Plant Cell Reports最新文献

{"title":"Dynamic transcriptomics and physiological insights reveal multi-tissue salt adaptation mechanisms in Amaranthus hypochondriacus across stress gradients.","authors":"Qian Xu, Jinxin Gan, Zhikang Zhou, Tao Zhou, Rui Lu, Ningfang Liu, Longxing Hu","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03506-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-025-03506-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>Transcriptomic and physiological analyses identified key salt-responsive pathways and genes in Amaranthus hypochondriacus under 100/250 mM NaCl stress. Soil salinization critically threatens crop productivity, necessitating the exploration of salt-tolerant species. Amaranthus hypochondriacus, recognized as a salt-tolerant grain species, exhibits distinct adaptive mechanisms under moderate (100 mM NaCl) and severe (250 mM NaCl) salinity based on the integrated physiological and multi-tissue transcriptomic analyses. Under moderate salt stress, physiological and transcriptomic analyses revealed three key tolerance strategies: rapid ABA signaling activation (e.g., NCED [9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase] upregulation within 6 h exposure to salt stress), sustained leaf ion homeostasis (unchanged leaf Na⁺/K⁺ ratio), and tenfold root proline accumulation. Severe stress triggered osmotic imbalance (89% reduced stomatal conductance), ionic toxicity (24-fold elevated leaf Na⁺/K⁺ ratio), and oxidative damage (fivefold elevated leaf relative electrical conductivity) despite upregulated glutathione biosynthesis. Notably, A. hypochondriacus uniquely maintained DNA stability via enriched DNA repair pathways (e.g., homologous recombination) and transcriptional induction of replication-related gene. The WGCNA analysis identified multiple salt tolerance-associated key candidate genes, including the proline biosynthesis genes (P5CS [pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase] and P5CR [pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase]), as well as the ion transporter genes (NHX [Na⁺/K⁺ antiporter] for sequestration of Na⁺ into vacuoles and SOS1 [Salt Overly Sensitive 1] for extrusion of Na⁺ out of cells). Clustering of 1,578 transcription factors (TFs) identified six expression clusters, with root-specific ERF/MYB activation and leaf-enriched WRKY/C3H induction. This study elucidated the conserved salt tolerance strategies of grain amaranths, emphasizing its dual-phase adaptation: osmotic/ionic homeostasis under moderate stress and DNA stability maintenance under severe stress, orchestrated by lineage-specific TF networks. These findings provide critical insights for improving crop resilience in saline environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 5","pages":"111"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143976183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MhIDA small peptides modulate the growth and development of roots in Malus hupehensis.","authors":"Ruirui Xu, Shuna Jiang, Hongjuan Ge, Buhang Zhang, Jing Shu, Tianpeng Zhang, Lijun Cao, Shizhong Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03492-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-025-03492-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>MhIDA small peptides promote apple root growth by enhancing auxin synthesis and cell wall remodeling gene expression, revealing a peptide-based strategy to improve root architecture. Although small peptides have been well documented as crucial regulators of plant growth and development, the molecular mechanisms underlying lateral root morphogenesis in Malus hupehensis remain poorly understood. In this research, exogenous application of 1 µM MhIDA-Like family peptides increased primary root (PR) length by 14.31-19.96% and lateral root (LR) number by 124.54-149.08%. MhIDA, predominant expression in the root tip and lateral root primordium, demonstrated the most substantial promoting effects on PR elongation, LR number and density when the treatment concentration reached 1 µM. Furthermore, similar effects were found in MhIDA-overexpression transgenic apple seedlings, with the number and density of transgenic LRs increase by 80.52 and 126.86%, respectively, compared with wild-type seedlings. More importantly, 1 µM MhIDA treatment induced significant hormonal alterations, with the content of auxin, salicylic acid and gibberellic acid increasing by 1.5-fold, 1.4-fold, and 2.1-fold, respectively, compared to control. The qRT-PCR results showed that MhIDA could induce the expression of auxin synthesis genes (MhTAA1 and MhYUCC1) that were up-regulated by about twofold, and the cell wall remodeling-related genes (MhEXP17, MhXTR6, MhPGAZAT and MhPGLR) were upregulated by about 2- to 4-fold after 1 µM MhIDA treatment, thereby regulating LR emergence and formation of Malus hupehensis. Overall, these findings suggested the MhIDA peptide can promote the growth and development of roots, laying the foundation for cultivating apple rootstocks with strong roots and higher resistance to abiotic stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 5","pages":"110"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144025123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generation of transgene-free genome-edited carrot plants using CRISPR/Cas9-RNP complexes.","authors":"Rajesh Yarra, Patrick J Krysan","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03499-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-025-03499-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 5","pages":"107"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12041022/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143989407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomics-proteomics analysis reveals StCOMT1 regulates drought, alkali and combined stresses in potato.","authors":"Ruyan Zhang, Yong Wang, Yichen Kang, Yunyun Du, Xingxing Wang, Shujuan Jiao, Xinyu Yang, Yuhui Liu, Shuhao Qin, Weina Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03496-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-025-03496-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>Transcriptome proteome association analysis screened candidate DEGs, DEPs, and DEGs/DEPs associated with potato response to drought, alkali, and combined stresses. Overexpression of StCOMT1 enhances potato drought and alkali tolerance. Drought and salinity have severely impeded potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and development, significantly reducing global potato production. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating the combined drought and alkali stress process are not fully understood. This study compared the mRNA and protein expression profiles of potato under drought (PEG-6000), alkali (NaHCO₃), and combined (PEG-6000 + NaHCO₃) stresses by transcriptome and TMT proteomics sequencing to investigate the common or specific responses of 'Atlantic' potato to single and combined stresses of drought and alkali were preliminarily explored. It was found that 2215 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 450 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were jointly identified under drought, alkali, and combined stresses. Under drought, alkali, and combined stresses, 234, 185, and 246 DEGs/DEPs were identified, respectively. These DEGs, DEPs, and DEGs/DEPs identified revealed the potential roles of several signaling and metabolic pathways in mediating drought and alkali stress tolerance, including plant hormone signaling, MAPK signaling pathway, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and glutathione metabolism. Caffeic acid-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is an essential methylating enzyme in the phenylpropane biosynthetic pathway, which is involved in lignin synthesis and plays an important role in protecting plants from abiotic stresses. In this study, we investigated the changes in physiologic characteristics, such as growth, antioxidant defense, osmotic regulation and lignin accumulation, in overexpressing StCOMT1 (PT0001512/M0ZIL7) transgenic potato after stress. It proved that the gene has the function of adapting to drought and alkali stress, and provided a theoretical basis for further research on the resistance mechanism of the gene in drought and alkali tolerance in potato.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 5","pages":"109"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144020007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GET3B is involved in chloroplast biogenesis and interacts with the thylakoidal ALB3 and ALB4 insertases.","authors":"Uwe Sakamuzi Bodensohn, Beatrix Dünschede, Chiara Kuhlmann, Khushbu Kumari, Roman Ladig, Christopher Grefen, Enrico Schleiff, Donna Fernandez, Danja Schünemann","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03500-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-025-03500-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>Proteomic, functional physiological analyses of get3b mutant plants highlight GET3B's role in chloroplast function. Genetic and interaction analyses indicate get3b and srp54 as mutual potentiators that might share terminal insertases. Protein targeting and insertion into membranes are essential for cellular organization and organelle function. The Guided Entry of Tail-anchored (GET) pathway facilitates the post-translational targeting and insertion of tail-anchored (TA) membrane proteins. Arabidopsis thaliana has four GET3 homologues, including AtGET3B and AtGET3D localized to chloroplasts. These photosynthetic organelles possess complex membrane systems, and the mechanisms underlying their protein targeting and membrane biogenesis are not fully understood. This study conducted a comprehensive proteomic analysis of get3b mutant plastids, which displayed significant alterations. Fluorometric based complex assembly as well as CO₂ assimilation analyses confirmed that disruption of GET3B function displayed a significant impact on photosystem II assembly as well as carbon fixation, respectively, indicating a functional role in chloroplast biogenesis. Additionally, genetic interactions were found between GET3B and the two component STIC system, which cooperates with the cpSRP pathway which is involved in the co-translational sorting of thylakoid proteins. Further, physical interactions were observed between GET3B and the C-terminus of ALB3 and ALB4 in vitro and the full length proteins in vivo, indicating a role of GET3B in protein targeting and membrane integration within chloroplasts. These findings enhance our understanding of GET3B's involvement in stromal protein targeting and thylakoidal biogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 5","pages":"108"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12040988/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144004139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the molecular mechanism underlying PSKR-mediated amplification of the ABA signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana.","authors":"Nikita Yadav, Preeti Nagar, Abhilasha Rawat, R Rakhi, Dhanraj Singh, Hedayaturahman Habibzai, Alok Krishna Sinha, Ananda Mustafiz","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03495-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-025-03495-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>Our research identified residues in AtPSKR1 and OsPSKR15 critical for kinase activity and interaction with ABA receptors, revealing PSKRs as core ABA signaling members that phosphorylate AtPYL4 and AtPYL9 receptors. Abscisic acid (ABA) serves as a vital signaling molecule that help plants respond to various environmental stresses, ensuring their survival and adaptability. The ABA signaling pathway begins when ABA is recognized by receptors known as PYR/PYL/RCAR. Upon ABA binding, these receptors undergo structural changes, but the precise modifications occurring during post-translational stages and their impact on ABA signaling are not fully understood. In this study, we have identified and characterized the ABA receptor family as target of PSKRs in both Arabidopsis and rice. In addition, we pinpointed the critical active sites in AtPSKR1 (N865) and OsPSKR15 (N892) that are responsible for kinase activity of the respective receptors and also important for direct interaction with ABA receptors. In vitro kinase experiments demonstrated phosphorylation of ABA receptors at S99 in AtPYL4, and S79 in AtPYL9. In addition, our genetic analysis demonstrated that PSKR plays a positive role in regulating ABA-mediated physiological responses, and promotes ABA-dependent leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Phenotypic studies and expression analysis of ABA-related genes in complementation lines (AtPSKR1:pyl9 and OsPSKR15:pyl9) suggested that the overexpression of PSKR can partially restore the insensitivity of pyl9 mutant plants to ABA. These findings underscore the critical role of PSKR in enhancing ABA signaling via phosphorylation of PYL4/PYL9 in Arabidopsis.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 5","pages":"106"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143976140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TiO₂ nanoparticles improves cadmium toxicity tolerance in Hemerocallis citrina Baroni by modulating photosynthetic and antioxidative profile.","authors":"Wei Liu, Yuwei Feng, Shuo Chen, Rui Chu, Siyue Li, Yue Wang, Yongqing Yan","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03502-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-025-03502-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>TiO₂ nanoparticles mitigates the toxicity of Cd to Hemerocallis citrina Baroni (daylily) by modulating the photosynthetic and antioxidative system, as revealed by physiological and transcriptomic analysis. Cadmium (Cd) is a common heavy metal pollutant exerting toxicity to plants. The unique physiochemical properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) suggest their potential applications in agriculture. The molecular and physiological responses of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni (daylily) to Cd stress and the ameliorative effect of TiO₂ NPs were investigated. KEGG enrichment analysis on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed pronounced enrichment of pathways related to photosynthesis. GO enrichment analysis showed that chlorophyll metabolism and redox process were also notably enriched. Furthermore, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) demonstrated remarkable responses of photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidative system, and identified MYB, NAC, and WRKY transcription factors which played key roles in the Cd-stress response and regulation by TiO₂ NPs. Under 5 mmol·L^-1 Cd stress, daylily growth was severely inhibited, and cell membrane permeability and osmolytes significantly increased. Additionally, Cd stress pronouncedly impaired photosynthesis, increased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in leaves, and inhibited the activities of most antioxidants. However, foliar spraying of 200 mg·L^-1 TiO₂ NPs promoted plant growth and increased osmolytes. The inhibition on leaf photosynthetic antenna proteins, photosystem reaction center activity, electron transfer rate, chlorophyll synthesis, and Calvin cycle process was markedly alleviated by upregulating corresponding gene expression as revealed by photosynthesis-related traits and DEG analysis. The activities of key enzymes in ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle and thioredoxin-peroxiredoxin (Trx-Prx) pathway were enhanced, and the regeneration of AsA and GSH was promoted. Overall, TiO₂ NPs mitigated Cd-induced inhibition of photosynthesis and antioxidative system, and enhanced Cd tolerance of daylily.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 5","pages":"105"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144026377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptional mechanisms underlying thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (T4C)-primed salt tolerance in Arabidopsis.","authors":"Wei-Yung Hsu, Yi-Zhen Wu, Yu-Min Lin, Mei-Juan Zheng, Liang-Jwu Chen, Chuan-Ming Yeh","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03486-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-025-03486-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>T4C enhances salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis by regulating osmotic and oxidative stress responses, activating ABA-related pathways, and inducing stress-responsive genes, including LEA proteins. High soil salinity is a major environmental stress that restricts crop productivity worldwide, necessitating strategies to enhance plant salt tolerance. Thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (T4C) has been reported to regulate proline biosynthesis, which is essential for abiotic stress responses, yet its role in stress tolerance remains unclear. This study investigates the physiological and molecular effects of T4C on Arabidopsis thaliana under salt stress conditions. T4C treatment alleviated salt-induced growth inhibition, improving biomass, relative water content, and chlorophyll retention while reducing oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde and anthocyanin accumulation. Transcriptomic and quantitative PCR analyses revealed that T4C upregulated proline biosynthesis genes, ABA-dependent signaling (RD29b, ABI3), and Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) genes. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis identified biological processes related to water deprivation, ABA signaling, and salt stress, while Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated the involvement of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, and MAPK signaling in T4C-mediated responses. Notably, several transcription factors, including NAC, MYB, and WRKY family members, were identified as candidates involved in T4C-mediated stress priming. Collectively, these findings suggest that T4C may enhance salt tolerance by modulating osmotic balance, reducing oxidative stress, and activating stress-responsive genes and transcriptional regulators. Our results provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying T4C-mediated stress responses, highlighting its potential as a chemical priming agent to improve plant resilience under saline conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 5","pages":"104"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144044729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recombinant production of spider silk protein in Physcomitrella photobioreactors.","authors":"Maryam Ramezaniaghdam, Lennard L Bohlender, Juliana Parsons, Sebastian N W Hoernstein, Eva L Decker, Ralf Reski","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03485-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-025-03485-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>We report the successful moss-produced recombinant spider silk key protein component containing both the N- and the C-terminal domain. Spider dragline silk stands out as a remarkable biomaterial, representing one of nature's toughest fibres. Its strength rivals that of many synthetic fibres used commercially, rendering it applicable across various industrial and medical domains. However, its widespread utilisation requires cost-effective mass production. Biotechnology presents a promising avenue for achieving this goal, particularly through the production of recombinant dragline silk proteins in transgenic plant systems. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of producing one key protein component of dragline silk, MaSp1, from the western black widow spider, Latrodectus hesperus, the protein LhMaSp1, in the moss Physcomitrella (Physcomitrium patens). Here, we present the successful recombinant production of spider silk protein containing both the N- and C-terminal domains of LhMaSp1 in moss cells. The production of recombinant LhMaSp1 protein in Physcomitrella was performed in shake flasks and in five-litre photobioreactors and the correct synthesis of LhMaSp1 was proven via mass spectrometry. We estimate that the yield of recombinant spider silk protein in Physcomitrella bioreactors is above 0.82 mg/g fresh weight.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 5","pages":"103"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12033203/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143994669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stem trichome polarity development in Gossypium hirsutum: insights into GhPRP gene regulation.","authors":"Huanying Deng, Longen Ma, Li Yu, Yanhao Zhao, Yurong Jiang, Junkang Rong","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03491-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-025-03491-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>Cotton stem trichomes exhibit a distinct polarity distribution, which may be regulated by GhPRP genes and temperature. Stem trichomes in cotton are essential for pest resistance and stress tolerance, yet their molecular regulation remains poorly understood. Significant differences in trichome number and length were observed under 25 °C and 30 °C, with more and longer trichomes at the first stem node under 25 °C. The side above the first true leaf (M side) showed more number of trichomes than the opposite side (L side), indicating polarity distribution. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and 17 key DEGs were selected for further analysis, including 9 upregulated genes encoding proline-rich cell wall proteins (PRPs), flavonol synthase (FLS), prolyl endopeptidase (PREP), and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 3 (DGAT3). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) confirmed higher GhPRP expression on the M side. When GhPRP1, GhPRP2, or GhPRP10 was silenced using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technique, trichome density decreased, and polarity was disrupted, highlighting their regulatory roles. Bioinformatics analysis revealed hormone signal transduction-related domains in PRP gene promoters, potentially linking them to trichome polarity regulation. This study advances understanding the mechanisms of trichome polarity distribution and offers insights for improving pest resistance and stress adaptation in cotton.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 5","pages":"102"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143978105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}