{"title":"Gibberellin-induced parthenocarpy in fruits of a prickly pear mutant.","authors":"Rameshkumar Ramakrishnan, Udi Zurgil, Shamili Kanna, Danuše Tarkowská, Ondřej Novák, Miroslav Strnad, Noemi Tel-Zur, Yaron Sitrit","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03568-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00299-025-03568-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>A parthenocarpic fruit mutant of prickly pear was isolated, revealing the role of GAs in parthenocarpic fruit development which is controlled by the GID-GA20ox/GA2ox genetic system modulating GA biosynthesis/regulation. We explored the intricate dynamics of parthenocarpic fruit development in prickly pear Opuntia ficus-indica (Cactaceae) through the investigation of fruits of the Beer Sheva1 (BS1) a parthenocarpic mutant and its revertant non-parthenocarpic stems. BS1 fruits, characterized by parthenocarpy and enlarged unfertilized ovules, provide a unique model for investigating the regulatory mechanisms underlying fruit development in prickly pear. We hypothesized that elevated levels of gibberellins (GAs) in BS1 ovaries induce parthenocarpic fruit development. By integrating different approaches, including GA quantification and expression analysis of ovaries from BS1 and revertant flowers, we elucidated the pivotal role of biosynthetic, catabolic, and regulatory GA genes in orchestrating ovule development. Notably, our investigation revealed a complex interplay between GA biosynthesis and catabolic genes, particularly GID1, GA20ox, and GA2ox, which significantly influenced GA levels in BS1 ovaries. Quantification of endogenous GAs confirmed higher levels of bioactive GA1, GA3, and GA4 in BS1 compared to revertant ovules, indicating the central role of GAs in parthenocarpy. Furthermore, application of the GA inhibitor paclobutrazol (PBZ) to BS1 flower buds resulted in the reversion of BS1 fruits to the progenitor phenotype containing viable seeds, thereby validating the critical involvement of GAs in seed development. High-throughput RNA-sequencing analysis identified a total of 7717 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in BS1, among them GA-related genes. Overall, our findings shed light on the complex hormonal regulatory network governing parthenocarpic fruit development in prickly pear, paving the way for future studies aiming at understanding ovule development and development of commercially desirable seedless fruits.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 9","pages":"194"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12328502/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144795147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"BRUTUS at the crossroad of iron uptake and nodulation.","authors":"Chandan Kumar Gautam, Barney A Geddes","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03584-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00299-025-03584-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>The functional divergence of GmBTSa in legumes supports iron availability through the activation of NSP-NIN, essential for nodulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 8","pages":"193"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12325402/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144785117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yang Feng, Fenggen Guo, Shiyi Wang, Zhengjie Liu, Wenhong Long
{"title":"Identification and functional analysis of the CqGID1 homologs in quinoa.","authors":"Yang Feng, Fenggen Guo, Shiyi Wang, Zhengjie Liu, Wenhong Long","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03579-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00299-025-03579-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>Silencing of CqGID1s from quinoa resulted in severely dwarfed plants, whereas CqGID1 overexpression significantly increased GA sensitivity and plant height in Arabidopsis thaliana. Gibberellin (GA) is an important phytohormone that regulates seed germination and growth, and the GIBBERELLIN-INSENSITIVE DWARF1 (GIDI) is a key mediator of GA. In this study, we identified three quinoa GID1 genes: the expression level of CqGID1c was low during the germination of quinoa seeds, whereas those of CqGID1b1 and CqGID1b2 were high, suggesting that CqGID1b1 and CqGID1b2 may play important roles in the germination of quinoa seeds. The silencing of CqGID1s in quinoa resulted in severe plant dwarfism, whereas CqGID1-overexpressing Arabidopsis had significantly increased plant heights. Overexpression of CqGID1s increased the sensitivity of plants to GA. CqGID1s-overexpressed Arabidopsis showed a significant increase in root length, hypocotyl length, seed germination rate, internode number, and flowering time. Both overexpression and silencing of CqGID1s caused changes in the endogenous hormone contents and the expression of genes related to GA biosynthesis and degradation, suggesting that GA-mediated plant growth and development is influenced by its signaling, biosynthesis, and degradation genes. Overall, our study identified and investigated quinoa CqGID1s, established a foundation for understanding the role of GID1 in plant growth and development, and provided a theoretical basis for elucidating the mechanism by which the GA signaling pathway regulates seed germination and plant height in quinoa.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 8","pages":"192"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144785130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tingting Chen, Guoying Yuan, Yan Lu, Dan Wang, Haoran Qi, Xiaowei Sun, Jianfeng Hua, Yunlong Yin, Chaoguang Yu
{"title":"Transcriptome and small RNA analysis reveal potential miRNA-mediated interactions involved in somatic embryogenesis of Taxodium hybrid 'zhongshanshan'.","authors":"Tingting Chen, Guoying Yuan, Yan Lu, Dan Wang, Haoran Qi, Xiaowei Sun, Jianfeng Hua, Yunlong Yin, Chaoguang Yu","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03573-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00299-025-03573-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>Antioxidant-related miRNA-mRNA pairs play crucial roles in modulating the dominant embryo formation in Taxodium hybrid 'zhongshanshan'. SE (somatic embryogenesis) has been instrumental in the successful breeding of Taxodium hybrid 'zhongshanshan', a valuable timber tree species of great ecological importance. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. By examining the transcriptome and small RNA throughout the entire SE process, we observed notable differences in gene expression and miRNA profiles. DEGs (differentially expressed genes) associated with phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, and pentose and glucuronate interconversions played pivotal roles in dominant embryo formation and cotyledonary embryo maturation. The physiological measurements showed that the contents of organic compounds were higher in embryogenic callus and cotyledonary embryo stage. Endogenous GSH (glutathione) and GSSG (oxidized glutathione disulfide) contents reached the peak values in the dominant embryo stage. Additionally, a total of 271 mature miRNAs were detected, with 244 being previously identified and 27 being novel plant miRNAs. Among these, 71 DE miRNAs (differentially expressed miRNAs) were screened out during the transition from embryogenic callus to cotyledon embryo stage of SE, which suggested that miRNAs played important roles in somatic embryo development. By predicting target genes for these DE miRNAs and conducting correlation analysis with DEGs, several key miRNA-mRNA pairs were identified, which mainly regulated the dominant embryo formation in Taxodium hybrid 'zhongshanshan'. Furthermore, the exogenous addition of 0.3 g·L<sup>-1</sup> GSH effectively improved SE efficiency. Taken together, this study provided valuable information in the SE of Taxodium hybrid 'zhongshanshan', thereby facilitating its breeding programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 8","pages":"191"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144785131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Siyi Liang, Sisi Jia, Wenyu Lu, Jiafeng Wang, Ming Huang, Chun Chen, Cuihong Huang, Danhua Zhou, Tao Guo, Hong Liu
{"title":"Generation and characterization of rice OsCENH3 mutants for haploid induction.","authors":"Siyi Liang, Sisi Jia, Wenyu Lu, Jiafeng Wang, Ming Huang, Chun Chen, Cuihong Huang, Danhua Zhou, Tao Guo, Hong Liu","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03581-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00299-025-03581-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>CRISPR/Cas9-mediated modification of OsCENH3 induces aneuploidy but fails to trigger haploid formation in rice, underscoring limited efficiency and the need for strategy refinement. The centromeric histone H3 variant (CENH3) is essential for kinetochore assembly and accurate chromosome segregation during cell division. Alterations in CENH3 have been shown to trigger haploid induction in various plant species; however, its utility in rice remains largely unexplored. In this study, six OsCENH3 mutant lines were generated through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, complemented by a GFP-tagged construct. To assess their haploid induction potential, both self pollination and outcrossing with the cultivar Nipponbare (NIP) were performed. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that none of the mutants produced true haploids. However, two aneuploid individuals (Het-C1-1-1 and Het-C1-5-1) were identified among the hybrid progeny derived from tail domain mutants C1-1 and C1-5, suggesting partial chromosome missegregation. These aneuploid plants exhibited reduced pollen viability, abnormal morphology, and compromised agronomic performance. In addition, significantly elevated rates of embryo/endosperm abortion were observed across different crosses, which far exceeded the frequency of aneuploid production, implying that early-stage chromosomal instability may result in embryo lethality. Collectively, while specific OsCENH3 mutations can induce limited chromosomal instability, their haploid induction efficiency remains low in rice. Further refinement of editing strategies and exploration of favorable genetic backgrounds will be essential for developing effective centromere-based haploid induction systems. This study provides a theoretical framework and technical reference for engineering haploid inducers in rice through centromere manipulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 8","pages":"190"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12321917/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144785118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A review of factors affecting the success of geminivirus infectious clones.","authors":"S R Möller, M N Maruthi","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03560-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00299-025-03560-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>In this review, we provide a summary of factors that affect the successful infection of geminivirus clones in plants to enable the greater understanding of plant-virus interactions. Geminiviruses are single-stranded DNA viruses that can cause significant losses in economically important crops worldwide. Considerable efforts have been made to study the geminiviruses in detail, which has resulted in the construction of many infectious clones for the vast diversity of geminiviruses. In laboratory conditions, agrobacterium or occasionally biolistic methods are used to deliver viral DNA to the plant cell. However, not every delivered viral DNA will develop into an infection due to several reasons. In this manuscript, we review the factors that affect the success of geminivirus infectious clones. Factors affecting virus infection including the methods of inoculating in vitro-generated viral DNA constructs are often neglected, leading to failed virus infections and drawing wrong conclusions. Deciding exactly where on the plant to inoculate, what age of plant, and what agrobacterium strain are all examples of variables which may influence an infection. We find that stem injections of agrobacterium into young seedlings with an optical density at 600 nm (OD<sub>600</sub>) in the 0.1-0.3 range are an optimal starting point for studies. This review will provide a thorough compilation of inoculation methods and use this to discuss the deeper mechanisms at play during the initial infection of plants with geminivirus infectious clones.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 8","pages":"189"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12321669/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144775990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sher Ney Chong, Pratibha Ravindran, Prakash P Kumar
{"title":"Brassinosteroid-related acyltransferase1 mediates crosstalk between gibberellin signaling and brassinosteroids to regulate primary seed dormancy.","authors":"Sher Ney Chong, Pratibha Ravindran, Prakash P Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03582-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00299-025-03582-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>RGL2:DOF6 protein complex enhances BAT1 expression, which promotes primary seed dormancy in Arabidopsis, likely by inhibiting brassinosteroid biosynthesis. Hence, BAT1 acts as a novel gibberellin and brassinosteroid signaling crosstalk intermediate. A transcription factor complex including RGA-LIKE2 (RGL2) and DNA-BINDING ONE ZINC FINGER6 (DOF6) helps enforce primary seed dormancy. To elucidate the underlying mechanism by which the RGL2:DOF6 complex can enhance primary seed dormancy, we initiated a search for the downstream targets of this transcription complex. Using RNA sequence analysis, BRASSINOSTEROID-RELATED ACYLTRANSFERASE1 (BAT1) was identified to be a downstream target gene of the RGL2:DOF6 complex. Various genetic and molecular analyses were conducted using the mutant and overexpression lines. BAT1 is a known modulator of endogenous brassinosteroid (BR) levels. We observed that freshly harvested, unstratified bat1 mutant seeds germinated earlier, while BAT1 overexpression lines germinated later than the wild-type (WT) seeds. Consistently, dry-storage and cold-stratification of WT seeds, treatments that help to break dormancy, caused suppression of BAT1 expression levels. RT-qPCR and luciferase-based transcriptional assays showed that BAT1 expression could be enhanced by DOF6 in combination with RGL2 (i.e., by RGL2:DOF6 complex), a gibberellin (GA) signaling factor. BAT1 expression was also enhanced in abscisic acid (ABA)-treated seeds, which exhibit delayed germination. The function of BAT1 in sustaining primary seed dormancy is likely to occur via inhibition of BR biosynthesis because DOF6 overexpression seeds show suppression of BR biosynthetic genes (DWF1 and ROT3). Overall, these observations reveal that BAT1 serves as a crosstalk intermediate between BR and GA signaling pathways as one of the mechanisms in the regulation of primary seed dormancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 8","pages":"188"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144765313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Caixia Zhang, Kai Jiang, Qing Liu, Hualing Xu, Kai Ning, Hai Tao Yu, Maolin Zhang, Jingwen Zhu, Min Chen
{"title":"Screening of salt-tolerant soybean germplasm and study of salt-tolerance mechanism.","authors":"Caixia Zhang, Kai Jiang, Qing Liu, Hualing Xu, Kai Ning, Hai Tao Yu, Maolin Zhang, Jingwen Zhu, Min Chen","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03574-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00299-025-03574-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>Screening of salt-tolerant soybean varieties, identification of key genes and verification of gene function through salt-tolerance assessment, transcriptome profiling and soybean hairy root transformation experiments. Screening and breeding of salt-tolerant soybean varieties is essential to increase the area and yield of soybean on saline-alkaline soils. In this study, 81 soybean varieties were systematically assessed for salt tolerance during both germination and early seedling development stages. Based on their salt-tolerance capacity, the varieties were categorized into four distinct groups. Physiological analysis revealed that the highly salt-tolerant genotype effectively restricted ions accumulation in roots through compartmentalization mechanisms, while subsequent biochemical assays demonstrated its superior antioxidant enzyme activity (particularly SOD and CAT), thereby mitigating membrane system damage under NaCl stress. Comparative transcriptome profiling between salt-tolerant and sensitive cultivars identified 3588 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) predominantly involved in ion transport, oxidative stress, and photosynthesis. Functional validation through preliminary experiments using the soybean hairy root transformation method highlighted the potential regulatory roles of the candidate gene (Gm10G262850v4) in salt stress responses. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms of soybean salt tolerance and facilitate the breeding of salt-tolerant soybean varieties.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 8","pages":"187"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144761110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mei Dao, Jiaying Li, Mingjing Wang, Xuan Wang, Hongmeng Zhang, Longqing Chen, Tian Wu
{"title":"Transcriptomic analysis of Camellia japonica to scale insects infestation and functional characterization of pectin methylesterase gene CjPME28 and polygalacturonase gene CjPG1.","authors":"Mei Dao, Jiaying Li, Mingjing Wang, Xuan Wang, Hongmeng Zhang, Longqing Chen, Tian Wu","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03580-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00299-025-03580-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>This study screened scale insect-resistant camellia resources and revealed the associated transcription factors, metabolic pathways, and the insect resistance mechanisms of the CjPME28 or CjPG1 genes. Camellia japonica has been seriously infested with scale insects in recent years. Pectin participates in the plant's anti-insect. However, the functions of the genes related to pectin have not yet been revealed in C. japonica. The continuous observation for 5 years revealed different C. japonica exhibiting differences in resistance to scale insects. C. japonica with resistance to scale insects were different with susceptibilities in genotype by SCoT molecular marker. Meanwhile, the leaf structure was more compact, and the lignin content, ascorbic acid content, and antioxidant enzyme activity in leaf were more than that of susceptibilities. The scale insects were identified as Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli by the morphological identification. RNA sequencing was performed using C. japonica with resistance versus susceptibility. Transcription factors, such as MYBS3, bHLH3, NAC90, and WRKY40, were significantly upregulated in C. japonica with resistance. The pentose and glutathione metabolism pathway, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, ascorbate, aldarate metabolism pathway, and glutathione metabolism pathway were the main metabolic pathways emerged as the most significantly enriched for differentially expressed genes. The expression of pectin methylesterase gene (PME) or polygalacturonase gene (PG) was upregulated in the pentose and glutathione metabolism pathway, and their functions were further characterized. Overexpression of CjPME28 or CjPG1 in tobacco plants significantly improved resistance to the scale insects. Enhanced pectinase activity in the CjPME28 or CjPG1 transgenic tobacco lines led to increased lignin synthesis. In conclusion, this study screened a camellia resource with resistance to the scale insects and illustrated the resistance mechanism of scale insects in C. japonica.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 8","pages":"186"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144761111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unveiling oxidative stress: surface ozone triggers phenylpropanoid pathway shifts and metabolite rewiring in PBW-550 wheat.","authors":"Ashish Kumar Mishra, Shashi Bhushan Agrawal, Supriya Tiwari","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03576-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00299-025-03576-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>Ozone stress reconfigures wheat metabolism by downregulating glycolysis and the TCA cycle while channelizing the pentose phosphate pathway and amino acid biosynthesis to enhance secondary metabolite synthesis and oxidative stress resilience. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of metabolic pathway reconfigurations in the ozone-sensitive wheat cultivar PBW-550 during the milking stage under elevated ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) stress. Utilizing UHPLC-HRAMS, we observed a significant shift in primary metabolic pathways, with glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle downregulated, while alternative pathways such as the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and amino acid biosynthesis were upregulated. This metabolic shift facilitated enhanced production of secondary metabolites, particularly through the phenylpropanoid pathway, which plays a crucial role in oxidative stress defense. Key enzymes, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), were significantly upregulated, driving the synthesis of phenolic compounds and flavonoids that strengthen stress resilience. In addition, resource reallocation led to increased levels of amino acids, purines, and unsaturated fatty acids, further diverting the carbon pool toward secondary metabolite production. This adaptive strategy highlights the plant's prioritization of repair and defense mechanisms under O<sub>3</sub> stress. Our findings underscore wheat's metabolic plasticity in response to ozone, providing valuable insights for developing strategies to enhance crop resilience in ozone-affected environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 8","pages":"185"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144754096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}