Polymers最新文献

{"title":"Antifungal Nanocomposites from Honeybee Chitosan and Royal Jelly-Mediated Nanosilver for Suppressing Biofilm and Hyphal Formation of <i>Candida albicans</i>.","authors":"Mousa Abdullah Alghuthaymi","doi":"10.3390/polym17141916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17141916","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Candida albicans</i> complications challenged researchers and health overseers to discover effectual agents for suppressing such yeast growth, biofilm formation and conversion to hyphal form. The nanomaterials and their composites provided extraordinary bioactivities and functionalities as antimicrobial preparations. The extraction of chitosan (BCt) from honeybee corpuses was achieved as an innovative biopolymer for nanocomposite formation. The green (bio)synthesis of nanosilver (AgNPs) was promisingly performed using royal jelly (RJ) as a mediator of synthesis. The RJ-synthesized AgNPs had an average diameter of 3.61 nm and were negatively charged (-27.2 mV). The formulated nanocomposites from BCt/RJ/AgNPs at 2:1 (F1), 1:1 (F2), and 1:2 (F3) ratios had average diameters of 63.19, 27.65, and 52.74 nm, where their surface charges were +33.8, +29.3, and -11.5 mV, respectively. The infrared (FTIR) analysis designated molecules' interactions, whereas the transmission microscopy emphasized the homogenous distribution and impedance of AgNPs within the biopolymers' nanocomposites. Challenging <i>C. albicans</i> strains with nanomaterials/composites pinpointed their bioactivity for suppressing yeast growth and biofilm formation; the F2 nanocomposite exhibited superior actions, with the lowest inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 125-175 mg/L, whereas the MIC ranges were 150-200 and 175-225 mg/L for F3 and F1, respectively. The different BCht/RJ/AgNP nanocomposites could entirely suppress the biofilm formation of all <i>C. albicans</i> strains. The scanning microscopy reflected the nanocomposite efficiency for <i>C. albicans</i> cell destruction and the complete suppression of hyphal formation. The application of generated BCht/RJ/AgNP nanocomposites is strongly recommended as they are effectual, natural and advanced materials for combating <i>C. albicans</i> pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144744428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process Parameters Optimization and Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Ankle-Foot Orthoses Based on Polypropylene.","authors":"Sahar Swesi, Mohamed Yousfi, Nicolas Tardif, Abder Banoune","doi":"10.3390/polym17141921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17141921","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nowadays, Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3D printing offers promising opportunities for the customized manufacturing of ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) targeted towards rehabilitation purposes. Polypropylene (PP) represents an ideal candidate in orthotic applications due to its light weight and superior mechanical properties, offering an excellent balance between flexibility, chemical resistance, biocompatibility, and long-term durability. However, Additive Manufacturing (AM) of AFOs based on PP remains a major challenge due to its limited bed adhesion and high shrinkage, especially for making large parts such as AFOs. The primary innovation of the present study lies in the optimization of FFF 3D printing parameters for the fabrication of functional, patient-specific orthoses using PP, a material still underutilized in the AM of medical devices. Firstly, a thorough thermomechanical characterization was conducted, allowing the implementation of a (thermo-)elastic material model for the used PP filament. Thereafter, a Taguchi design of experiments (DOE) was established to study the influence of several printing parameters (extrusion temperature, printing speed, layer thickness, infill density, infill pattern, and part orientation) on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed specimens. Three-point bending tests were conducted to evaluate the strength and stiffness of the samples, while additional tensile tests were performed on the 3D-printed orthoses using a home-made innovative device to validate the optimal configurations. The results showed that the maximum flexural modulus of 3D-printed specimens was achieved when the printing speed was around 50 mm/s. The most significant parameter for mechanical performance and reduction in printing time was shown to be infill density, contributing 73.2% to maximum stress and 75.2% to Interlaminar Shear Strength (ILSS). Finally, the applicability of the finite element method (FEM) to simulate the FFF process-induced deflections, part distortion (warpage), and residual stresses in 3D-printed orthoses was investigated using a numerical simulation tool (Digimat-AM^®). The combination of Taguchi DOE with Digimat-AM for polypropylene AFOs highlighted that the 90° orientation appeared to be the most suitable configuration, as it minimizes deformation and von Mises stress, ensuring improved quality and robustness of the printed orthoses. The findings from this study contribute by providing a reliable method for printing PP parts with improved mechanical performance, thereby opening new opportunities for its use in medical-grade additive manufacturing.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144744497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electroactive Poly(amic acid) Films Grafted with Pendant Aniline Tetramer for Hydrogen Sulfide Gas Sensing Applications.","authors":"Kun-Hao Luo, Yun-Ting Chen, Hsuan-Yu Wu, Zong-Kai Ni, Jui-Ming Yeh","doi":"10.3390/polym17141915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17141915","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a highly toxic and corrosive gas generated in numerous industrial and environmental processes; rapid, sensitive detection at low ppm levels is therefore crucial for ensuring occupational safety and protecting public health. This work explores the effect of grafting various loadings of pendant aniline tetramer pendants (PEDA) onto electroactive poly(amic acid) (EPAA) films and evaluates their performance as H₂S gas sensors. Comprehensive characterization including ion trap mass spectrometry (Ion trap MS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and four-probe conductivity measurements, confirmed successful PEDA incorporation and revealed enhanced electrical conductivity with increasing PEDA content. Gas sensing tests revealed that EPAA3 (3 wt% PEDA) achieved the best overall performance toward 10 ppm H₂S, producing a 591% response with a rapid 108 s response time. Selectivity studies showed that the response of EPAA3 to H₂S exceeded those for SO₂, NO₂, NH₃, and CO by factors of five to twelve, underscoring its excellent discrimination against common interferents. Repeatability tests over five successive cycles gave a relative standard deviation of just 7.4% for EPAA3, and long-term stability measurements over 16 days in ambient air demonstrated that EPAA3 retained over 80%. These findings establish that PEDA-grafted PAA films combine the processability of poly(amic acid) with the sharp, reversible redox behavior of pendant aniline tetramers, delivering reproducible, selective, and stable H₂S sensing. EPAA3, in particular, represents a balanced composition that maximizes sensitivity and durability, offering a promising platform for practical environmental monitoring and industrial safety applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144744456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Core-Shell Aerogel Formulation for Drug Delivery Based on Alginate and Konjac Glucomannan: Rational Design Using Artificial Intelligence Tools.","authors":"Carlos Illanes-Bordomás, Mariana Landin, Carlos A García-González","doi":"10.3390/polym17141919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17141919","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explores novel alginate-konjac glucomannan core-shell aerogel particles for drug delivery systems fabricated via air-assisted coaxial prilling. A systematic approach is needed for the optimization of this method due to the numerous processing variables involved. This study investigated the influence of six variables: alginate and konjac glucomannan concentrations, compressed airflow, liquid pump pressures, and nozzle configuration. A hybrid software using Artificial Neural Networks and genetic algorithms was used to model and optimize the hydrogel formation, achieving a 100% desirable solution. The optimal formulation identified resulted in particles displaying a log-normal size distribution (<i>R</i>² = 0.967) with an average diameter of 1.57 mm. Supercritical CO₂ drying yielded aerogels with macropores and mesopores and a high specific surface area (201 ± 10 m²/g). The loading of vancomycin hydrochloride (Van) or a dexamethasone base (DX) into the aerogel cores during the process was tested. The aerogels exhibited appropriate structural characteristics, and both drugs showed burst release profiles with ca. 80% release within 10 min for DX and medium-dependent release for Van. This study demonstrates the feasibility of producing konjac aerogel particles for delivery systems and the high potential of AI-driven optimization methods, highlighting the need for coating modifications to achieve the desired release profiles.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144744408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Error Modeling and Error Control Study of PA/Pine Wood Biomass Composites.","authors":"Jiaming Dai, Yanling Guo, Haoyu Zhang","doi":"10.3390/polym17141920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17141920","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Laser sintering (LS) technology is one of the most widely commercialized additive manufacturing technologies. However, the popularization of LS technology in civilian applications has long been constrained by accuracy-related issues. Polyamide (PA), as the most mature LS material, still faces challenges in controlling part dimensional errors. Biomass materials, when used as fillers, can improve the printing accuracy of fabricated parts, demonstrating a technically feasible synergy between PA and biomass materials. Therefore, this study analyzes the fundamental material properties of PA/pine biomass composites and investigates error control methods for LS-fabricated parts using PA/biomass materials as feedstock. This study investigates the error modeling of LS-fabricated parts from two perspectives. First, a theoretical mathematical model is established to predict part errors by incorporating material properties, process parameters, and equipment factors. Second, a data-driven model is developed using BP neural network technology based on experimental data to correlate LS process parameters with part dimensional errors. Additionally, the predictive capabilities and compensation effects of both models are examined. The experimental results indicate that the nylon/pine wood biomass composite with a pine wood content of 3 wt% can produce molded parts with a tensile strength of 20 MPa. Additionally, this material exhibits a sintering preheating window range of 10 °C, which facilitates the production of parts with both favorable mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy. Both error prediction models are capable of predicting the dimensional deviations of the parts. The data-driven model demonstrates superior deviation prediction accuracy (approximately 81-91%) for LS parts compared to the theoretical mathematical model (approximately 62-73%). By applying compensation based on the error prediction models, the overall dimensional deviation can be reduced from 1.61-3.49% to 0.41-0.50%. Consequently, the part's precision grade (according to ISO 2768) is improved from below Grade V to Grade C.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144744458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metal-Free A₂/B₂-Type Azide-Alkyne Polyaddition: Effect of Azides Structure on Their Reactivity and Properties of Polymerization Products.","authors":"Andrey Galukhin, Roman Aleshin, Alexander Gerasimov, Alexander Klimovitskii, Roman Nosov, Liana Zubaidullina, Sergey Vyazovkin","doi":"10.3390/polym17141909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17141909","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Non-isothermal calorimetry is performed to study the kinetics of metal-free A₂/B₂-type azide-alkyne polyaddition between the dipropargyl ether of bisphenol A with different organic diazides. The diazide structure is varied to probe the effect of the nature of a hydrocarbon spacer between the azide groups on their reactivity. Isoconversional analysis demonstrates that the polymerization processes are characterized by the same activation energy of 84 kJ mol^-1 for all studied diazides. It is found that diazides with aromatic spacers demonstrate ~1.6 times higher reactivity than that of diazides with the alkyl spacer. The difference in the reactivity is explained by the difference in the electronic effects of the hydrocarbon spacers on the azide groups as well as by the difference in their steric availability. The veracity of the obtained kinetic parameters is validated by a polymerization test at the time-temperature conditions predicted from the obtained kinetic data followed by independent assessment of the monomer conversion using FTIR.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144744401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorization of Rice-Bran and Corn-Flour Hydrolysates for Optimized Polyhydroxybutyrate Biosynthesis: Statistical Process Design and Structural Verification.","authors":"Gaurav Shrimali, Hardik Shah, Kashyap Thummar, Esha Rami, Rajeshkumar Chaudhari, Jens Ejbye Schmidt, Ajit Gangawane","doi":"10.3390/polym17141904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17141904","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The extensive environmental pollution caused by petroleum-based plastics highlights the urgent need for sustainable, economically viable alternatives. The practical challenge of enhancing polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production with cost-effective agro-industrial residues-rice-bran and corn-flour hydrolysates-has been demonstrated. <i>Bacillus bingmayongensis</i> GS2 was isolated from soil samples collected at the Pirana municipal landfill in Ahmedabad, India, and identified through VITEK-2 biochemical profiling and 16S rDNA sequencing (GenBank accession OQ749793). Initial screening for PHB accumulation was performed using Sudan Black B staining. Optimization via a sequential one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) approach identified optimal cultivation conditions (36 h inoculum age, 37 °C, pH 7.0, 100 rpm agitation), resulting in a PHB yield of 2.77 g L^-1 (66% DCW). Further refinement using a central composite response surface methodology (RSM)-varying rice-bran hydrolysate, corn-flour hydrolysate, peptone concentration, and initial pH-significantly improved the PHB yield to 3.18 g L^-1(74% DCW), representing more than a threefold enhancement over unoptimized conditions. Structural validation using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (¹H-NMR) confirmed the molecular integrity of the produced PHB. That <i>Bacillus bingmayongensis</i> GS2 effectively converts low-cost agro-industrial residues into high-value bioplastics has been demonstrated, indicating substantial industrial potential. Future work will focus on bioreactor scale-up, targeted metabolic-engineering strategies, and comprehensive sustainability evaluations, including life-cycle assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144744532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure-Properties Correlations of PVA-Cellulose Based Nanocomposite Films for Food Packaging Applications.","authors":"Konstantinos Papapetros, Georgios N Mathioudakis, Dionysios Vroulias, Nikolaos Koutroumanis, George A Voyiatzis, Konstantinos S Andrikopoulos","doi":"10.3390/polym17141911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17141911","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bio-nanocomposites based on poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and cellulosic nanostructures are favorable for active food packaging applications. The current study systematically investigates the mechanical properties, gas permeation, and swelling parameters of PVA composites with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) or nano lignocellulose (NLC) fibers. Alterations in these macroscopic properties, which are critical for food packaging applications, are correlated with structural information at the molecular level. Strong interactions between the fillers and polymer host matrix were observed, while the PVA crystallinity exhibited a maximum at ~1% loading. Finally, the orientation of the PVA nanocrystals in the uniaxially stretched samples was found to depend non-monotonically on the CNC loading and draw ratio. Concerning the macroscopic properties of the composites, the swelling properties were reduced for the D1 food simulant, while for water, a considerable decrease was observed only when high NLC loadings were involved. Furthermore, although the water vapor transmission rates are roughly similar for all samples, the CO₂, N₂, and O₂ gas permeabilities are low, exhibiting further decrease in the 1% and 1-5% loading for CNC and NLC composites, respectively. The mechanical properties were considerably altered as a consequence of the good dispersion of the filler, increased crystallinity of the polymer matrix, and morphology of the filler. Thus, up to ~50%/~170% enhancement of the Young's modulus and up to ~20%/~50% enhancement of the tensile strength are observed for the CNC/NLC composites. Interestingly, the elongation at break is also increased by ~20% for CNC composites, while it is reduced by ~40% for the NLC composites, signifying the favorable/unfavorable interactions of cellulose/lignin with the matrix.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144744510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Output Prediction and Optimization of CO₂ Laser Cutting Quality in FFF-Printed ASA Thermoplastics Using Machine Learning Approaches.","authors":"Oguzhan Der","doi":"10.3390/polym17141910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17141910","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This research article examines the CO₂ laser cutting performance of Fused Filament Fabricated Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA) thermoplastics by analyzing the influence of plate thickness, laser power, and cutting speed on four quality characteristics: surface roughness (Ra), top kerf width (Top KW), bottom kerf width (Bottom KW), and bottom heat-affected zone (Bottom HAZ). Forty-five experiments were conducted using five thickness levels, three power levels, and three cutting speeds. To model and predict these outputs, seven machine learning approaches were employed: Autoencoder, Autoencoder-Gated Recurrent Unit, Autoencoder-Long Short-Term Memory, Random Forest, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Support Vector Regression, and Linear Regression. Among them, XGBoost yielded the highest accuracy across all performance metrics. Analysis of Variance results revealed that Ra is mainly affected by plate thickness, Bottom KW by cutting speed, and Bottom HAZ by power, while Top KW is influenced by all three parameters. The study proposes an effective prediction framework using multi-output modeling and hybrid deep learning, offering a data-driven foundation for process optimization. The findings are expected to support intelligent manufacturing systems for real-time quality prediction and adaptive laser post-processing of engineering-grade thermoplastics such as ASA. This integrative approach also enables a deeper understanding of nonlinear dependencies in laser-material interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144744405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticle/Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites with Induced Magnetic Performance.","authors":"Anastasios C Patsidis, Aikaterini Sanida, Georgia C Manika, Sevasti Gioti, Georgios N Mathioudakis, Nicholas Petropoulos, Athanasios Kanapitsas, Christos Tsonos, Thanassis Speliotis, Georgios C Psarras","doi":"10.3390/polym17141913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17141913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this work magnetic nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄, or ZnFe₂O₄, or SrFe₁₂O₁₉) and BaTiO₃ microparticles were embedded in an epoxy resin for the synthesis of three series of hybrid magnetic polymer nanocomposites. Barium titanate content was kept constant, while magnetic phase content was varied. Fabricated specimens were structurally and morphologically characterized by employing scanning electron microscopy images and X-ray diffraction patterns. Results implied successful synthesis of the hybrid nanocomposites. The magnetic behavior of the pure magnetic nanoparticles and the fabricated nanocomposites was investigated via a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer. The magnetic performance of each type of magnetic phase (i.e., soft and hard) was induced in the nanocomposites, and magnetic performance is strengthened with the increase in magnetic phase content. Initial magnetization curves were used for the determination of mass magnetic susceptibility of all nanocomposites. Magnetic saturation and magnetic remanence have been found to follow a linear relationship with magnetic phase content, giving the opportunity to predict the system's response in advance.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"17 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144744513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}