Journal of Audiovisual Translation最新文献

{"title":"Sign Languages in Audiovisual Media","authors":"Ana Tamayo","doi":"10.47476/jat.v5i1.2022.167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47476/jat.v5i1.2022.167","url":null,"abstract":"Sign language (SL), sign language interpreting (SLI) and sign language translation (SLT) have often been overlooked in both theoretical and more practical approaches within Audiovisual Translation (AVT) studies. This is a theoretical contribution that aims at presenting a taxonomy for the classification of SL, SLI and SLT that might serve to encourage and develop descriptive accounts in the field. This objective is achieved through a review of previous literature on sign language, media accessibility and descriptive AVT studies. To this end, a brief introduction to how SLT and SLI are conducted in the area of audiovisual (AV) content will be presented. A short discussion from an AVT perspective on source languages (L1s), target languages (L2s) and third languages (L3s) will follow, including observations on the role of SLs in AV production, the stages at which SLs are implemented, and the possible translation modes for these languages. Reflections here will lead to the proposal of the first ever taxonomy for the analysis of those AVT modes which include the presence of SLs in AV content. Finally, conclusions will focus on the importance of fostering methodologically strong descriptive studies on SL translation and interpreting from an AVT perspective.\u0000 \u0000Lay summary\u0000Audiovisual Translation Studies and Sign Language Studies have been ever-growing research fields since the 1060’s and 70’s, but Audiovisual Translation Studies have systematically ignored Sign language, sign language interpreting and sign language translation. This article is hopes to contribute with a solid theoretical and methodological approach to Audiovisual Translation Studies to include the study of sign language in audiovisual content. Firstly, a review on previous literature on the related fields of study is conducted. Secondly, an introduction on how sign language translation and interpreting can be seen in TV and in other media is presented. Thirdly, a discussion from the Audiovisual Translation point of view on languages involved in audiovisual production is offered. All this leads to a classification for the analysis of sign language in the media that might serve to encourage descriptive studies. Finally, conclusions focus on the importance of more studies on how sign languages and their translation and interpreting is carried out in the media.","PeriodicalId":203332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Audiovisual Translation","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117133431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodological Preparation of a Within-Subject Audiovisual Cognition, Reception and Perception Study","authors":"Senne M. Van Hoecke, I. Schrijver, I. Robert","doi":"10.47476/jat.v5i1.2022.163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47476/jat.v5i1.2022.163","url":null,"abstract":"In the past decade, cognitive empirical AVT research has been on the rise. The majority of these studies are between-subject studies, focused on subtitles for the deaf and hard of hearing (SDH). The few experimental studies that are aimed at other audiences tend to have small sample sizes. Within-subject studies are rarely used in experimental AVT cognition, reception and perception research, although they can increase statistical power due to the repeated testing and shed light on the idiosyncratic nature of the matter. This paper pleads for the introduction of complementary within-subject designs by illustrating the contrasts between the within-subject and between-subject research design. Drawing from the broader spectrum of Translation Studies and the case of the Subtitles for Access to Education (S4AE) research project, this paper highlights obstacles in the preparation of a within-subject AVT cognition, reception and perception experiment and proposes a possible approach to prepare similar within-subject AVT studies.\u0000Lay summary\u0000In the past decade, experimental research into Audiovisual Translation (AVT), such as subtitles, has been on the rise. A common problem in this research, however, is a lack of participants. With fewer participants, the accuracy and generalizability of a study remains limited.\u0000To cope with this issue, this paper recommends the use of within-subject designs alongside the more common between-subject designs (mixed designs). A within-subject design study tests the same participants in multiple conditions and essentially collects more data per participant. Furthermore, as the same participant is tested multiple times, individual differences no longer play a role and different test conditions can be compared more easily. Currently, the use of within-subject or mixed designs is limited in AVT research.\u0000A within-subject study should be carefully prepared as a number of factors could influence the results. For example, participants could become tired after multiple tests or there could be an unwanted difference between the test conditions. This paper proposes a ten-step process to prepare a within-subject AVT study. This paper only discusses the first six steps, which deal with producing and comparing core materials for the study. The production and comparison of subtitles (AVT) will be discussed in a future article.","PeriodicalId":203332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Audiovisual Translation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130095013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subtitles as a Tool to Boost Language Learning and Intercultural Awareness?","authors":"Sharyn Black","doi":"10.47476/jat.v5i1.2022.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47476/jat.v5i1.2022.157","url":null,"abstract":"There is growing concern about the steep decline in language learning in the UK over the last 20 years. A simple, inexpensive way to boost children’s learning of other languages in the UK and indeed in other countries could be to increase their exposure to subtitled audiovisual (AV) content in other languages. There is considerable evidence that subtitled AV content can aid children’s acquisition of other languages, enhance their literacy skills, and foster intercultural awareness. However, little attention seems to have been paid thus far to eliciting the opinions and experiences of children themselves of watching subtitled films and television programmes in other languages. This study aims to contribute to filling the gap. A cohort of 17 children aged 8-9 years took part in interviews and participatory workshops and shared their views and experiences of viewing AV content with interlingual subtitles. Although the sample size is small, the findings of this study support the proposal of providing children with greater access to subtitled AV content in other languages, since the children’s responses to the idea were overwhelmingly positive, and many felt that this would help them to learn languages and about other cultures in a fun way.\u0000 \u0000Lay summary\u0000In the UK, the number of children and young people studying languages has fallen sharply over the last 20 years. This is causing a lot of concern, because learning other languages is very beneficial, especially for children and young people. Studying languages can improve their communication skills and open up other cultures and job opportunities to them. Language skills are also important for inclusion and wellbeing in our increasingly multilingual societies and for international relations and trade.\u0000Many studies have shown that watching videos in other languages with subtitles can boost children’s language learning and help them learn to read in their home language. But few researchers have asked children themselves about their opinions on reading subtitles.\u0000To help fill this gap, I held interviews and workshops with 17 children aged 8–9 years about their views and experiences of watching subtitled videos in other languages. Their answers were very positive. Many felt it helps them learn languages and about other cultures in a fun way. As a result, I have concluded that a cheap, simple way we can help children to learn other languages is by making it easier for them to watch more TV programmes and films in other languages with subtitles.","PeriodicalId":203332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Audiovisual Translation","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123273314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Specialised Vocabulary in Subtitling Science Documentaries","authors":"Theodoros Vyzas","doi":"10.47476/jat.v5i1.2022.152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47476/jat.v5i1.2022.152","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes an exploratory study which tries to shed light on audiovisual translation considered as specialised translation through two English language health-themed documentaries with Greek subtitles. The aim is to highlight the way English specialised vocabulary is translated into Greek.\u0000After a brief overview of the main aspects of interlingual subtitling and the general features of documentaries, the focus moves onto the translation of science documentaries as specialised texts. The methodology is based first on the formal characteristics of the specialised vocabulary identified, and second on a translation strategies model by means of which the translation of the specialised vocabulary is studied. The findings are discussed with emphasis on the specifics of the equivalences provided, in order to proceed to an overall account of the translation.\u0000Lay Summary\u0000Science documentaries make scientific subjects accessible to the general public. They popularise knowledge, so viewers can watch a film easy to understand. However, information on scientific matters is offered to the viewers mostly by means of specialised vocabulary. Things become more complicated when a documentary is on television in a country where people do not speak the language of the film. In such cases, subtitlers create subtitles used in order to make easier for local viewers to understand the scientific information presented in another language.\u0000Although subtitling is widespread all around the world, studies have only focused on subtitling in television series and cinema films. Moreover, researchers have shown little interest in translation of science documentaries from English into Greek. As my mother tongue is Greek, I wanted to study the way that the English specialised vocabulary in such films was translated into Greek.\u0000For this purpose, I studied all kinds of specialised words -medical, economic, legal and administrative terms- that were contained in two English-speaking documentaries investigating health issues. I must point out that subtitlers are hardly ever specialists in the scientific field of the documentaries they translate. By using a specific translation model, I found out that subtitlers had used various ways for the translation of English terms. What is interesting is that even when terms were translated into Greek by means of non-specialised words, the scientific content of both films was transferred into the subtitles, offering a readily comprehensible product without any loss of information.","PeriodicalId":203332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Audiovisual Translation","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134197767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overcoming Linguacultural Barriers in Screen Translation","authors":"S. Monti","doi":"10.47476/jat.v5i1.2022.153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47476/jat.v5i1.2022.153","url":null,"abstract":"The multilingual discourse practices distinctive of contemporary multicultural societies have assumed an increasingly prominent position in contemporary European and American multicultural films (cf. Bleichenbacher, 2008; Berghahn & Sternberg, 2010; Jacobsson, 2017), where code-switching (cf. Myers-Scotton, 1993; Auer, 1998; Gardner-Chloros, 2009; Bathia & Ritchie, 2014) stands out as a key conversational strategy when interethnic encounters are at stake. This ties issues of on-screen multilingualism to the field of audiovisual translation (cf. Corrius & Zabalbeascoa, 2011, 2019; Şerban, 2012; Zabalbeascoa & Voellmer, 2014; de Higes Andino, 2014), intended as a key vehicle of intercultural/interlinguistic mediation. This paper aims at looking contrastively and diachronically at how code-switching, implying the recurrent on-screen presence of L3s, has been dealt with in the original version and in the Italian dubbed versions of twenty European and American multicultural/multilingual films, belonging to different genres and released within a time span covering three decades, where interracial relationships are at centre stage; the main objective of this study is to verify whether specific translation, or non-translation, strategies are applied to the instances of language alternation either to faithfully re-create the original linguistic interplay for the Italian audience or to manipulate it in dubbing.\u0000Lay summary\u0000The multilingual discourse practices distinctive of contemporary multicultural societies have assumed an increasingly prominent position also in contemporary European and American multicultural films, where the alternation of different languages by bilingual/multilingual characters stands out as a key conversational strategy when interethnic encounters and cross-cultural romance are at stake. On-screen multilingualism thus results to be strictly tied to the field of audiovisual translation, nowadays intended as a crucial vehicle of intercultural/interlinguistic mediation worldwide. This paper aims at analyzing how different language alternation practices have been dealt with in the original version and in the Italian dubbed versions of twenty European and American multicultural/multilingual films, belonging to different genres and released within a time span of thirty years, where interracial relationships and love-stories are at centre stage. The main objective of this study is indeed to verify whether specific translation, or non-translation, strategies are applied to the instances of language alternation enacted throughout the film dialogues, either to faithfully re-create the original linguistic interplay for the Italian audience or to manipulate it through dubbing. All this primarily aims at pointing out what can be achieved by screen translation in terms of transcultural and translingual transmission, mediation and re-mediation when cross-cultural relations are at stake and at highlighting a series of translation (or non-translatio","PeriodicalId":203332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Audiovisual Translation","volume":"137 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120888440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subtitling, Semiotics and Spirited Away","authors":"Lisa Sanders","doi":"10.47476/jat.v5i1.2022.112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47476/jat.v5i1.2022.112","url":null,"abstract":"When translating a film according to typical subtitling models, the focus is usually solely on the dialogue of the film. Furthermore, the resulting translations are often impoverished to a large extent due to the constraints of the medium. The combined effects of this result in a significant loss of equivalence between the subtitles and the original linguistic and extralinguistic information. A potential method of preventing this loss is the application of a semiotic model for translation during the subtitling process. To this end, an existing model for the semiotranslation of film was enhanced and applied to the subtitling of the wildly popular Japanese animated film Spirited Away (2001). The resulting subtitles were evaluated for equivalence with the source text (ST) against the existing subtitle track that was distributed on a DVD release of the film. It was found that much more information, both from dialogue and on-screen extralinguistic content, could be conveyed by the semiotic subtitles than those created following more traditional subtitling norms.\u0000Lay summary\u0000When subtitles are created for films, the translators usually focus only on the dialogue that is spoken. Subtitles also often tend to have missing information, and are not written word-by-word. This is due to the rules for subtitles regarding their length and how long they are allowed to remain on-screen. Because of the information that is left out, the translations can sometimes be inaccurate. Subtitles also often ignore other aspects of a film, such as symbolic details in the visuals as well as in the choice of certain words over others. In order to try to prevent the loss of these details, this article explores a way of translating films through examining and analysing the signs and symbols that are represented in the film, especially in the dialogue. This method was applied to the popular Japanese animated film Spirited Away (2001), and subtitles created according to it were compared with the subtitles that are available on a DVD of the film. The comparison shows that it is possible to explain more of the missing information by translating with a focus on the symbols used in the film instead of trying to rely only on a straightforward translation of the dialogue.","PeriodicalId":203332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Audiovisual Translation","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127528484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Audiovisual Translation at the Service of the EU Public Communication 2.0","authors":"Alessandro Maestri","doi":"10.47476/jat.v4i3.2021.186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47476/jat.v4i3.2021.186","url":null,"abstract":"Communication is becoming more and more (audio)visual, social and mobile. This is true not only of the entertainment industry but also of commercial advertising and institutional public communication. Consequently, the audiovisual translation industry is flourishing. Although a growing array of products outside the field of entertainment are being localised and/or made accessible, they have received scant attention so far, whether in academic or professional circles. This is notably the case of the institutional video subgenre.\u0000This practice report will first address the importance of using increasingly multilingual and multimodal audiovisual products in EU external communication – a tool for reaching out to more citizens on social media and boosting their active participation at a time when populism and Euroscepticism are on the rise. The focus will then shift to the audiovisual communication of the Council of the EU. Through a case study which aims to investigate the internal localisation in all EU official languages of the “#Europeans” series of videos – produced for the 2019 EU elections – the rest of the paper will then outline the main features of the institutional audiovisual translation subgenre. It will also identify some opportunities for improvement: a more integrated and interdisciplinary approach which – together with reinforced collaboration with academia – could lead to a real multilingual creative process right from the initial steps of the audiovisual production process.","PeriodicalId":203332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Audiovisual Translation","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121532085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automation in the Intralingual Subtitling Process","authors":"K. Vitikainen, Maarit Koponen","doi":"10.47476/jat.v4i3.2021.197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47476/jat.v4i3.2021.197","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for intralingual subtitles for television and video content is increasing. In Finland, major broadcasting companies are required to provide intralingual subtitles for all or a portion of their programming in Finnish and Swedish, excluding certain live events. To meet this need, technology could offer solutions in the form of automatic speech recognition and subtitle generation. Although fully automatic subtitles may not be of sufficient quality to be accepted by the target audience, they can be a useful tool for the subtitler. This article presents research conducted as part of the MeMAD project, where automatically generated subtitles for Finnish were tested in professional workflows with four subtitlers. We discuss observations regarding the effect of automation on productivity based on experiments where participants subtitled short video clips from scratch, by respeaking and by post-editing automatically generated subtitles, as well as the subtitlers’ experience based on feedback collected with questionnaires and interviews.\u0000Lay summary\u0000This article discusses how technology can help create subtitles for television programmes and videos. Subtitles in the same language as the content help the Deaf and the hard-of-hearing to access television programmes and videos. They are also useful for example for language learning or watching videos in noisy places. Demand for subtitles is growing and many countries also have laws that demand same-language subtitles. For example, major broadcasters in Finland must offer same-language subtitles for some programmes in Finnish and Swedish. However, broadcasters usually have limited time and money for subtitling. One useful tool could be speech recognition technology, which automatically converts speech to text. Subtitles made with speech recognition alone are not good enough yet, and need to be edited. We used speech recognition to automatically produce same-language subtitles in Finnish. Four professional subtitlers edited them to create subtitles for short videos. We measured the time and the number of keystrokes they needed for this task and compared whether this made subtitling faster. We also asked how the participants felt about using automatic subtitles in their work. This study shows that speech recognition can be a useful tool for subtitlers, but the quality and usability of technology are important.","PeriodicalId":203332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Audiovisual Translation","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123887633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights From Mental Model Theory and Cognitive Narratology as a Tool for Content Selection in Audio Description","authors":"Gert Vercauteren","doi":"10.47476/jat.v4i3.2021.191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47476/jat.v4i3.2021.191","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main questions in audio description (AD) to which no systematic answers have been provided yet, is how to decide what information you include in your description and – if there is not enough time to describe everything – how you prioritize that information. In the present paper I want to propose an answer to this problem by asking the question: how do audiences process (filmic) stories and what information do they need to process them? The basic idea underlying this question is that people process and interpret stories by creating mental models (Johnson-Laird, 1983) of these stories. The paper explains how these models are created, what information is necessary to create them and what is optional, thus helping describers to decide what information in their description is “need-to-have” and what is “nice-to-have”. The theoretical explanation will be applied to the opening of the film Slumdog millionaire (Boyle, 2008), to illustrate how the theory works and can be used in daily practice.\u0000Lay summary\u0000Audio description (AD) for film is a service for people with sight loss that weaves a verbal description of visual elements and unclear sound effects they do not have access to, between the dialogues of the original production. Since this description cannot interfere with the dialogues, there often is very little time for AD and describers will have to decide what to include and what to leave out of their descriptions. In this article, I present a way to tackle this problem, based on the basic idea that films generally tell stories and that the audio description should allow the target audience to recreate that story in their minds. More specifically I focus on two questions, namely a) how do audiences mentally recreate stories and b) what elements do they need to do so. Insights into these two questions will show audio describers what information the target audience needs to recreate the story told in the film, and hence will help them to decide what information they really need to include in their AD. After a theoretical exploration of these two questions, the approach will be illustrated by means of a concrete example, taken from the film Slumdog millionaire (Boyle, 2008).","PeriodicalId":203332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Audiovisual Translation","volume":"332 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114709124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sharing Knowledge Between Academia and The Industry","authors":"T. Tuominen, H. Silvester","doi":"10.47476/jat.v4i3.2021.231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47476/jat.v4i3.2021.231","url":null,"abstract":"Audiovisual translation and accessibility research have huge potential to transform and improve the work of practitioners in these areas. However, research publications are not necessarily designed to address the practical implications of research, or to be accessible to practitioners outside academia. This special issue is for practitioners, and it aims to demonstrate how research can be useful to them. The research projects presented in the articles serve practical purposes in a variety of ways, from proposing analytical models to aid in selecting translation strategies, to exploring developments in working practices. Vibrant collaboration between all stakeholders in AVT and accessibility could bring benefits to both research and practice. This introduction discusses some of the challenges involved in making such exchanges happen and examines how those challenges could be overcome.","PeriodicalId":203332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Audiovisual Translation","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129488097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}