Plant Cell Reports最新文献

{"title":"Heavy metal stress mitigation in plants by metal-resistant fungi: molecular and biotechnological insights.","authors":"Sparsh Choudhary, Kanwarpreet Singh, Abhishek Sharma, Ankush Mehta, Sheifali Gupta, Gaurav Juneja","doi":"10.1007/s00299-026-04028-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-026-04028-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heavy Metals (HMs) are persistent, non-biodegradable metallic elements that accumulate into soils due to weathering processes and anthropogenic activities, such as mining, smelting and industrial discharges. They can be classified as essential (Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, Mn), which are toxic in excessive amounts, and non-essential (Cd, Pb, As, Hg), which are dangerous even in small amounts. HMs affect plant metabolism causing production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), growth inhibition and nutrient deficiency, Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings germination was lowered to 55% and 21% at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg L⁻¹ CdCl₂. Phytochelatins, metallothioneins and vacuole sequestration protect plants, but become ineffective at high concentrations of HMs. Metal-resistant fungi help to cope with stress conditions using mechanisms of biosorption, bioaccumulation, biomineralization, bioleaching and biotransformation, adapted Aspergillus niger managed to leach 78.5% Ni and 82.3% Mo during 30 days, while Penicillium chrysogenum eliminated 63% Cd in soil. Partners of fungi, such as Trichoderma and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, regulate production of ROS, activation of MAPKs and ABA/JA/SA/ethylene/auxin signaling pathway and expression of MT, PCS, GST, ABC, NRAMP and HMA genes under control of WRKY, MYB, NAC and bZIP transcription factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"45 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149245855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The miR319-LsTCP4 module regulates de novo shoot regeneration in lettuce.","authors":"Tao Jiang, Sameena Ejaz Tanwir, Anandi Karn, Fangchen Liu, Heqiang Huo","doi":"10.1007/s00299-026-04001-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-026-04001-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>miR319-targeted LsTCP4 negatively regulates de novo shoot regeneration, suggesting a role for the miR319-LsTCP4 module in lettuce regenerative competence. Plant regeneration is a major determinant of transformation and genome-editing efficiency, yet the endogenous regulatory networks controlling regenerative competence in horticultural crops remain incompletely understood. The miR319-TCP module regulates multiple developmental processes in plants, but its function in lettuce regeneration has not been defined. Here, we performed a genome-wide analysis of the TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) gene family in lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Thirty-three LsTCP genes were identified and classified into Class I/PCF, Class II/CIN, and Class II/CYC/TB1 groups. Five CIN-class genes, LsTCP2, LsTCP3, LsTCP4, LsTCP10, and LsTCP24, were predicted as high-confidence miR319 targets and supported by degradome evidence for miR319-guided cleavage. MIR319-overexpression (OX319) explants showed enhanced de novo shoot regeneration, with regeneration efficiency increased by 67.3% and shoot production increased by 79.4% relative to WT, whereas STTM-miR319 suppression (S319) explants showed reduced regeneration, with regeneration efficiency decreased by 49.6% and shoot production decreased by 66.4%. These phenotypes were associated with altered expression of several miR319-targeted CIN-TCP genes, particularly LsTCP4, LsTCP10, and LsTCP24. Disruption of LsTCP4 increased regeneration efficiency by 61.8% and shoot production by 91.6% relative to WT, showing a regeneration-enhancing phenotype similar to that of OX319. In contrast, disruption of the non-target CIN gene LsTCP17 did not significantly affect regeneration under the tested conditions. These results support LsTCP4 as a major miR319-responsive negative regulator of de novo shoot regeneration and suggest that the miR319-LsTCP4 module contributes to regenerative competence in lettuce.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"45 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149245791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transgenic phytochrome D cooperates with phytochrome B to promote photomorphogenesis at low temperatures.","authors":"Lilla Sípos, Gábor Grézal, Csaba Péter, Ferenc Nagy, Dániel Silhavy, András Viczián","doi":"10.1007/s00299-026-04025-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-026-04025-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>The function of the phytochrome B photoreceptor is enhanced by its homologous counterpart, phytochrome D, at low temperatures, thereby increasing phenotypic plasticity in response to fluctuating environmental conditions. Light is a dynamically changing environmental factor that influences nearly every aspect of plant growth and development. Photoreceptors detect light, with phytochromes (PHY) specifically monitoring red and far-red wavelengths. Arabidopsis thaliana has five phytochromes, named phyA through phyE. phyA and phyB are extensively studied key mediators of most phytochrome responses; the precise functions of the other phytochromes remain poorly understood. To investigate phyD signaling, we overexpressed phyD-YFP alone and together with phyB-CFP in a genetic background lacking other phytochromes. Photomorphogenic responses, protein accumulation, and transcriptome changes were compared at low and high temperatures. We found that phyD-YFP alone cannot facilitate photomorphogenesis, but it significantly promotes red light signaling of both phyB-CFP and endogenous phyB in a temperature-dependent manner, being effective at low but not at high temperatures. In parallel, co-expressing phyD-YFP and phyB-CFP triggered substantially more robust light-induced transcriptome changes at low temperatures than expressing either transgene alone. Because phyD-YFP is more light-stable than phyB, and both PHYB-CFP and endogenous PHYB accumulate to higher levels alongside PHYD-YFP in light, phyD likely stimulates phyB signaling via PHYB protein stabilization. To explain how PHYD-YFP enhances PHYB levels at both temperatures yet stimulates signaling exclusively at low temperatures, we propose that phyD and phyB form light-stable heterodimers at both temperatures and that these heterodimers are functional only at low temperatures. Our findings demonstrate that phyB and phyD functionally cooperate to mediate temperature-dependent light signaling responses, providing plants with developmental flexibility under changing environmental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"45 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149245834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenesis versus symbiosis: a dual perspective on plant-microbe interactions.","authors":"Yifan Dong, Rubya Shamsy, Golam Jalal Ahammed","doi":"10.1007/s00299-026-04021-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-026-04021-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plants function as integral components of soil ecosystems, embedded within diverse microbial consortia that engage in continuous chemical and informational exchange. This molecular dialog governs how plants distinguish harmful, neutral, and beneficial microbes, transforming the rhizosphere into a dynamic signaling interface. Microbial interactions operate along a chemical continuum in which metabolites, volatiles, peptides, and other small molecules act across aqueous, lipidic, and chemically heterogeneous microenvironments to shape recognition and response. The physicochemical organization of rhizosphere metabolites may influence their diffusion, stability, and accessibility, although direct evidence for these effects remains limited. Within this framework, plant recognition is reinterpreted as a fluid, context-dependent communication process rather than a binary separation of immunity and symbiosis. This review synthesizes recent advances in the molecular architecture of this continuum, from receptor-mediated signaling to metabolite-driven ecological filtering, and examines how these overlapping systems determine host specificity, community stability, and adaptive resilience. Special attention is given to the regulatory roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phytohormones, and redox metabolites as both stress indicators and inter-organismal communicators. By integrating biochemical, ecological, and systems perspectives, this review highlights implications for developing microbiome-based, climate-smart, and sustainable agricultural practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"45 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149245817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grapevine rust fungus Neophysopella tropicalis deploys protein effectors with plant immunity-suppressing activity during sequential stages of pathogenesis.","authors":"Thiago Maia, João Vitor Ferro, Gustavo Husein, Renato G H Bombardelli, Claudia B Monteiro-Vitorello","doi":"10.1007/s00299-026-03980-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00299-026-03980-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Germination of urediniospores marks the onset of infection by Neophysopella tropicalis, the causal agent of Asian grapevine leaf rust, yet the molecular mechanisms enabling this obligate biotrophic fungus to establish infection remain largely unknown. We combined transcriptomics, histological analyses, and functional assays to identify and characterize candidate effector proteins deployed during the earliest stages of pathogenesis. RNA sequencing of in vitro-germinated urediniospores identified 303 genes encoding predicted secreted proteins bearing hallmarks of fungal effectors, grouped into 142 sequence families and revealing a remarkably diverse repertoire of effector candidates. Fifteen highly expressed N. tropicalis effector candidate (NtEC) genes, representing thirteen distinct sequence families, were selected for expression profiling by reverse transcription quantitative PCR across infection stages. Chitin-targeted fluorescence microscopy provided a developmental framework for interpreting expression across germination, penetration, and early colonization. Although identified during germination, seven NtECs accumulated transcripts predominantly during host penetration and early biotrophic colonization, suggesting specialized roles in infection establishment. Using the Type III Secretion System of Pseudomonas fluorescens EtHAn, we demonstrated that three NtECs (NtEC-05, NtEC-09, and NtEC-10) strongly suppressed AvrB-triggered hypersensitive cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, while three others (NtEC-11, NtEC-12, and NtEC-13) exhibited moderate immune-suppressing activity. Together, these findings provide the first comprehensive characterization of the N. tropicalis effector repertoire, demonstrating that early infection involves coordinated, sequential deployment of evolutionarily diverse effectors associated with plant immune suppression. This work establishes an integrated framework for discovery and functional prioritization of rust fungus effectors and provides a valuable molecular resource for future studies on grapevine-rust interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"45 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13687297/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149239287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The regulatory role of DzERF94 in carotenoid biosynthesis during ripening in durian (Durio zibethinus) pulp.","authors":"Kittiya Tantisuwanichkul, Jeerus Sucharitakul, Supaart Sirikantaramas","doi":"10.1007/s00299-026-04029-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-026-04029-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>DzERF94 correlates with DzLCYE and lutein in pale-yellow durian; dual-luciferase and EMSA assays show it binds and activates the DzLCYE promoter, altering carotenoid production in tomato. Durian pulp exhibits varying intensities of yellow color because of variations in carotenoid content and composition among cultivars. Carotenoid biosynthesis is regulated by multiple factors, including APETALA2 (AP2)/ethylene response factor (ERF) transcription factors. In this study, four durian cultivars with distinct yellow color intensities were analyzed. Expression profiling of carotenoid biosynthetic and AP2/ERF genes during fruit development and ripening identified the AP2/ERF transcription factor DzERF94. Kathoei Nueakhao, a pale-yellow cultivar, was the only cultivar in which both DzERF94 and DzLCYE remained expressed at the ripe stage, and it also accumulated the highest lutein content. Transient expression of DzERF94 in tomatoes led to increased LCYE transcript levels and lutein content. Additionally, DzERF94 activated the DzLCYE promoter in a dual-luciferase assay, and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that DzERF94 binds the DzLCYE promoter in vitro. Transcriptome analysis of these transiently transformed tomatoes further suggested that DzERF94 influences carotenoid metabolism and ethylene and abscisic acid signaling pathways. These findings provide new insights into the role of AP2/ERF proteins in regulating carotenoid accumulation during durian fruit development and ripening across cultivars.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"45 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149239273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RNA N⁶-methyladenosine modifications in plants: molecular mechanisms and biological roles.","authors":"Mei Yang, Dingjie Wu, Zijian Hu, Jinxing Lin, Ye Li, Ruili Li","doi":"10.1007/s00299-026-04020-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-026-04020-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>RNA N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) modifications dynamically modulate RNA stability, splicing, and translation in plants, influencing developmental and stress response processes. In this review, we provide an overview of the key protein complexes involved in RNA m⁶A modification, including methyltransferases, demethylases, and m⁶A-binding proteins. We then demonstrate that m⁶A modulates vegetative growth, reproductive processes, responses to stresses, and hormone signaling. In agronomically important crops, RNA m⁶A modifications affect stress resilience, developmental timing, and quality traits, such as drought tolerance, salt resistance, male fertility, pollen viability, and fruit maturation. Furthermore, we elucidate the molecular mechanisms of RNA m⁶A. Finally, we explore advancements in m⁶A detection technologies, highlighting emerging trends and future directions. These strategies provide a conceptual framework for moving plant m⁶A research from descriptive epitranscriptomics toward trait-oriented crop and forest tree improvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"45 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149220511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melatonin-mediated metabolic reprogramming and stress adaptation in plants.","authors":"Barket Hussain, Hatice Colgecen, Havva Karahan, Qazi Fariduddin","doi":"10.1007/s00299-026-04016-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-026-04016-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>Melatonin acts as a multifunctional regulator of plant stress adaptation by reprogramming primary and secondary metabolism and coordinating ROS, nitric oxide, and phytohormone signalling. Integrating metabolomics with transcriptomics and proteomics provides new insights into these mechanisms and highlights melatonin as a promising strategy for enhancing crop resilience and productivity under diverse environmental stresses. Plants, being sessile, are continuously exposed to diverse environmental challenges, which disrupt cellular homeostasis and reduce crop productivity. To survive under such conditions, plants have evolved complex defence mechanisms involving metabolic reprogramming and coordinated molecular signalling networks. Among the regulatory molecules involved in stress adaptation, melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) has emerged as a multifunctional signalling compound that plays a pivotal role in plant growth, development, and stress tolerance. Acting as a potent antioxidant and signalling regulator, melatonin modulates multiple metabolic pathways associated with energy metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and secondary metabolite production. These metabolic adjustments enhance the accumulation of osmoprotectants, antioxidants, and defence-related metabolites, thereby improving plant resilience under stress. Recent advances in metabolomics, together with transcriptomics and proteomics, have provided deeper insights into melatonin-mediated metabolic regulation in plants. High-throughput analytical platforms such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) enable comprehensive profiling of stress-responsive metabolites and reveal how melatonin orchestrates metabolic network reprogramming. Emerging evidence indicates that melatonin interacts with reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and multiple phytohormones to regulate gene expression, protein abundance, and metabolite accumulation, thereby integrating stress perception with physiological adaptation. This review summarises current knowledge on melatonin biosynthesis, signalling pathways, cross-talk and its role in regulating primary and secondary metabolism under diverse stresses. Emphasis has been laid on metabolomics-driven insights and multi-omics integration to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying melatonin-mediated stress tolerance and to support strategies to improve crop resilience and productivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"45 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149216564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compatibility among Bacillus strains is linked to synthetic communities function, rhizosphere microbiome assembly and plant performance.","authors":"Abdur Rashid Khan, Qurban Ali, Sadia Khalid, Muhammad Ayaz, Li Li, Ma Jinbiao, Sunil Mundra, Vladislav Kuptsov, Emilia Kolomiets, Qin Gu, Huijun Wu, Xuewen Gao","doi":"10.1007/s00299-026-03998-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-026-03998-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microbial compatibility is an important consideration for synthetic communities (SynCom) function, but its ecological and physiological consequences for plant-microbe interactions remain insufficiently understood. We investigated compatible and incompatible Bacillus-based SynComs and their effects on tomato growth, rhizosphere microbiome assembly, and microbial network organization. Compatible co-cultures exhibited enhanced co-culture phenotypes, including merged colony morphology, enhanced biofilm formation, and altered growth dynamics, whereas incompatible combinations formed demarcation zones, indicative of antagonism. The compatible pair NMCN6+LNXM12 showed higher attached biomass and relative indole-3-acetic acid production compared with most incompatible or single-strain inoculations. Greenhouse experiments revealed that compatible SynComs significantly promoted tomato growth, increased plant height, root length, photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance, while incompatible combinations showed distinct soluble sugar responses rather than consistent evidence of plant stress. Amplicon sequencing revealed treatment-associated variation in rhizosphere bacterial community composition. Compatible SynComs were associated with enrichment of specific bacterial taxa and produced more interconnected and stable co-occurrence networks, whereas incompatible combinations showed distinct taxonomic profiles and comparatively fragmented microbial associations. Community composition differed significantly among individual treatments but not among broader compatibility categories with unequal within-group dispersion. Collectively, the observed co-culture, plant, and microbiome responses highlight differences among the selected Bacillus combinations that cannot be attributed to compatibility alone. These findings may provide the selection of Bacillus strain combinations for further evaluation as plant inoculants.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"45 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149216574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reactivation of a loss-of-function SlGLK2 allele by frame-restoring genome editing in tomato.","authors":"Kentaro Ezura, Cheolwoo Park","doi":"10.1007/s00299-026-04024-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00299-026-04024-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>Restoration of the crop improvement-related loss-of-function gene, Solanum lycopersicum GOLDEN2-LIKE, through an additional mutation by a conventional genome editing technique. Plant domestication and crop improvement processes have inadvertently led to the loss of gene functions that contribute to crop quality. In widely cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) varieties, the uniform ripening (u) mutation, a loss-of-function allele of the Solanum lycopersicum Golden2-like 2 (SlGLK2), has been selected to improve fruit appearance. However, this selection is associated with reduced fruit nutritional quality, lowering the levels of sugars and tocopherols due to impaired plastid development. In this study, the function of SlGLK2 was restored by introducing an additional mutation using the temperature-tolerant Lachnospiraceae bacterium ND 2006 Cas12a (LbCas12a) genome editing system. A 13-bp deletion in the linker region of SlGLK2 protein in the CR-Slglk2-4 line restored the reading frame and led to enhanced chlorophyll accumulation and plastid development, particularly in the stem end region of the fruit. The edited line also showed increased total soluble solids and tocopherol content in ripe fruit. Biochemical, transcriptomic, and transcriptional activity analyses confirmed the functional restoration of SlGLK2 in the CR-Slglk2-4 line. This study not only provides a useful Micro-Tom line for investigating plastid biogenesis in tomato fruit but also demonstrates the potential of genome editing to restore the latent functions of pseudogenized genes in modern crops, offering a new approach for recovering traits lost during plant domestication or crop improvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"45 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13672529/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149196171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}