Polymer Journal最新文献

{"title":"New strain Cupriavidus necator B-15081—a producer of single-cell protein and degradable polyhydroxyalkanoates on waste fish oil","authors":"Natalia Zhila, Kristina Sapozhnikova, Evgeniy Kiselev, Anzhelika Kolmakova, Tatiana Volova","doi":"10.1038/s41428-026-01178-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41428-026-01178-1","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the results of the synthesis of biological macromolecules, namely, single-cell protein (SCP) and degradable polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), by a new strain of Cupriavidus necator B-15081 with high lipase activity on waste fish oil (WFO). Bacteria were cultivated in flasks on medium containing 20.0 g/L WFO obtained from Sprattus sprattus and Scomber scombrus waste under different concentrations of the nitrogen source (urea) to modify the C/N ratio in the medium and the direction of constructive cell metabolism. On a medium with a urea concentration of 1.5 g/L, the bacterial biomass concentration reached 7.2 ± 0.3 g/L, the intracellular protein content was 50.7%, and the amino acid composition was complete with a full set of amino acids, including essential ones. In a slowly growing culture under nitrogen deficiency, the total biomass concentration reached 12.0 ± 0.9 g/L, and the intracellular content of PHAs was 86.4 ± 5.9%. Bacteria synthesized P(3HB) homopolymers that exhibited a reduced degree of crystallinity (49–50%). Moreover, the completeness of WFO use by bacteria exceeded 80%. According to the studied parameters, the strain C. necator B-15081 is a promising producer of target products on a new renewable substrate. A new wild-type strain of Cupriavidus necator B-15081 with high lipase activity was cultivated in flasks on medium containing waste fish oil (WFO) obtained from Sprattus sprattus and Scomber scombrus waste. When bacteria were cultivated in a complete nutrient medium, bacteria accumulated up to 60.0% of protein, characterized by a complete amino acid profile. When bacteria were cultivated under nitrogen deficiency, a high content of biopolymer (polyhydroxyalkanoates, PHAs) was obtained.","PeriodicalId":20302,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Journal","volume":"58 8","pages":"943-953"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148667576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of electrically conductive cellulose nanofiber scaffolds with Ag nanoparticles via post-reduction","authors":"Hiroshi Eguchi, Misato Itoi, Kenji Nagata","doi":"10.1038/s41428-026-01177-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41428-026-01177-2","url":null,"abstract":"Although a wide variety of functional materials based on cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) have been developed, fabricating CNF/nanoparticle hybrid materials remains challenging because nanoparticles readily aggregate into large clusters. In this study, we report the fabrication of CNF scaffolds decorated with Ag nanoparticles via a post-reduction strategy that suppresses nanoparticle aggregation during the reduction process. CNF gels were fabricated by combining freeze-casting and freeze-crosslinking of an aqueous CNF dispersion, resulting in CNF-networked structures whose morphology was controlled by the freezing conditions. Unidirectionally and radially aligned CNF-networked gels exhibited characteristic mechanical properties corresponding to their orientation. Ag+ cations were subsequently incorporated into the CNF networks, and freeze-drying yielded Ag+-loaded CNF scaffolds as precursors for electrically conductive porous materials. Thermal reduction of these precursors successfully produced electrically conductive CNF scaffolds with Ag nanoparticles in a well-dispersed state. In contrast, severe nanoparticle aggregation was observed when Ag+ cations were reduced with ascorbic acid under wet conditions prior to freeze-drying. This post-reduction strategy effectively suppressed Ag nanoparticle aggregation, leading to well-dispersed CNF/Ag-networked structures and significantly improved electrical conductivity. In this study, the fabrication of electrically conductive cellulose nanofiber (CNF) scaffolds containing highly dispersed Ag nanoparticles is reported. To preserve the dispersed state of the Ag species, a post-reduction technique was employed to prepare the CNF/Ag scaffolds. As a result, Ag nanoparticles effectively formed electrically conductive pathways throughout the CNF scaffolds. In addition, the combination of freeze-drying and freeze-crosslinking enabled control of the pore structures at the micrometer scale. These results provide a fabrication methodology for CNF-based composite scaffolds.","PeriodicalId":20302,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Journal","volume":"58 8","pages":"911-918"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41428-026-01177-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148667619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of electrically conductive cellulose nanofiber scaffolds with Ag nanoparticles via post-reduction","authors":"Hiroshi Eguchi, Misato Itoi, Kenji Nagata","doi":"10.1038/s41428-026-01177-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41428-026-01177-2","url":null,"abstract":"Although a wide variety of functional materials based on cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) have been developed, fabricating CNF/nanoparticle hybrid materials remains challenging because nanoparticles readily aggregate into large clusters. In this study, we report the fabrication of CNF scaffolds decorated with Ag nanoparticles via a post-reduction strategy that suppresses nanoparticle aggregation during the reduction process. CNF gels were fabricated by combining freeze-casting and freeze-crosslinking of an aqueous CNF dispersion, resulting in CNF-networked structures whose morphology was controlled by the freezing conditions. Unidirectionally and radially aligned CNF-networked gels exhibited characteristic mechanical properties corresponding to their orientation. Ag+ cations were subsequently incorporated into the CNF networks, and freeze-drying yielded Ag+-loaded CNF scaffolds as precursors for electrically conductive porous materials. Thermal reduction of these precursors successfully produced electrically conductive CNF scaffolds with Ag nanoparticles in a well-dispersed state. In contrast, severe nanoparticle aggregation was observed when Ag+ cations were reduced with ascorbic acid under wet conditions prior to freeze-drying. This post-reduction strategy effectively suppressed Ag nanoparticle aggregation, leading to well-dispersed CNF/Ag-networked structures and significantly improved electrical conductivity. In this study, the fabrication of electrically conductive cellulose nanofiber (CNF) scaffolds containing highly dispersed Ag nanoparticles is reported. To preserve the dispersed state of the Ag species, a post-reduction technique was employed to prepare the CNF/Ag scaffolds. As a result, Ag nanoparticles effectively formed electrically conductive pathways throughout the CNF scaffolds. In addition, the combination of freeze-drying and freeze-crosslinking enabled control of the pore structures at the micrometer scale. These results provide a fabrication methodology for CNF-based composite scaffolds.","PeriodicalId":20302,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Journal","volume":"58 8","pages":"911-918"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41428-026-01177-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148667574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"External control of photocleavage reactivity in polymer networks to reconcile photodegradability and photostability","authors":"Hiroshi Masai","doi":"10.1038/s41428-026-01165-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41428-026-01165-6","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to the high spatiotemporal resolution of light, photocontrol has attracted considerable interest in the field of polymer science. Consequently, various photoreactive moieties that undergo bond cleavage or structural transformations upon light irradiation have been developed to achieve excellent photocontrollability. However, highly photoresponsive materials are intrinsically unstable under light exposure, thus restricting long-term use and resulting in a fundamental trade-off between photoreactivity and photostability. This Focus Review summarizes our recent strategies to address this trade-off, focusing on cooperative reactions induced by combined light and acid stimuli and controllable photoreactivity based on reversible intramolecular isomerization. By examining the reactivity of small molecules and incorporating them as crosslinks in polymer network materials, on-demand control over photoreactivity and photostability can be achieved. These polymer systems show significant promise for diverse functional applications, including light-induced degradation and processing, and are even suitable for light-irradiated environments. This review summarizes our recent strategies for controlling the photostability and photoreactivity of polymer materials. Beyond conventional photoreactive polymers, we have developed polymer systems that exhibit cooperative reactions triggered by combined light and acid stimuli, as well as tunable photoreactivity based on reversible intramolecular isomerization. These systems show significant promise for a wide range of functional applications, including light-induced degradation and processing, and are even suitable for use in light-irradiated environments.","PeriodicalId":20302,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Journal","volume":"58 7","pages":"735-745"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41428-026-01165-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148387072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tikhonov regularization-based reconstruction of partial scattering functions obtained from contrast variation small-angle neutron scattering","authors":"Manabu Machida, Koichi Mayumi","doi":"10.1038/s41428-026-01166-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41428-026-01166-5","url":null,"abstract":"Contrast variation small-angle neutron scattering (CV-SANS) has been widely employed for conducting nano structural analyses of multicomponent systems. In CV-SANS experiments, the scattering intensities of samples with different scattering contrasts are decomposed into partial scattering functions that correspond to the structure of each component and the cross-correlations between different components via singular value decomposition (SVD). However, the estimation of partial scattering functions with small absolute values often suffers from instability due to the significant differences among the singular values. In this paper, we propose a remedy for this instability by introducing Tikhonov regularization, which ensures a more stable reconstruction of the partial scattering functions. We considered the reconstruction of partial scattering functions from scattering intensities of samples with different scattering contrasts in contrast variation small-angle neutron scattering (CV-SANS). We introduced Tikhonov regularization when solving the inverse problem with singular value decomposition (SVD). The regularization has the effect of discarding small singular values. With this procedure, scattering in reconstructed data points plotted against the magnitude of the scattering vector particularly for points with small values was suppressed and smooth curves were obtained. This helps nano-structural analysis of multicomponent systems.","PeriodicalId":20302,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Journal","volume":"58 7","pages":"759-769"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41428-026-01166-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148387067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphology of poly(ether ether ketone)/poly(ether imide) blends and their application as a matrix for carbon fiber-reinforced plastic","authors":"Yusaku Oba, Hideyuki Uematsu, Ayaka Yamaguchi, Fumihiro Nishimura, Shuichi Tanoue","doi":"10.1038/s41428-026-01162-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41428-026-01162-9","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to develop composite materials that combine high chemical resistance with superior thermal stability by blending poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK), known for its chemical resistance, and poly(ether imide) (PEI), recognized for its heat resistance. The interfacial adhesion between carbon fibers (CFs) and PEEK/PEI blends was systematically investigated from the perspective of the blend morphology. Compared with that between PEEK and CFs, the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) between PEI and CFs was greater, and the IFSS of the PEEK/CF composites increased with increasing PEI content. At 50 wt% PEI, the IFSS became nearly equivalent to that of the PEI/CF composite. The distribution of PEI and PEEK near the CFs in the PEEK/PEI (50/50) matrix was examined using micro-Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed a submicron-sized PEI-rich region near the CF surface. While PEI was completely soluble in chloroform, the solubility of the PEEK/PEI (50/50) blend was limited to 13%, indicating enhanced chemical resistance due to PEEK incorporation. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of PEEK also increased with the addition of PEI. These findings demonstrate that submicron-scale heterogeneous structures in PEEK/PEI blends enhance thermal and chemical resistance and interfacial adhesion between the matrix and the CFs. The dispersion state of PEEK and PEI in carbon fiber-reinforced composites with a PEEK/PEI blend matrix was investigated using micro-Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed a continuous coexistence, on a submicron scale, of crystalline PEEK, amorphous PEEK compatible with PEI, and isolated PEI domains near the carbon fiber surface. This submicron-scale morphology accounts for the enhancement of both the glass transition temperature of PEEK and the interfacial shear strength with carbon fiber upon blending PEI with PEEK.","PeriodicalId":20302,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Journal","volume":"58 7","pages":"779-789"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41428-026-01162-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148387071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Special issue: Biocompatible polymers: fundamentals and applications","authors":"Chie Kojima, Ayae Sugawara-Narutaki, Takeshi Serizawa, Keiji Tanaka","doi":"10.1038/s41428-025-01137-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41428-025-01137-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20302,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Journal","volume":"58 4","pages":"301-302"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41428-025-01137-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147618180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of natural rheological modifiers on O/W emulsions: rheological and low-field NMR study","authors":"Qianjie Zhang, Junli Xie, Xiaofang Zhou, Yaping Wang, Hang Ruan, Wanping Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s41428-026-01164-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41428-026-01164-7","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the mechanisms by which natural rheological modifiers influence the emulsification of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were investigated. Under different zero-shear viscosity gradients, the rheological properties, aqueous phase microstructure, and emulsification performance were examined. Rheological tests revealed that the shear-thinning behavior of xanthan gum and sodium hyaluronate reduced the emulsion viscosity during homogenization, facilitating droplet dispersion. Both xanthan gum and sodium hyaluronate maintained a stable viscosity during heating, demonstrating excellent thermal stability and supporting stable network formation during emulsification. Owing to its weak thickening capacity, λ-carrageenan required high addition concentrations at equivalent viscosity gradients, which hindered effective droplet dispersion. LF-NMR analysis indicated that xanthan gum had the highest bound water content, suggesting strong hydrogen bonding. Zeta potential measurements revealed that xanthan gum possessed the greatest negative charge, which promoted molecular chain extension. Emulsification analysis demonstrated that both xanthan gum and sodium hyaluronate improved the emulsification performance. The emulsification effect increased with increasing xanthan gum concentration, whereas it decreased with increasing sodium hyaluronate concentration. λ-carrageenan reduced emulsification effectiveness. This study revealed that xanthan gum improves emulsion stability through synergistic mechanisms involving hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic association, and electrostatic repulsion, which strengthen interfacial films and promote three-dimensional network formation. The molecular structure of natural rheological modifiers determines their network conformation, which mediates intermolecular interactions with emulsifiers and governs the arrangement of both components at the oil-water interface, thereby influencing emulsification performance. This thickening behavior, dictated by molecular conformation, also regulates the migration rate of emulsifiers to the interface. Furthermore, this study utilized rheological simulations to replicate the thermodynamic and kinetic conditions inherent in the emulsification process. Under a consistent set of simulation parameters, the influence of variations in modifier network conformation on the resulting droplet size distribution was systematically investigated.","PeriodicalId":20302,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Journal","volume":"58 7","pages":"791-803"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148387068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of decanoyl group modification and 4S-PEG molecular weight on the physicochemical and biological properties of Alaska pollock gelatin tissue adhesives","authors":"Riku Yamamoto, Shiharu Watanabe, Hiyori Komatsu, Satsuki Minamisakamoto, Takashi Tomita, Tetsushi Taguchi","doi":"10.1038/s41428-026-01161-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41428-026-01161-w","url":null,"abstract":"Tissue adhesives are widely used for postoperative wound closure and sealing. However, challenges remain regarding adhesive strength, swelling behavior, and biocompatibility. We previously developed tissue adhesives composed of hydrophobically-modified Alaska pollock gelatin and pentaerythritol poly(ethylene glycol) ether tetrasuccinimidyl glutarate (4S-PEG), which demonstrated excellent adhesive strength and biocompatibility. However, the effects of adhesive parameters, such as the molecular weight of 4S-PEG and the degree of hydrophobic modification, on the adhesive characteristics have not yet been determined. In this study, we investigated the effects of the 4S-PEG molecular weight and degree of decanoyl modification on the physicochemical and biological properties of C10-ApGltn/4S-PEG adhesive, including swelling behavior, mechanical strength, burst strength, and biocompatibility. The swelling ratio, tensile strength, and tensile strain of the hydrogels increased with increasing 4S-PEG molecular weight. In contrast, the burst strength increased up to 23 mol% and then decreased. 23C10-ApGltn/4S-PEG10k exhibited biodegradability without inducing severe inflammation and demonstrated excellent physicochemical and biological properties, indicating its suitability for cardiovascular applications. Schematic illustration of tissue adhesives composed of decanoyl group-modified Alaska pollock gelatin (C10-ApGltn) and pentaerythritol poly(ethylene glycol) ether tetrasuccinimidyl glutarate (4S-PEG), and the effects of 4S-PEG molecular weight and decanoyl group modification on its physico-chemical and biological properties. The 23C10-ApGltn/4S-PEG10k adhesive showed controlled swelling, high burst strength, biodegradability, and good biocompatibility without severe inflammation, indicating its potential for cardiovascular applications.","PeriodicalId":20302,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Journal","volume":"58 7","pages":"805-815"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41428-026-01161-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148387070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the influence of polymer spin-casting parameters on polymer thin films via experiments and numerical simulations","authors":"Emika Iino, Toshiaki Ougizawa","doi":"10.1038/s41428-026-01157-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41428-026-01157-6","url":null,"abstract":"Spin-casting is a widely used technique for fabricating uniform polymer thin films; however, the final film thickness is highly sensitive to processing parameters such as acceleration and polymer solution concentration. Here, we systematically investigate these effects through experiments and numerical simulations. A critical acceleration threshold is identified, below which the final thickness deviates markedly from conventional trends because of an “acceleration effect.” This effect arises from insufficient solvent spreading during the initial acceleration stage, resulting in residual film thickening. It becomes particularly pronounced at high spinning speeds, low polymer concentrations, low molecular weights, and under rapid solvent evaporation, when centrifugal thinning is suppressed, and evaporation dominates the thickness evolution. We further show that increasing the polymer concentration or molecular weight leads to a nonlinear increase in film thickness, which is attributed to enhanced chain entanglements and a rapid increase in solution viscosity that hinders hydrodynamic thinning and alters the evaporation profile. To rationalize these observations, we develop an improved mathematical model that incorporates time-dependent viscosity and concentration changes associated with solvent evaporation and polymer diffusion. The model successfully reproduces the observed nonlinearities and transition thresholds, providing a deeper mechanistic insight into thickness formation during spin-casting. Spin-cast polymer film formation is a nonequilibrium process controlled by competing hydrodynamic flow and solvent evaporation. By incorporating time-dependent viscosity into a spin-casting model, we identify a crossover point where hydrodynamic thinning becomes negligible. The film thickness at this crossover serves as a robust indicator of the final dried thickness, providing a unified physical framework for understanding process–structure relationships in polymer thin films.","PeriodicalId":20302,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Journal","volume":"58 7","pages":"817-826"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41428-026-01157-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148387074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}