and metathesis reactions, which are non-conjugated polyelectrolytes. Their chemical structures were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), proton (¹H) and fluorine 19 (¹⁹F) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers, and elemental analysis. They exhibited polyelectrolytic behavior in dimethyl sulfoxide. Their lyotropic liquid-crystalline phases were examined by polarizing optical microscopy (POM) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies. Their emission spectra exhibited a positive solvatochromism on changing the polarity of solvents. They emitted greenish-yellow lights in polar organic solvents. They formed aggregates in polar aprotic and protic solvents with the addition of water (<i>v</i>/<i>v</i>, 0-90%), whose λ_em peaks were blue shifted.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12252291/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis, Characterization, and Adhesion on Galvanized Steel of Original Thermoset Adhesive Films Based on Aza-Michael Addition Reaction.","authors":"Florian Cavodeau, Maurice Brogly, Jean-François Stumbe, Rémi Perrin","doi":"10.3390/polym17131796","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17131796","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study focuses first on the synthesis through an aza-Michael addition reaction of original linear diamine prepolymers and original amine/acrylate thermoset adhesives, and second on their thermal, mechanical and adhesion characterization. The major advantage of the aza-Michael addition reaction is that it takes place at room temperature, without a solvent and without a catalyst. Using the aza-Michael addition reaction, linear secondary diamine prepolymers were first synthesized with a control of the molecular weight, ranging from 867 to 1882 g mol^-1. Then, aza-Michael reactions of diamine prepolymers with three different acrylates allowed the synthesis of new amine/acrylate thermoset adhesives. All the thermoset adhesives were characterized by rheology and thermal analysis, leading, once the crosslinking aza-Michael reaction had occurred, to soft thermoset networks with glass transition temperatures ranging from -23 to -8 °C, gel point times ranging from 40 min to 4 h, and a polar component of the surface energy ranging from 3 to 17 mJ m^-2. Functionality of the acrylates directly influences the crosslinking rate, and a decreasing master curve is obtained when reporting crosslinking rate versus gel point time. Crosslinking density is controlled by the diamine prepolymer chain length. In a second step, thermoset adhesives were applied as thin films between two galvanized steel plates, and adhesion properties were evaluated through a lap-shear test. Results showed that the adhesive strength increases as the dynamic viscosity and molecular weight of the diamines prepolymer increases. Increasing the diamines prepolymer chain length results in an increase in strain at break, a decrease in the shear modulus, and a decrease in the maximum lap-shear strength. It is also observed that the adhesive strength decreases when the adhesive film thickness increases. Moreover, thermoset adhesives with high polarity and a surface energy similar to the surface energy of the substrate will favor high adhesion and a better adhesive strength of the assembly. Lastly, the nature of the acrylates and diamines prepolymer chain length allow tuning a wide range of adhesive strength and toughness of these original soft thermoset adhesives.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12251997/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Characterization of PAA/CHI/Triclosan Multilayer Films with Long-Term Antibacterial Activity.","authors":"Balzhan Savdenbekova, Aruzhan Sailau, Ayazhan Seidulayeva, Zhanar Bekissanova, Ardak Jumagaziyeva, Renata Nemkayeva","doi":"10.3390/polym17131789","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17131789","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of antibacterial coatings for biomedical applications is crucial to prevent implant-associated infections (IAIs). In this study, we designed and evaluated a multilayer coating based on chitosan (CHI), polyacrylic acid (PAA), and triclosan (TCS) using the layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technique. The successful incorporation of TCS was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Surface roughness and topography were analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, the pH-dependent behavior of PAA/CHI films was studied to assess its effect on TCS loading. According to disk diffusion assays, coatings assembled at pH 5 (PAA5/CHI5/TCS) exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 60.0 ± 0.0 mm for <i>S. aureus</i> and 33.67 ± 1.5 mm for <i>E. coli</i>. The long-term stability of the coatings was evaluated by measuring the antibacterial activity after 1, 10, 20, 30, and 40 days, with results confirming that antimicrobial properties and structural integrity were preserved over time. Furthermore, TCS release kinetics were assessed under physiological (pH 7.4) and acidic (pH 5.5) conditions, revealing enhanced release at pH 5.5. These findings highlight the potential of this multilayer system for biomedical applications requiring both stability and pH-responsive drug release.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12251587/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Imidazolium Ionenes: Solid-Solid Phase Change Materials as Heat Sinks.","authors":"Carolina Arriaza-Echanes, Gabriel I Krüger, Bibiana Comesaña-Gándara, Claudio A Terraza, Loreto Sanhueza, Pablo A Ortiz","doi":"10.3390/polym17131782","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17131782","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Overheating in miniaturized electronic devices can reduce their useful life, where conventional heat sinks are insufficient. The utilization of ionenes as solid-solid phase change materials is proposed to enhance thermal dissipation without the risk of leakage. In this work, a series of imidazolium ionenes with structural modifications in their aromatic core and aliphatic chain length were synthesized. The synthesis was carried out using the respective monomers diimidazole and alkyl dibromide, followed by counterion bromide exchange using lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, with yields over 90% in all cases. Thermal characterizations showed that all ionenes are heat-resistant, with degradation temperatures between 421 °C and 432 °C; moreover, they all presented only a solid-solid transition (Tg) as a phase change, between 59 °C and 28 °C, which varied depending on the aromatic core used and the length of the aliphatic chain. The obtained ionenes were introduced into an experimental device with an operating temperature of 40 °C, to be evaluated as solid-solid phase change materials in heat sinks. These demonstrated an average decrease in operating temperature of 9 °C compared to the device without ionenes. On the other hand, the stability of the ionenes was analyzed over 10 thermal cycles at 40 °C at a heating rate of 5 °C/min. This analysis demonstrated that the ionenes did not present changes or degradation during the evaluated cycles. These findings demonstrate that imidazolium ionenes are promising solid-solid phase change materials for use as efficient and self-repairing heat sinks in compact electronic devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12252075/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solid-to-Solid Manufacturing Processes for High-Performance Li-Ion Solid-State Batteries.","authors":"David Orisekeh, Byeong-Min Roh, Xinyi Xiao","doi":"10.3390/polym17131788","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17131788","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Batteries are used as energy storage devices in various equipment. Today, research is focused on solid-state batteries (SSBs), replacing the liquid electrolyte with a solid separator. The solid separators provide electrolyte stability, no leakage, and provide mechanical strength to the battery. Separators are mostly manufactured by either traditional processes or 3D printing technologies. These processes involve making a slurry of plastic, active and conductive material and usually adding a plasticizer when making thin films or filaments for 3D printing. This study investigates the additive manufacturing of solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) by employing fused deposition modeling (FDM) with recyclable, bio-derived polylactic acid (PLA) filaments. Precise control of macro-porosity is achieved by systematically varying key process parameters, including raster orientation, infill percentage, and interlayer adhesion conditions, thereby enabling the formation of tunable, interconnected pore networks within the polymer matrix. Following 3D printing, these engineered porous frameworks are infiltrated with lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆), which functions as the active ionic conductor. A tailored thermal sintering protocol is then applied to promote solid-phase fusion of the embedded salt throughout the macro-porous PLA scaffold, resulting in a mechanically robust and ionically conductive composite separator. The electrochemical ionic conductivity and structural integrity of the sintered SSEs are characterized through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and standardized mechanical testing to assess their suitability for integration into advanced solid-state battery architectures. The solid-state separator achieved an average ionic conductivity of 2.529 × 10^-5 S·cm^-1. The integrated FDM-sintering process enhances ion exchange at the electrode-electrolyte interface, minimizes material waste, and supports cost-efficient, fully recyclable component fabrication.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12251748/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Injection Molding Processing Parameters on Chrome-Plated Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene-Based Automotive Parts: An Industrial Scale.","authors":"Yunus Emre Polat, Mustafa Oksuz, Aysun Ekinci, Murat Ates, Ismail Aydin","doi":"10.3390/polym17131787","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17131787","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, plastic decorative materials have been used in the automotive industry due to their advantages such as being environmentally friendly, aesthetic, light and economically affordable. Plastic decorative materials can exhibit high strength and metallic reflection with metal coatings. Chrome plating is generally preferred in the production of decorative plastic parts in the automotive industry. In this study, the effect of injection molding processing parameters on the metal-polymer adhesion of chrome-plated acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) was investigated. The ABS-based front grille frames are fabricated by means of using an industrial-scale injection molding machine. Then, the fabricated ABS-based front grille frame was plated with chrome by means of the electroplating method. The metal-polymer adhesion was investigated as a function of the injection molding processing parameters by means of a cross-cut test and scanning electron microscope (SEM). As a result, it was determined that the optimal injection process parameters, a cooling time of 18 s, a mold temperature of 70 °C, injection rates of 45-22-22-20-15-10 mm/s, and packing pressures of 110-100-100 bar, were effective in enhancing polymer-metal adhesion for the ABS-based front grille frame.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12252087/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Artificial Weathering Protocols on Abiotic and Bacterial Degradation of Polyethylene.","authors":"Pauline F De Bigault De Cazanove, Alena Vdovchenko, Ruth S Rose, Marina Resmini","doi":"10.3390/polym17131798","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17131798","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plastic pollution poses significant environmental challenges due to its persistence and contribution to the microplastic formation, with polyethylene being among the materials more abundantly found. Understanding how different artificial weathering protocols influence the degradation of plastics is crucial for assessing their environmental impact. This study investigates the effects of three distinct artificial weathering protocols-continuous UV-A irradiation (M_L), cyclic UV-dark exposure (M_C[L→D]), and sequential UV-dark phase (M_L→D)-on the physicochemical properties of plastics, using oxo-low-density polyethylene as the model material. Surface oxidation, measured by quantification of the carbonyl index, was most pronounced under the M_C[L→D] protocol despite the shortest time of overall UV exposure, indicating that oxidative reactions continue during the dark phases. Vinyl group formation, however, required continuous or cyclic UV exposure, highlighting the critical role of light in this chemical process. Alterations in the surface hydrophilicity, measured by contact angle, and changes in molecular weight were quantified and found to closely link to the weathering conditions, with increased oxidations enhancing the surface hydrophilicity and the chain scission balanced by crosslinking with extended UV durations. These findings emphasize the importance of weathering protocols when trying to simulate conditions in the lab that are closer to the ones in the environment to understand plastic degradation mechanisms. Biodegradation experiments with <i>Rhodococcus rhodochrous</i> demonstrated that weathered oxo-LDPE samples with higher surface oxidation levels (ΔCI > 1) supported an increased CO₂ production by <i>Rhodococcus rhodochrous</i>, with the M_C[L→D]-360 h protocol yielding the highest biodegradation rates-31-43% higher than the control.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12251912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Characteristics of Additive Manufacturing Based on Dual Materials of Heterogeneity.","authors":"Hsien-Hsiu Hung, Shih-Han Chang, Yu-Hsi Huang","doi":"10.3390/polym17131793","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17131793","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to establish a methodology that integrates experimental measurements with finite element analysis (FEA) to investigate the mechanical behavior and dynamic characteristics of soft-hard laminated composites fabricated via additive manufacturing (AM) under dynamic excitation. A hybrid AM technique was employed, using the PolyJet process based on stereolithography (SLA) to fabricate composite beam structures composed of alternating soft and hard materials. Initially, impact tests using a steel ball on cantilever beams made of hard material were conducted to inversely calculate the first natural frequency via time-frequency analysis, thereby identifying Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. For the viscoelastic soft material, tensile and stress relaxation tests were performed to construct a Generalized Maxwell Model, from which the Prony series parameters were derived. Subsequently, symmetric and asymmetric multilayer composite beams were fabricated and subjected to impact testing. The experimental results were compared with FEA simulations to evaluate the accuracy and validity of the identified material parameters of different structural configurations under vibration modes. The research focuses on the time- and frequency-dependent stiffness response of the composite by hard and soft materials and integrating this behavior into structural dynamic simulations. The specific objectives of the study include (1) establishing the Prony series parameters for the soft material integrated with hard material and implementing them in the FE model, (2) validating the accuracy of resonant frequencies and dynamic responses through combined experimental and simulation, (3) analyzing the influence of composite material symmetry and thickness ratio on dynamic modals, and (4) comparing simulation results with experimental measurements to assess the reliability and accuracy of the proposed modeling framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12251724/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Cooling Lubricants and Structural Parameters on the Tensile Properties of FFF 3D-Printed PLA and PLA/Carbon Fiber Composites.","authors":"Aljaž Rogelj, David Liović, Elvis Hozdić, Marina Franulović, Budimir Mijović","doi":"10.3390/polym17131797","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym17131797","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study addresses the lack of comprehensive understanding regarding how both structural printing parameters and environmental factors influence the mechanical properties of additively manufactured polymer and composite materials. The main problem stems from insufficient data on the combined effects of infill density, number of perimeters, layer height, and exposure to cooling lubricants on the tensile performance of 3D-printed products, which is crucial for their reliable application in demanding environments. In this research, the influence of four critical parameters-infill density, number of perimeters, layer height, and exposure to cooling lubricants-on the tensile properties of specimens produced by fused filament fabrication (FFF), also known as fused deposition modeling (FDM), from polylactic acid (PLA) and polylactic acid reinforced with carbon fibers (PLA+CF) was investigated. Tensile tests were performed in accordance with ISO 527-2 on specimens printed with honeycomb infill structures under controlled process conditions. The results show that increasing infill density from 40% to 100% led to an approximately 60% increase in tensile strength for both PLA (from 30.75 MPa to 49.11 MPa) and PLA reinforced with carbon fibers (PLA+CF; from 17.75 MPa to 28.72 MPa). Similarly, increasing the number of perimeters from 1 to 3 resulted in a 51% improvement in tensile strength for PLA and 50% for PLA+CF. Reducing layer height from 0.40 mm to 0.20 mm improved tensile strength by 5.4% for PLA and 3.1% for PLA+CF, with more pronounced gains in stiffness observed in the composite material. Exposure to cooling lubricants led to mechanical degradation: after 30 days, PLA exhibited a 15.2% decrease in tensile strength and a 3.4% reduction in Young's modulus, while PLA+CF showed an 18.6% decrease in strength and a 19.5% drop in modulus. These findings underscore the significant impact of both structural printing parameters and environmental exposure on tailoring the mechanical properties of FFF-printed materials, particularly when comparing unfilled PLA with carbon fiber-reinforced PLA.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12251818/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}