Phytopathology最新文献

{"title":"MutL Interaction with RaxM Regulates <i>raxX</i> Expression in <i>Xanthomonas oryzae</i> pv. <i>oryzae</i>.","authors":"Jing Cai, Meihua Wang, Duo Mi, Kejian Wu, Chunxia Li, Jun Tao","doi":"10.1094/PHYTO-11-24-0374-R","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PHYTO-11-24-0374-R","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rice XA21 is the cognate resistance (R) protein of the avirulence protein AvrXA21 (RaxX) of <i>Xanthomonas oryzae</i> pv. <i>oryzae</i> (<i>Xoo</i>). The RaxX precursor must be modified by the peptidase RaxB and the tyrosine sulfotransferase RaxST to transform into an active form that has ability to bind and activate XA21. We previously found that a small protein, RaxM, regulates <i>raxX</i> expression and thus affects the XA21-mediated immune response. However, the mechanism through which RaxM regulates <i>raxX</i> expression remains unknown. Here, we show that RaxM can interact with MutL and enhance its endonuclease activity in <i>Xoo</i>. Mutation of <i>mutL</i> increased <i>raxM</i> expression but decreased <i>raxX</i> expression. In addition, MutL positively regulated the expression of <i>raxST</i> and <i>raxR</i>, which are required for <i>raxX</i> expression or modification. Therefore, <i>mutL</i> mutation increased <i>Xoo</i> virulence on XA21-expressing rice. These findings indicate that RaxM regulates <i>raxX</i> expression and modification by influencing MutL activity and thus regulates the RaxX-mediated immune response.</p>","PeriodicalId":20410,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":"718-723"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143449872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Weather Variables on the Inoculum of <i>Diaporthe amygdali</i>, the Causal Agent of Twig Canker and Shoot Blight in Almond Orchards.","authors":"Francisco Beluzán, Antonio Vicent, David Conesa, Felipe Torrentí, Diego Olmo, Maela León, Paloma Abad-Campos, Josep Armengol","doi":"10.1094/PHYTO-02-25-0047-R","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PHYTO-02-25-0047-R","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Diaporthe amygdali</i> is the causal agent of twig canker and shoot blight disease on almond. The main objective of this study was to elucidate the effect of weather variables on the <i>D. amygdali</i> inoculum in almond orchards in Mediterranean conditions. For that purpose, a quantitative PCR assay for the detection and quantification of <i>D. amygdali</i> was developed. This methodology was used to detect and quantify the inoculum of <i>D. amygdali</i> in spore traps placed at two almond orchards from different locations in two growing seasons (2019 to 2020 and 2020 to 2021). Weather variables were also recorded. Two-part hurdle models, which include a qualitative part (Bernoulli), with a binary response, and a quantitative part (Gamma), were used to study the relationships of the DNA concentration of <i>D. amygdali</i> on the traps with weather variables. The temperature effect was related to the daily thermal amplitude; narrower thermal ranges increased DNA detection, whereas wider thermal ranges reduced DNA concentration. Average relative humidity higher than 80% had a negative effect on the concentration of <i>D. amygdali</i> DNA. Rainfall had a positive influence on both parts of the model, confirming the contribution of precipitation to the inoculum abundance. Finally, wind speed positively influenced both parts of the models in both growing seasons. The relationships between weather variables and the inoculum of <i>D. amygdali</i> will assist with developing a decision support system to optimize the management of twig canker and shoot blight disease on almond.</p>","PeriodicalId":20410,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":"649-658"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Quantitative Trait Locus Reduces <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> Infection in <i>Glycine max</i> Seedlings.","authors":"Christopher Detranaltes, Charles Quigley, Qijian Song, Jianxin Ma, Guohong Cai","doi":"10.1094/PHYTO-11-24-0364-R","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PHYTO-11-24-0364-R","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the past 5 years, seedling diseases have caused an average annual loss of $21.8 million worth of United States' soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>) production, with <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> (teleomorph <i>Gibberella zeae</i>) emerging as a significant threat within the seedling disease complex. Its cross-pathogenicity on wheat and maize, along with increasing reports of fungicide resistance, highlights the need for improved genetic resistance in soybean. In a previous germplasm screening and genome-wide association study, we identified a significantly resistant accession, PI 438500, from a panel of 208 diverse soybean accessions. This accession carried fewer marker-trait associations and lower predicted resistance than other significantly resistant accessions yet displayed a highly resistant phenotype with low standard deviations. In this study, we developed an F_2:3 mapping population from a biparental cross between PI 438500 and PI 548631 (highly susceptible to <i>F. graminearum</i>) and identified a quantitative trait locus (QTL) that explains 20.29% of the variation in postemergent visual severity. This QTL region contains multiple candidate genes with predicted roles in plant defense mechanisms and helps elucidate PI 438500's significant resistance to <i>F. graminearum</i>. Molecular markers linked and within this QTL region can help facilitate marker-assisted selection for <i>F. graminearum</i> resistance in soybean breeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":20410,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":"666-675"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143459088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Nondestructive Detection Methods for <i>Bretziella fagacearum</i> in Northern Red Oak and Chestnut.","authors":"Karandeep Chahal, Ethan J Wachendorf, Laura A Miles, Adam M Grove, Martin I Chilvers, Timothy D Miles","doi":"10.1094/PHYTO-08-24-0253-R","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PHYTO-08-24-0253-R","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oak wilt, caused by the fungal pathogen <i>Bretziella fagacearum</i>, spreads via root grafts and insect vectors, threating oaks (<i>Quercus</i> spp.) and chestnuts (<i>Castanea</i> spp.) in the United States. Detection and management of <i>B. fagacearum</i> are crucial, as oak wilt can devastate forested and urban ecosystems. However, diagnosing oak wilt presents challenges and requires laboratory confirmation due to symptom similarities with other stressors. Common detection methods also have limitations. In this study, we optimized and validated an existing TaqMan real-time PCR assay, comparing it with a culture-based method and using nested PCR as the gold standard. We also developed a novel nondestructive sampling technique. Our optimized real-time PCR assay demonstrated a consistent 100% detection rate and accuracy across all branch sapwood samples. In contrast, the culture-based method varied significantly, achieving a 100% detection rate and accuracy only for fresh samples displaying sapwood discoloration. In the absence of sapwood discoloration, the culture detection rate and accuracy were 80 and 90%, respectively. For dry samples, these rates decreased significantly to 22 and 52%. The novel nondestructive sampling method used leaf petioles of fallen leaves to detect <i>B. fagacearum</i> from two tree hosts, using both optimized real-time PCR and culture-based methods. Our real-time PCR consistently outperformed the culture-based method, regardless of symptom severity in leaf samples. The real-time PCR offers improved efficiency, specificity, sensitivity, and turnaround time compared with nested PCR and culture-based methods. Our findings highlight the potential of detecting vascular-inhabiting pathogens from leaf petiole samples, particularly in scenarios requiring nondestructive sampling and high-throughput screening.</p>","PeriodicalId":20410,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":"733-743"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preserving the Biologically Coherent Generic Concept of <i>Phytophthora</i>, \"Plant Destroyer\".","authors":"Clive M Brasier, Niklaus J Grünwald, Tyler B Bourret, Francine Govers, Bruno Scanu, David E L Cooke, Tanay Bose, David L Hawksworth, Z Gloria Abad, M Victoria Albarracin, Wael Alsultan, Astrid E Altamirano-Junqueira, Arild R Arifin, Matthew J Arnet, Herbert Dustin R Aumentado, József Bakonyi, Wei H Belisle, Alessandra Benigno, John C Bienapfl, Guillaume J Bilodeau, Jaime E Blair, Leticia Botella, Andrea Brandano, Santa Olga Cacciola, Ignazio Carbone, Vanina L Castroagudin, Narayanan Chaendaekattu, Jonathan D Consford, Tamara Corcobado, Paul A Covey, Hazel A Daniels, Antonio Deidda, Anne E Dorrance, Erika N Dort, André Drenth, Fryni Drizou, Edouard Evangelisti, Sebastian N Fajardo, Yufeng Fang, Christopher M Ference, Susan J Frankel, Erica M Goss, David I Guest, Giles E S J Hardy, Anna R H Harris, Mehari Desta Hawku, Kurt Heungens, Chuanxue Hong, Ian J Horner, Marília Horta Jung, Olumayowa J Iyanda, Brittney-Aidan Jamieson, Steven N Jeffers, Howard S Judelson, Muhammad Junaid, Eleni Kalogeropoulou, Sophien Kamoun, Seogchan Kang, Takao Kasuga, Tomáš Kudláček, Jared LeBoldus, Christopher A Lee, DeWei Li, Alejandro K Llanos, Horacio D Lopez-Nicora, Helena Machado, Gaetano Magnano di San Lio, Cristiana Maia, Kajal Mandal, Patricia Manosalva, Frank N Martin, Michael E H Matson, Rebecca L McDougal, John M McDowell, Richard W Michelmore, Ivan Milenković, Salvatore Moricca, Reza Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa, Zoltán Á Nagy, Ekaterina V Nikolaeva, Paula Ortega-López, Trudy Paap, Camilo H Parada-Rojas, Francesca Peduto Hand, Ana Pérez-Sierra, Martin Pettersson, Pramod Prasad, Alina S Puig, Milica Raco, Nasir A Rajput, Jean B Ristaino, Suzanne Rooney-Latham, Michael F Seidl, Simon F Shamoun, Alejandro Solla, Christoffel F J Spies, Martha A Sudermann, Tedmund J Swiecki, Miaoying Tian, Sucheta Tripathy, Seiji Uematsu, Kris Van Poucke, Aikaterini E Vichou, Monika Walter, Joan F Webber, Nari M Williams, Michael J Wingfield, Dhananjay Yadav, Xiao Yang, Thomas Jung","doi":"10.1094/PHYTO-11-24-0372-LE","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PHYTO-11-24-0372-LE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Phytophthora</i> is a long-established, well-known, and globally important genus of plant pathogens. Phylogenetic evidence has shown that the biologically distinct, obligate biotrophic downy mildews evolved from <i>Phytophthora</i> at least twice. Because, cladistically, this renders <i>Phytophthora</i> \"paraphyletic,\" it has been proposed that <i>Phytophthora</i> evolutionary clades be split into multiple genera (Crous et al. 2021; Runge et al. 2011; Thines 2023, 2024). In this letter, we review arguments for the retention of the generic name <i>Phytophthora</i> with a broad circumscription made by Brasier et al. (2022) and by many delegates at an open workshop organized by The American Phytopathological Society. We present our well-considered responses to the genus splitting proposals, both in general terms and in terms of the specific proposals for new genera, alongside new information regarding the biological properties and mode of origin of the <i>Phytophthora</i> clades. We consider that the proposals are mostly non-rigorous and not supported by the scientific evidence. Further, given (i) the apparent lack of any distinguishing biological characteristics (synapomorphies) between the <i>Phytophthora</i> clades; (ii) the fundamental monophyly of <i>Phytophthora</i> in the original Haeckelian sense (Haeckel 1877); (iii) the fact that paraphyly is not a justification for taxonomic splitting; and (iv) the considerable likely damage to effective scientific communication and disease management from an unnecessary breakup of the genus, we report that workshop delegates voted unanimously in favor of preserving the current generic concept and for seeking endorsement of this view by a working group of the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.</p>","PeriodicalId":20410,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":"573-586"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tiny Invaders, Big Trouble: Emerging Nematode Threats in the United States.","authors":"Camelia Kantor, Marcella Teixeira, Mihail Kantor, Cynthia Gleason","doi":"10.1094/PHYTO-09-24-0290-IA","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PHYTO-09-24-0290-IA","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) cause billions of dollars in agricultural losses annually. In the United States, a well-established list of prevalent nematodes serves as a foundation for addressing known threats. However, climate change is expected to trigger significant shifts in nematode populations, behaviors, and host ranges, introducing new risks to agricultural ecosystems. Understanding how nematodes adapt to evolving environments is crucial for predicting their spread to new locations and hosts. Beyond the spread of current PPN populations, there is the ongoing threat of undetected or nonnative PPNs entering the United States, potentially causing severe damage to agriculture and forest ecosystems. Continuous surveillance is vital to track nematode spread, and advancements, such as machine learning for nematode detection and quantification, enhance diagnostic capabilities. Additionally, remote sensing combined with geographic information systems is emerging as a powerful tool for pest management, offering spatial analysis and real-time monitoring. In this review, we highlight a selection of PPN species, including those with currently limited geographic distribution but posing a significant threat if introduced to new environments. We list these nematodes based on their host range, potential economic impact, and current molecular diagnostic methods. We propose the \"emergence triangle\" to explore how abiotic stresses impact nematode adaptation and how nematologists use innovative technologies to enhance surveillance efforts. Although ongoing diagnostic and monitoring efforts provide valuable insights, continuous surveillance is essential to track nematode spread. Critical questions remain regarding the criteria used by government officials to classify and regulate nematodes and who guides decisions on prioritizing threats. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.</p>","PeriodicalId":20410,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":"587-595"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143441458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Quantitative Trait Locus on Chromosome 7D Derived from <i>Aegilops tauschii</i> Confers Moderate Field Resistance to Wheat Blast.","authors":"Xinyao He, Cong Li, Masahiro Kishii, Soichiro Asuke, Muhammad R Kabir, Krishna K Roy, Roberto Butron, Aakash Chawade, Yukio Tosa, Pawan K Singh","doi":"10.1094/PHYTO-01-25-0018-R","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PHYTO-01-25-0018-R","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wheat blast is a devastating disease in the tropical and subtropical regions of South America and has recently spread to Bangladesh and Zambia. Host resistance to this disease has primarily relied on the 2NS/2AS translocation, making it crucial to identify and utilize novel sources of resistance. In the current study, a recombinant inbred line population consisting of 345 BC₁F₄ progenies was generated, using the susceptible wheat genotype 'Gladius' as the female and recurrent parent and the resistant <i>Aegilops tauschii</i> line 'KU-2097' as the male parent. Field phenotyping was conducted at two locations in Bolivia and one in Bangladesh, each with two sowing dates, during the 2022/2023 or 2023 cropping cycles. Genotyping was performed using DArTseq technology. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping identified a major and consistent QTL on the long arm of chromosome 7D, designated as <i>Qwb.cim-7D</i>, which explained 7.7 to 50.6% of the phenotypic variation across different experiments. The DArTseq markers in the QTL region were converted to KASP markers, enabling the precise mapping of this QTL to a genomic region between 619.90 and 625.61 Mb, flanked by the KASP markers <i>K3222157</i> and <i>K1061589</i>. This novel QTL, along with its flanking markers, could be valuable for breeding programs targeting wheat blast resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":20410,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":"659-665"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143650003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opportunities and Challenges in Combining Optical Sensing and Epidemiological Modelling.","authors":"Alexey Mikaberidze, C D Cruz, Ayalsew Zerihun, Abel Barreto, Pieter Beck, Rocío Calderón, Carlos Camino, Rebecca E Campbell, Stephanie K L Delalieux, Frederic Fabre, Elin Falla, Stuart Fraser, Kaitlin M Gold, Carlos Gongora-Canul, Frédéric Hamelin, Dalphy O C Harteveld, Cheng-Fang Hong, Melen Leclerc, Da-Young Lee, Murillo Lobo, Anne-Katrin Mahlein, Emily McLay, Paul Melloy, Stephen Parnell, Uwe Rascher, Jack Rich, Irene Salotti, Samuel Soubeyrand, Susan Sprague, Antony Surano, Sandhya D Takooree, Thomas H Taylor, Suzanne Touzeau, Pablo J Zarco-Tejada, Nik J Cunniffe","doi":"10.1094/PHYTO-11-24-0359-FI","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-11-24-0359-FI","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant diseases impair yield and quality of crops and threaten the health of natural plant communities. Epidemiological models can predict disease and inform management. However, data are scarce, since traditional methods to measure plant diseases are resource intensive and this often limits model performance. Optical sensing offers a methodology to acquire detailed data on plant diseases across various spatial and temporal scales. Key technologies include multispectral, hyperspectral and thermal imaging, and light detection and ranging; the associated sensors can be installed on ground-based platforms, uncrewed aerial vehicles, aeroplanes and satellites. However, despite enormous potential for synergy, optical sensing and epidemiological modelling have rarely been integrated. To address this gap, we first review the state-of-the-art to develop a common language accessible to both research communities. We then explore the opportunities and challenges in combining optical sensing with epidemiological modelling. We discuss how optical sensing can inform epidemiological modelling by improving model selection and parameterisation and providing accurate maps of host plants. Epidemiological modelling can inform optical sensing by boosting measurement accuracy, improving data interpretation and optimising sensor deployment. We consider outstanding challenges in: A) identifying particular diseases; B) data availability, quality and resolution, C) linking optical sensing and epidemiological modelling, and D) emerging diseases. We conclude with recommendations to motivate and shape research and practice in both fields. Among other suggestions, we propose to standardise methods and protocols for optical sensing of plant health and develop open access databases including both optical sensing data and epidemiological models to foster cross-disciplinary work.</p>","PeriodicalId":20410,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144174664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Unconventionally Secreted Effector VmUSP1 Targets Apple Heat Shock Protein 70 to Promote Infection.","authors":"Chengli Wang, Tao Jiang, Meilian Li, Yonghui Lin, Ming Xu, Xuejing Wen, Daoyuan Zhang, Lili Huang","doi":"10.1094/PHYTO-12-24-0417-R","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-12-24-0417-R","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Apple Valsa Canker (AVC), caused by <i>Valsa mali</i>/<i>Cytospora mali</i>, is a highly destructive disease that leads to significant economic losses annually. Pathogens manipulate host immunity to facilitate colonization and infection through the secretion of effector proteins, which are typically identified based on the presence of signal peptides. However, unconventional secretory effector proteins have been neglected, and little is known about their protogenetic roles in virulence. In this study, we demonstrate that an unconventional secreted protein 1 (VmUSP1) not only inhibits BAX and INF1-induced cell death but also plays a crucial role in the complete virulence of <i>V. mali</i>. Furthermore, VmUSP1 lacks a typical signal peptide and exhibits characteristics of unconventional secretion. Through yeast two-hybrid (Y2H), bimolecular fluorescence (BiFC), and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays, we confirmed that VmUSP1 targets an apple (<i>Malus</i> × <i>domestica</i>) heat shock protein 70 (MdHSP70). MdHSP70 induces the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and callose, while significantly enhancing plant resistance against pathogens. Additionally, VmUSP1 greatly compromises the MdHSP70-mediated resistance of apple against <i>V. mali</i>. Overall, these findings elucidate a mechanism by which an unconventionally secreted effector from <i>V. mali</i> suppresses host resistance by interfering with MdHSP70-mediated immune responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":20410,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144161485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The PDZ Domain-Containing Protein Prc Is Involved in Virulence and Stress Tolerance in the Poplar Canker Bacterium <i>Lonsdalea populi</i>.","authors":"Zexu Ming, Ruirui Yang, Sha Zeng, Aining Li","doi":"10.1094/PHYTO-02-25-0066-R","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-02-25-0066-R","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Proteins harboring the PDZ domain are of utmost significance in the infection course of pathogenic bacteria as well as in the response to external environmental stresses. In this study, we demonstrated that the <i>Lonsdalea populi</i> genome encodes a set of five proteins with the PDZ domain. Through a systematic inactivation of the genes responsible for encoding PDZ proteins, we showed that all these genes are closely related to the virulence of <i>L. populi</i>. Notably, deletion of <i>prc</i> results in suppression of the growth of <i>L. populi</i> and enhanced susceptibility to a diverse array of environmental stressors such as hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), chloramphenicol, spectinomycin, and metal ions such as Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺. Since Prc contains four domains including TSPn, PDZ, PEP, and DUF, after separately knocking out the four domains within Prc, we have demonstrated that the TSPn, PDZ, and PEP domains within Prc are all essential components in the pathogenic process of <i>L. populi</i>. Moreover, Prc interacts with the membrane protein YccA. This interaction regulates the biofilm formation capacity and motility of <i>L. populi</i>, thus exerting an impact on its virulence. Together, these findings suggest that Prc is an important regulator of virulence and stress response in <i>L. populi</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":20410,"journal":{"name":"Phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144161409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}