Plant Cell Reports最新文献

{"title":"RsWRKY75 promotes ROS scavenging and cadmium efflux via activating the transcription of RsAPX1 and RsPDR8 in radish (Raphanus sativus L.).","authors":"Xinyu Zhang, Yingfei Ma, Weilan Zhang, Mingmei Ji, Jiaheng Dong, Deqiang Lai, Wenwen Yu, Xiaoli Zhang, Yuelin Zhu, Yan Wang, Liwang Liu, Liang Xu","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03445-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00299-025-03445-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>Acting as a nucleus-localized transcriptional activator, RsWRKY75 promotes ROS scavenging and Cd efflux by activating the transcription of RsAPX1 and RsPDR8 in radish. Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important economical root vegetable crop worldwide. As a toxic heavy metal, cadmium (Cd) can dramatically hamper radish taproot quality as well as threaten human health. Although the WRKY transcription factors (TFs) play crucial roles in plant response to Cd stress, how WRKY TFs mediate Cd uptake and efflux remains elusive in radish. Herein, the RsWRKY75, belonging to the WRKY-IIc sub-group, displayed high expression in vascular cambium at the expanding stage, whose promoter activity and expression were obviously induced by Cd exposure at 24 h in radish root. RsWRKY75 was localized primarily to the nucleus and had transactivation activity in yeast and tobacco leaf cells. Transient transformation indicated that RsWRKY75 promoted Cd-induced ROS scavenging in radish cotyledons. Overexpression of RsWRKY75 led to increased root elongation but decreased Cd accumulation in Arabidopsis plants. Both in vitro and in vivo assays revealed that RsWRKY75 bound to the RsAPX1 promoter and activated its expression to eliminate excessive ROS accumulation. Moreover, RsWRKY75 activated RsPDR8 transcription by directly binding to its promoter, thereby promoting Cd efflux in the radish root. Collectively, we revealed a novel module of RsWRKY75-mediated ROS scavenging and Cd efflux in radish. These results would facilitate to establish genetic strategies to achieve RsWRKY75-dependent Cd extrusion and detoxification in radish.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 3","pages":"65"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-omics analysis of the accumulation mechanism of flavonoids in rice caryopsis under blue light.","authors":"Ping Zhang, Yongsheng Tang, Juxiang Zhang, Junna Liu, Li Li, Hanxue Li, Liubin Huang, Guofei Jiang, Xuqin Wang, Lingyuan Zhang, Yutao Bai, Peng Qin","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03435-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00299-025-03435-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>Blue light influences the MYB gene family, resulting in varying accumulations of different flavonoids in rice caryopsis at distinct developmental stages, with a higher concentration observed in the initial stage. The regulatory effect of blue light on plant flavonoids has been extensively documented; however, its influence on the development of rice caryopsis morphology remains unreported. Through the analysis of transcriptomes, proteomes, and metabolites, combined with Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), the accumulation of flavonoids in rice caryopsis under blue light at various developmental stages was thoroughly examined. Furthermore, four MYB family transcription factors (TFs) that significantly influence the structural genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were identified. The results indicate that the accumulation of flavonoids primarily occurs during the early stages of caryopsis development. Key structural genes, including PAL, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H, and FLS, are upregulated in both gene and protein expression when exposed to blue light. Moreover, the WGCNA analysis identified several TFs that may influence these genes, including Os08t0144000-01 and Os01t0695900-01, as well as the proteins Q7F3D6, Q2QM89, A0A0P0W9C3, and Q6ZDM0, all of which belong to the MYB family. The research has enhanced our understanding of flavonoid accumulation in rice caryopsis when exposed to blue light. It also establishes a framework for the synthesis of secondary metabolites induced by blue light, thereby creating more opportunities to enhance the quality of horticultural plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 3","pages":"64"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143484008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PnNAC03 from Panax notoginseng functions in positively regulating saponins and lignin biosynthesis during cell wall formation.","authors":"Xiaoqin Zhang, Yuying Huang, Yue Shi, Xin Wang, Wenqin Chen, Laha Amu, Baowei Wang, Zhenyu Peng, Xiaohui Wang, Shengli Wei","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03452-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00299-025-03452-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>PnNAC03 positively regulates saponin biosynthesis and lignin accumulation during secondary cell wall formation by directly binding to the promoters of key saponin and lignin biosynthetic genes. The NAC transcription factor family plays a crucial role in the regulation of secondary metabolites biosynthesis. Saponins are the major bioactive compounds for Panax notoginseng, which is a world-globally recognized medicinal plant and possesses multiple pharmacological activities. The secondary cell wall is essential for P.notoginseng growth and stress resistance. However, the role of NAC transcription factors in regulating both saponin biosynthesis and secondary cell wall formation remains largely unknown. In this study, we characterized an NAC transcription factor, PnNAC03, which is a nuclear-localized protein and functions as a transcriptional activator. Silencing of PnNAC03 with the RNAi method in P. notoginseng calli resulted in a significant reduction in the content of saponin and the expression of key saponin biosynthetic genes, including PnSS, PnSE, and PnDS. Additionally, PnNAC03 specifically bound to the promoters of these genes, thereby enhancing their expression. Overexpression of PnNAC03 in Arabidopsis thaliana led to the increase of secondary cell wall thickness and lignin content, as well as upregulation of the expression of AtPAL and AtC4H. RNAi-mediated silencing of PnNAC03 in P. notoginseng further confirmed its role in lignin biosynthesis, as lignin content and the expression levels of PnPAL and PnC4H were significantly reduced. Furthermore, PnNAC03 could directly bind to the promoters of PAL and C4H genes in both A. thaliana and P. notoginseng. Collectively, our results highlight the dual regulatory role of PnNAC03 in promoting both saponin biosynthesis and lignin accumulation, providing valuable insights for the molecular breeding of P. notoginseng.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 3","pages":"63"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143482677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GHCYP706A7 governs anthocyanin biosynthesis to mitigate ROS under alkali stress in cotton.","authors":"Yuping Sun, Ning Wang, Xiugui Chen, Fanjia Peng, Junling Zhang, Heling Song, Yuan Meng, Mengyue Liu, Hui Huang, Yapeng Fan, Lidong Wang, Zhining Yang, Menghao Zhang, Xiao Chen, Lanjie Zhao, Lixue Guo, Xuke Lu, Junjuan Wang, Shuai Wang, Jing Jiang, Wuwei Ye","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03453-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00299-025-03453-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase synthesis gene-GHCYP706A7, enhanced cotton resistance to alkali stress by scavenging ROS to regulate anthocyanin synthesis. Anthocyanins are a class of flavonoids that play a significant role in mediating plant responses to adverse environmental conditions. Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H), a member of the cytochrome P-450 (CYP) family, is a pivotal enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins. The present study identified 398 CYPs in the Gossypium hirsutum genome, of which GHCYP706A7 was responsible for F3'H synthesis and its ability to respond to alkaline stress. GHCYP706A7 suppression through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) diminished tolerance to alkali stress in cotton, evidenced by significantly reduced anthocyanin synthesis, markedly decreased antioxidant capacity, notable increases in reactive oxygen species, severe cellular damage, and observably decreased stomatal opening. The cumulative effects of these physiological disruptions ultimately manifest in cotton wilting and fresh weight decline. These findings lay a foundation for further investigations into the role of CYPs in regulating anthocyanin synthesis and responding to alkali stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 3","pages":"61"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143477085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of eukaryotic elongation factor 1B gamma (eEF1Bγ) reduces Tobacco etch virus accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana.","authors":"Bomi Kang, Jelli Venkatesh, Joung-Ho Lee, Jung-Min Kim, Jin-Kyung Kwon, Byoung-Cheorl Kang","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03440-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00299-025-03440-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>Tobacco etch virus accumulation declined in Nicotiana benthamiana eEF1Bγ gene-edited lines, suggesting that eEF1Bγ may be a host factor for this virus. Viruses use host factors to replicate and move from cell to cell. Therefore, the editing of genes encoding viral host factors that are not essential for plant survival enables the rapid development of plants with durable virus resistance. Eukaryotic initiation factors, such as eIF4E and eIF4G, function as host factors for viral infection, and loss-of-function mutations of these factors lead to virus resistance. Broadening the spectrum of host factor targets would help expand resources for engineering virus resistance. In this study, we tested whether editing the eukaryotic translation elongation factor gene eEF1Bγ would produce virus-resistant plants. Accordingly, we targeted the four eEF1Bγ genes in Nicotiana benthamiana for editing using virus-induced gene editing (VIGE) with Tobacco rattle virus (TRV). Although we attempted to obtain plants edited for all four eEF1Bγ homologs, we failed to identify such plants. Instead, we obtained plants with three of the four homologs knocked out, harboring 1-bp insertion/deletions resulting in premature stop codons. These eEF1Bγ-edited plants did not exhibit resistance to Potato virus X (PVX), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), or Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) but showed reduced accumulation of Tobacco etch virus (TEV) compared to wild-type plants. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of conferring resistance in plants through gene editing of eEF1Bγ, underscoring the importance of exploring diverse host factor targets for comprehensive virus resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 3","pages":"62"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11846736/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143477084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strigolactone and karrikin receptors regulate phytohormone biosynthetic and catabolic processes.","authors":"Liangliang Li, Aarti Gupta, Chenbo Zhu, Kun Xu, Yasuko Watanabe, Maho Tanaka, Motoaki Seki, Keiichi Mochida, Yuri Kanno, Mitsunori Seo, Kien Huu Nguyen, Cuong Duy Tran, Ha Duc Chu, Hengxia Yin, Kun-Peng Jia, Lam-Son Phan Tran, Xiaojian Yin, Weiqiang Li","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03456-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00299-025-03456-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>Karrikin plays a more critical role in affecting the homeostasis of ABA and cytokinins, while strigolactones play a more critical role in influencing the homeostasis of jasmonic acid and gibberellins. Strigolactones (SLs) and karrikins (KARs) regulate plant growth and development through their crosstalk, and through the crosstalk between them and other phytohormones, such as abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin. However, how SL and KAR signaling pathways influence the levels of other phytohormones is still unknown. Here, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis of the Arabidopsis thaliana double mutant dwarf14 karrikin-insensitive 2 (d14 kai2), deficient in SL and KAR perception, and the wild-type (WT) using their rosette leaves. Ten gene ontology terms related to phytohormones were enriched with differentially expressed genes derived from the 'd14 kai2 vs WT' comparison. Our data revealed that the levels of auxin, ABA and salicylic acid (SA) were higher in d14 and kai2 single and d14 kai2 mutant plants than in WT, which was consistent with the results of previous investigations. In contrast, the levels of cytokinins (CKs) were found to be lower in all single and double mutants than in WT. The levels of active gibberellins were lower in d14 and d14 kai2 mutants than in WT, while they were comparable in kai2 and WT plants. Similarly, the levels of jasmonic acid (JA) were lower in d14 and d14 kai2 plants, but higher in kai2 plants than in WT. Both transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses indicated that SL and KAR signaling pathways affect the levels of auxin, SA, CKs, gibberellin 4 (GA₄) and ABA by influencing the expression of their biosynthetic (in case of auxin, SA, GA₄ and CKs) and catabolic (in case of ABA) genes. Collectively, our data demonstrated that KAI2 plays a more critical role in the homeostasis of ABA and CKs, while D14 plays a more critical role in the homeostasis of JA and gibberellins. Findings of this study indicate a complex and broad crosstalk among various phytohormones in plants, which can be considered for future exogenous applications and hormone engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 3","pages":"60"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143468773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HaNAC146 from sunflower overexpression enhances plant growth and stress tolerance.","authors":"Yuxin Liu, Wenhui Li, Lingling Zhang, Qixiu Huang, Xianfei Hou, Qiang Li, Zhonghua Lei, Youling Zeng","doi":"10.1007/s00299-024-03391-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00299-024-03391-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>This study mined a gene, HaNAC146, holds promise as a valuable candidate gene for developing crops with improved stress tolerance and high production potential. NAC (NAM/ATAF/CUC) is one of the largest transcription factor families. They play important roles in regulating plant development, aging, morphogenesis, as well as biotic and abiotic stress. There is a delicate balance between stress resistance and plant growth and development. To date, few genes have been identified in crops that can simultaneously enhance resistance and increase production. Sunflower, as a pioneering crop in saline-alkali soils, exhibit a certain level of tolerance to drought, barren, and saline-alkali stress. In this study, we identified a transcription factor gene, HaNAC146, which can improve both the growth and abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Our main findings indicated that HaNAC146 is induced in sunflower by various abiotic stress and some plant hormones. It is localized in the nucleus and has transcriptional activation activity. HaNAC146 can promote growth, and increase seed production by enhancing photosynthesis in transgenic Arabidopsis. Utilizing a transient transformation system in sunflower and a stable transformation platform in Arabidopsis, we demonstrated that HaNAC146 can enhance the resistance of both sunflower seedlings and Arabidopsis to salt and drought stress. This enhancement is achieved through multiple pathways, including increasing antioxidant capacity, accumulating osmotic modulating substances, improving photosynthetic efficiency, activating the expression of downstream stress-responsive genes and promoting stomatal closure with plant sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA). These results also indicated that robust growth is a key factor in plant resistance to abiotic stress. This unique stress-responsive transcription factor, HaNAC146, holds promise as a valuable candidate gene for developing crops with improved stress tolerance and high production potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 3","pages":"59"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143449939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prime editing via precise sequence insertion restores function of the recessive rc allele in rice.","authors":"Cuong X Nguyen, Trong D Nguyen, Thao T Dinh, Linh T Nguyen, Linh K Ly, Ha H Chu, Thang C La, Phat T Do","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03450-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00299-025-03450-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>An improved prime editing system precisely corrected a 14-bp deletion in the rc gene of white rice, restoring the production of brown pigments.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 3","pages":"57"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143441767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PKS1 involved in anthocyanin accumulation in red-skinned pear fruit.","authors":"Lei Guo, Yuting Hao, Ying Tang, Mengjia Wu, Rui Zhai, Chengquan Yang, Lingfei Xu, Zhigang Wang","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03444-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00299-025-03444-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>PcPKS1 can prevent PcCSN5a from acting as an inhibitor of anthocyanin synthesis by binding to PcCSN5a, ultimately leading the accumulation of anthocyanins. Light is a crucial environmental factor that regulates anthocyanin accumulation in plants. However, the molecular mechanisms by which light signals influence anthocyanin accumulation in fruits have not yet been fully elucidated. We identified the differentially expressed gene Pyrus communis PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE 1 (PcPKS1), which is associated with anthocyanin accumulation in plants, in a previous study. Through measurements of the expression of PcPKS1 in 'Starkrimson' and 'Red Bartlett' pear fruit at various developmental stages and in different pear varieties, quantitative and transient expression experiments conducted on red and green skin tissues confirmed the relationship between PcPKS1 and anthocyanin accumulation. Pyrus communis COP9 SIGNALOSOME COMPLEX SUBUNIT 5A (PcCSN5a) protein, which interacts with PcPKS1, was identified from a yeast library screening. The interaction between the two proteins was validated through yeast two-hybrid (Y2H), bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), and split-luciferase (Split-LUC) experiments. Subcellular localization and co-localization experiments revealed that PcPKS1 was localized to the cell membrane, whereas PcCSN5a was localized to the cell membrane and nucleus, with PcPKS1 and PcCSN5a co-localized on the cell membrane. Transient expression in strawberry fruit indicated that PcPKS1 positively regulated anthocyanin accumulation, whereas PcCSN5a negatively regulated anthocyanin accumulation and diminished the capacity of PcPKS1 to promote anthocyanin accumulation. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying light-regulated anthocyanin accumulation in red-skinned pear fruit.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 3","pages":"58"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143441766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioimaging insights into structural pathways of cell-to-cell communication within the male (MGU) and female (FGU) germ units of Arabidopsis thaliana.","authors":"Wiktoria Parzych, Kamila Godel-Jędrychowska, Michał Świdziński, Janusz Niedojadło, Ewa Kurczyńska, Katarzyna Niedojadło","doi":"10.1007/s00299-025-03441-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00299-025-03441-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key message: </strong>Cytoplasmic connections are present between cells within male and female germ units (MGU, FGU), suggesting potential structural pathways for communication. Cell-to-cell communication within the male germ unit (MGU), which consists of two sperm cells and the vegetative cell nucleus, and the female germ unit (FGU), comprising the synergids, the egg cell, and the central cell, is crucial for gamete maturation, fertilization, and early embryogenesis in angiosperms. The MGU facilitates the transport and delivery of immotile sperm cells via the elongating pollen tube to the FGU/embryo sac, which is deeply embedded within the ovule and the ovary. Through applying various bioimaging techniques at both electron and light microscopy levels, we examine the structure and the function of these units in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, with a particular focus on potential structural pathways for communication. In the MGU, this communication is facilitated by a cytoplasmic projection that connects the sperm cells to the lobed vegetative nucleus. In the FGU, the extracellular matrix adjacent to the egg cell, central cell, and synergids plays a similar role. We discuss our findings in the context of previous studies on Hyacinthus orientalis, where, in contrast to Arabidopsis-which possesses a tricellular pollen structure-sperm cells are formed within the growing pollen tube.</p>","PeriodicalId":20204,"journal":{"name":"Plant Cell Reports","volume":"44 3","pages":"56"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11828830/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}