Plant Diversity最新文献

{"title":"Evidence of the oldest extant vascular plant (horsetails) from the Indian Cenozoic","authors":"Sampa Kundu ,&nbsp;Taposhi Hazra ,&nbsp;Tapan Chakraborty ,&nbsp;Subir Bera ,&nbsp;Mahasin Ali Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.pld.2023.01.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2023.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Equisetum</em> (Equisetaceae) has long been a focus of attention for botanists and palaeontologists because, given its extensive and well-documented fossil record, it is considered the oldest extant vascular plant and a key element in understanding vascular plant evolution. However, to date, no authentic fossil evidence of <em>Equisetum</em> has been found from the Indian Cenozoic. Here, we describe a new fossil species<em>,</em> namely, <em>E. siwalikum</em> sp. nov., recovered from the middle Siwalik (Late Miocene) sediments of Himachal Pradesh, western Himalaya. We identified fossil specimens based on morphological and epidermal characters. In addition, X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to determine the mineral composition of compressed stems of <em>Equisetum</em>. The close affinity of our recovered Siwalik fossils to <em>Equisetum</em> is supported by the presence of both macromorphological and epidermal characters. Because <em>Equisetum</em> generally grows in wet conditions around water reservoirs, our findings indicate that the fossil locality was humid and surrounded by swamp and lowland regions during deposition. Ample fossil evidence indicates that this sphenopsid once existed in the western Himalaya during the Siwalik period. However, at present <em>Equisetum</em> is confined to a particular area of our fossil locality, probably a consequence of severe environmental changes coupled with competition from opportunistic angiosperms. Our discovery of <em>Equisetum</em> fossils in appreciable numbers from the Siwalik sediments of the Himachal Himalayas is unique and constitutes the first reliable recognition of <em>Equisetum</em> from the Indian Cenozoic.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20224,"journal":{"name":"Plant Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49810902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is intraspecific trait differentiation in Parthenium hysterophorus a consequence of hereditary factors and/or phenotypic plasticity?","authors":"Amarpreet Kaur ,&nbsp;Shalinder Kaur ,&nbsp;Harminder Pal Singh ,&nbsp;Daizy R. Batish","doi":"10.1016/j.pld.2022.09.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2022.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Of the various strategies adopted by an invasive plant species for expanding its niche breadth, phenotypic differentiation (either due to plasticity and/or adaptive evolution) is proven to be the most successful. Lately, we studied the persistence of substantial morpho-functional variations within the individuals of alien invasive plant, <em>Parthenium hysterophorus</em> in Chandigarh, India, through field surveys. Based on observed differences, the individuals were categorized into two morphotypes, P_A and P_B. P_A had higher leaf area, leaf biomass, and chlorophyll content as compared with P_B. However, P_B had a higher stem circumference, stem specific density, twig dry matter content, profuse branching, bigger canopy, and better reproductive output than P_A. To substantiate the persistence of intraspecific variations in <em>P</em>. <em>hysterophorus</em> and to deduce the possible genesis of these variations, we propagated both the morphotypes under experimental conditions in winter and summer. Apart from the key morpho-functional differences observed during the field studies, protein and carbohydrate metabolism were studied in leaves and roots of the propagated plants. Differences in plant metabolism were observed only during the early growth period, whereas the morpho-functional traits varied in the mature flowering plants. The effect of growth season was highly significant on all the studied morpho-functional and biochemical parameters (<em>p</em> ≤ 0.05). Parent morphotypes (P) and interactions between morphotypes and seasons significantly affected several growth parameters (<em>p</em> ≤ 0.05). The analyses revealed that the contrasting growth conditions at the time of transplantation and early growth may regulate the phenotype of <em>P</em>. <em>hysterophorus</em>. The pattern of intraspecific variations observed during the study is justified to consider morphotype P_A as winter biotype and morphotype P_B as summer biotype of <em>P</em>. <em>hysterophorus</em>. The study points towards the role of plasticity or a combination of genetic and environmental (G × E) factors in producing the phenotypic variability observed in the population of <em>P</em>. <em>hysterophorus</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20224,"journal":{"name":"Plant Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49853231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Convergent relationships between flower economics and hydraulic traits across aquatic and terrestrial herbaceous plants","authors":"Yan Ke ,&nbsp;Feng-Ping Zhang ,&nbsp;Yun-Bing Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei Li ,&nbsp;Qin Wang ,&nbsp;Da Yang ,&nbsp;Jiao-Lin Zhang ,&nbsp;Kun-Fang Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.pld.2023.01.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2023.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Maintaining open flowers is critical for successful pollination and depends on long-term water and carbon balance. Yet the relationship between how flower hydraulic traits are coordinated in different habitats is poorly understood. Here, we hypothesize that the coordination and trade-offs between floral hydraulics and economics traits are independent of environmental conditions. To test this hypothesis, we investigated a total of 27 flower economics and hydraulic traits in six aquatic and six terrestrial herbaceous species grown in a tropical botanical garden. We found that although there were a few significant differences, most flower hydraulics and economics traits did not differ significantly between aquatic and terrestrial herbaceous plants. Both flower mass per area and floral longevity were significantly positively correlated with the time required for drying full-hydrated flowers to 70% relative water content. Flower dry matter content was strongly and positively related to drought tolerance of the flowers as indicated by flower water potential at the turgor loss point. In addition, there was a trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and the construction cost of a flower across species. Our results show that flowers of aquatic and terrestrial plants follow the same economics spectrum pattern. These results suggest a convergent flower economics design across terrestrial and aquatic plants, providing new insights into the mechanisms by which floral organs adapt to aquatic and terrestrial habitats.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20224,"journal":{"name":"Plant Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49853239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What do we know about treelines of the Anthropocene in High Asia?","authors":"Georg Miehe, M.A.O. Kangshan, S. Hasson, J. Böhner, U. Schickhoff","doi":"10.1016/j.pld.2023.08.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2023.08.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20224,"journal":{"name":"Plant Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80564311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrative analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome reveals the potential mechanism of fruit flavor formation in wild hawthorn (Crataegus chungtienensis)","authors":"Xien Wu ,&nbsp;Dengli Luo ,&nbsp;Yingmin Zhang ,&nbsp;Ling Jin ,&nbsp;M. James C. Crabbe ,&nbsp;Qin Qiao ,&nbsp;Guodong Li ,&nbsp;Ticao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.pld.2023.02.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2023.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hawthorns are important medicinal and edible plants with a long history of health protection in China. Besides cultivated hawthorn, other wild hawthorns may also have excellent medicinal and edible value, such as <em>Crataegus</em> <em>chungtienensis</em>, an endemic species distributed in the Southwest of China. In this study, by integrating the flavor-related metabolome and transcriptome data of the ripening fruit of <em>C. chungtienensis</em>, we have developed an understanding of the formation of hawthorn fruit quality. The results show that a total of 849 metabolites were detected in the young and mature fruit of <em>C. chungtienensis</em>, of which flavonoids were the most detected metabolites. Among the differentially accumulated metabolites, stachyose, maltotetraose and cis-aconitic acid were significantly increased during fruit ripening, and these may be important metabolites affecting fruit flavor change. Moreover, several flavonoids and terpenoids were reduced after fruit ripening compared with young fruit. Therefore, using the unripe fruit of <em>C. chungtienensis</em> may allow us to obtain more medicinal active ingredients such as flavonoids and terpenoids. Furthermore, we screened out some differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to fruit quality formation, which had important relationships with differentially accumulated sugars, acids, flavonoids and terpenoids. Our study provides new insights into flavor formation in wild hawthorn during fruit development and ripening, and at the same time this study lays the foundation for the improvement of hawthorn fruit flavor.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20224,"journal":{"name":"Plant Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49810903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plastid phylogenomics and species discrimination in the “Chinese” clade of Roscoea (Zingiberaceae)","authors":"Hai-Su Hu ,&nbsp;Jiu-Yang Mao ,&nbsp;Xue Wang ,&nbsp;Yu-Ze Liang ,&nbsp;Bei Jiang ,&nbsp;De-Quan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.pld.2023.03.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2023.03.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Roscoea</em> is an alpine or subalpine genus from the pan-tropical family Zingiberaceae, which consists of two disjunct groups in geography, namely the “Chinese” clade and the “Himalayan” clade. Despite extensive research on the genus, <em>Roscoea</em> species remain poorly defined and relationships between these species are not well resolved. In this study, we used plastid genomes of nine species and one variety to resolve phylogenetic relationships within the “Chinese” clade of <em>Roscoea</em> and as DNA super barcodes for species discrimination. We found that <em>Roscoea</em> plastid genomes ranged in length from 163,063 to 163,796 bp, and encoded 113 genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, four rRNA genes. In addition, expansion and contraction of the IR regions showed obvious infraspecific conservatism and interspecific differentiation. Plastid phylogenomics revealed that species belonging to the “Chinese” clade of <em>Roscoea</em> can be divided into four distinct subclades. Furthermore, our analysis supported the independence of <em>R</em>. <em>cautleoides</em> var. <em>pubescens</em>, the recovery of <em>Roscoea pubescens</em> Z.Y. Zhu, and a close relationship between <em>R</em>. <em>humeana</em> and <em>R</em>. <em>cautloides</em>. When we used the plastid genome as a super barcode, we found that it possessed strong discriminatory power (90%) with high support values. Intergenic regions provided similar resolution, which was much better than that of protein-coding regions, hypervariable regions, and DNA universal barcodes. However, plastid genomes could not completely resolve <em>Roscoea</em> phylogeny or definitively discriminate species. These limitations are likely related to the complex history of <em>Roscoea</em> speciation, poorly defined species within the genus, and the maternal inheritance of plastid genomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20224,"journal":{"name":"Plant Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49810897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drivers of the differentiation between broad-leaved trees and shrubs in the shift from evergreen to deciduous leaf habit in forests of eastern Asian subtropics","authors":"Yi Jin ,&nbsp;Hong Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.pld.2022.12.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2022.12.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In eastern Asian subtropical forests, leaf habit shifts from evergreen to deciduous broad-leaved woody plants toward higher latitudes. This shift has been largely explained by the greater capacity of deciduous broad-leaved plants to respond to harsh climatic conditions (e.g., greater seasonality). The advantages of deciduous leaf habit over evergreen leaf habit in more seasonal climates have led us to hypothesize that leaf habits would shift in response to climate changes more conspicuously in forest canopy trees than in forest understory shrubs. Furthermore, we hypothesize that in the forests of the subtropics, plants at higher latitudes, regardless of growth form, would better tolerate seasonal harsh climates, and hence show less differentiation in leaf habit shift, compared to those at lower latitudes. To test these two hypotheses, we modelled the proportion of deciduous broad-leaved species and the incidence of deciduous and evergreen broad-leaved species in woody angiosperm species compositions of ten large-sized forest plots distributed in the Chinese subtropics. We found that the rate of leaf habit shift along a latitudinal gradient was higher in forest trees than in forest shrubs. We also found that the differentiation in leaf habit shift between trees and shrubs is greater at lower latitudes (i.e., warmer climates) than at higher latitudes (i.e., colder climates). These findings indicate that specialized forest plants are differentially affected by climate in distinct forest strata in a manner dependent on latitudinal distribution. These differences in forest plant response to changes in climate suggest that global climate warming will alter growth forms and geographical distributions and ranges of forests.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20224,"journal":{"name":"Plant Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49810901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced and asymmetric signatures of hybridization at climatic margins: Evidence from closely related dioecious fig species.","authors":"Jian-Feng Huang, Clive T Darwell, Yan-Qiong Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.pld.2023.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pld.2023.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hybridization plays a significant role in biological evolution. However, it is not clear whether ecological contingency differentially influences likelihood of hybridization, particularly at ecological margins where parental species may exhibit reduced fitnesses. Moreover, it is unknown whether future ecosystem change will increase the prevalence of hybridization. <i>Ficus heterostyla</i> and <i>F. squamosa</i> are closely related species co-distributed from southern Thailand to southwest China where hybridization, yielding viable seeds, has been documented. As a robust test of ecological factors driving hybridization, we investigated spatial hybridization signatures based on nuclear microsatellites from extensive population sampling across a widespread contact range. Both species showed high population differentiation and strong patterns of isolation by distance. Admixture estimates exposed asymmetric interspecific gene flow. Signatures of hybridization increase significantly towards higher latitude zones, peaking at the northern climatic margins. Geographic variation in reproductive phenology combined with ecologically challenging marginal habitats may promote this phenomenon. Our work is a first systematic evaluation of such patterns in a comprehensive, latitudinally-based clinal context, and indicates that tendency to hybridize appears strongly influenced by environmental conditions. Moreover, that future climate change scenarios will likely alter and possibly augment cases of hybridization at ecosystem scales.</p>","PeriodicalId":20224,"journal":{"name":"Plant Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11128846/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88312657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature is a cryptic factor shaping the geographical pattern of genetic variation in <i>Ceratophyllum demersum</i> across a subtropical freshwater lake.","authors":"Yixian Li, Xuyao Zhao, Manli Xia, Xinzeng Wei, Hongwei Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.pld.2023.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pld.2023.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Macrophyte habitats exhibit remarkable heterogeneity, encompassing the spatial variation of abiotic and biotic components such as changes in water conditions and weather as well as anthropogenic stressors. Environmental factors are thought to be important drivers shaping the genetic and epigenetic variation of aquatic plants. However, the links among genetic diversity, epigenetic variation, and environmental variables remain largely unclear, especially for clonal aquatic plants. Here, we performed population genetic and epigenetic analyses in conjunction with habitat discrimination to elucidate the environmental factors driving intraspecies genetic and epigenetic variation in hornwort (<i>Ceratophyllum demersum</i>) in a subtropical lake. Environmental factors were highly correlated with the genetic and epigenetic variation of <i>C. demersum</i>, with temperature being a key driver of the genetic variation. Lower temperature was detected to be correlated with greater genetic and epigenetic variation. Genetic and epigenetic variation were positively driven by water temperature, but were negatively affected by ambient air temperature. These findings indicate that the genetic and epigenetic variation of this clonal aquatic herb is not related to the geographic feature but is instead driven by environmental conditions, and demonstrate the effects of temperature on local genetic and epigenetic variation in aquatic systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":20224,"journal":{"name":"Plant Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11403116/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82505119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new infrageneric classification of <i>Gastrochilus</i> (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae) based on molecular and morphological data.","authors":"Jun-Yi Zhang, Yue-Hong Cheng, Min Liao, Yu Feng, Sen-Long Jin, Ting-Mei He, Hai He, Bo Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.pld.2023.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pld.2023.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Gastrochilus</i> is an orchid genus containing 73 species of mainly epiphytic on trees or rocks in mountain forests of tropical and subtropical Asia. Previous phylogenetic analyses and morphological assessments have failed to produce a well-resolved phylogeny at the infrageneric level. In the present study, a new infrageneric classification of <i>Gastrochilus</i> is proposed based on thoroughly morphological and phylogenetic analyses based on 52 species. Our phylogenetic analysis divided the genus into six sections including three new sections, <i>G.</i> sect. <i>Pseudodistichi</i>, <i>G.</i> sect. <i>Brachycaules</i> and <i>G.</i> sect. <i>Acinacifolii</i>. We also reinstate <i>G</i>. <i>suavis</i> to the specific rank. Furthermore, two new species, <i>G</i>. <i>armeniacus</i> Jun Y. Zhang, B. Xu & Yue H. Cheng and <i>G. minjiangensis</i> Jun Y. Zhang, B. Xu & Yue H. Cheng, are described and illustrated. A key to six sections of the genus is presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":20224,"journal":{"name":"Plant Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11390603/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80401208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}