Planta最新文献

{"title":"Metabolism meets transport: a new perspective on auxin homeostasis at subcellular level.","authors":"Ludmila Včelařová, Jakub Lemberk, Ondřej Novák, Aleš Pěnčík","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05083-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05083-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>This review highlights recent advances revealing auxin homeostasis as an integrated network of metabolism and transport, emphasizing subcellular compartmentalization as a key regulatory principle. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the principal auxin, is a central regulator of plant growth and development throughout the plant life cycle. Recent discoveries have reshaped our understanding of auxin metabolism and highlighted its close integration with auxin transport in maintaining cellular homeostasis. This review summarizes current knowledge on IAA metabolism and places it into the broader framework of auxin distribution within plant cells. The spatial distribution of auxin is tightly linked to its metabolic regulation, as localized auxin accumulation underlies many developmental and signaling processes. Subcellular compartmentalization of auxin into organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum or vacuole is closely associated with metabolic modifications that influence auxin transport and availability, although the mechanisms governing the movement of auxin conjugates across organellar membranes remain poorly understood. Directed auxin transport delivers active IAA to specific intracellular sites where enzymes catalyze its conjugation, hydrolysis, or degradation. Together, these interconnected processes create a dynamic regulatory network that coordinates auxin metabolism, transport, and compartmentalization to maintain auxin homeostasis and ensure precise control of plant growth and development.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13490264/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148797001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated analysis of auxin-related gene families and WGCNA reveals regulatory mechanisms underlying reproductive organ development in pear.","authors":"Wanqing Li, Bobo Song, Xiaolei Liu, Peilin Han, Jingwei Li, Jiahao Zeng, Jinran Xu, Tianyu Wang, Jun Wu","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05093-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05093-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>Auxin-related gene families potentially interact with PpyFUL and play a crucial role in regulating reproductive organ development in pear. The Rosaceae family is a major angiosperm lineage, yet the molecular basis of reproductive organ development and fruit-type diversification remains poorly characterized. Here, we conducted a comparative genomic analysis of gene family expansion and contraction throughout 12 representative Rosaceae species. Gene families associated with auxin-related biological processes were enriched among convergently expanded families in pear, strawberry, and raspberry, but among convergently contracted families in peach. These patterns suggest an important role for auxin-associated pathways in the evolution of reproductive organs. Pear exhibited the most pronounced expansion and was chosen for further analysis, accounting for 149 auxin-related genes involved in auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signal transduction across eight gene families and 19 subgroups. Gene duplication analysis revealed that 85.23% of these genes arose from whole-genome or segmental duplications associated with polyploidization, with purifying selection predominating. Transcriptome and RT-qPCR analyses showed that auxin-related genes exhibited peak expression at 12 DAF in ovules and the ovary wall, but not in the hypanthium. Co-expression network analysis and protein-protein interaction predictions identified PpyFUL as a candidate regulator associated with auxin-related pathways. Dual-luciferase assays showed that PpyFUL activated the promoter activities of PpyARF30 and PpyARF16. Functional assays demonstrated that PpyFUL overexpression promoted early flowering, increased silique size, and altered floral organ development in Arabidopsis thaliana. This study presents an evolutionary and regulatory framework for auxin-related genes in Rosaceae, revealing an auxin-MADS-box co-regulatory network underlying reproductive organ development.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148797025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salinity strengthens plant-pollinator mutualism through leaf physiological status in grafted tomatoes.","authors":"Ángela S Prudencio, Cristina Martínez-Andújar, José Ángel Martín-Rodríguez, Rim Ben Youssef, Purificación A Martínez-Melgarejo, Juan José Guerrero, Maialen Ormazabal, Francisco Pérez-Alfocea","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05110-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05110-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>The interaction between rootstock-mediated leaf Na and nutrient concentrations, and the subsequent impact on Fv/Fm and unbalanced C/N are major traits associated with plant growth, yield, and bumblebees' pollinating activity under salinity. Soil and water salinization compromises crop yield by reducing plant growth and reproductive fitness through altering source-sink activities, which in turn, affects pollination ecosystem services. However, while pollination services are barely considered as crop breeding targets, little is known about how stress-induced changes in plants affect pollinators' nutritional landscape and their foraging decisions. To address this gap, visually assessed pollination activity of managed bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) was monitored in a tomato commercial cultivar (Solanum lycopersicum L. Mill) grafted onto 26 experimental rootstocks, and related to agronomic and leaf/flower physiological traits under optimal (control) and saline (75 mM NaCl) conditions. Rootstock and salinity generated variability in agronomic (biomass, fruit yield and quality) and physiological (leaf and flower ionomics, chlorophyll fluorescence) traits, as well as in pollinator foraging behavior (flowers visited and preference). Based on a correlation analysis, the environmental pressure imposed by salinity strengthened plant-pollinator mutualistic interactions since rootstock-mediated fruit yield and plant vigor were associated not only with the leaf nutrient (C, N, P, K, Ca, S, Zn) and Fv/Fm status, but also with bumblebees' activity. Leaf Na concentration emerged as the strongest negative factor associated with plant growth, physiology and yield as well as with pollinator activity, while flower abortion was more closely linked to leaf C, N and P status rather than Na levels in flowers. The results suggest that pollinator foraging decisions under salinity may reflect the plant physiological status and C/N balance, supporting a potential role for pollinators as ecosystem phenotypers for plant selection and breeding under environmental pressure.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13486138/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148796938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dexamethasone-inducible LhGR/pOp system: simple and flexible spatiotemporal control of gene expression.","authors":"Zuzanna Majewska, Grzegorz Jursza, Alicja Dolzblasz","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05123-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05123-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>Our review illustrates how the dexamethasone-inducible LhGR/pOp system has been used across numerous tissues/organs and plant species, and summarizes the resources and inducer application procedures established to date. The establishment of groundbreaking molecular biology tools has enabled the rapid advancement of research based on the model plant Arabidopsis, which currently strongly benefits non-model but economically important species. Spatiotemporal control of transgene expression via the chemically inducible system GR-LhG4/pOp has proven to be a particularly powerful, universal and non-invasive experimental approach. This review characterizes the mechanism of action of GR-LhG4/pOp and synthesizes information on available GR-LhG4 transgenic lines and inductor (dexamethasone) application procedures across various plant tissues. Moreover, feasible experimental approaches are depicted that range from classical ones aiming at selected genes overexpression or silencing to highly innovative ones, like those integrating the GR-LhG4/pOp system with CRISPR-Cas for targeted ablation of specific cell types. Information about the existing GR-LhG4/pOp lines from non-Arabidopsis plants is also provided, in hope that this sophisticated but universal research tool will become more exploited in crop research.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481485/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148796956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanins in rapeseed (Brassica napus).","authors":"Hongyan Wang, Emily Nyangoma, Xiangyan He, Zhengfu Wang, Fuyong Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05125-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05125-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>The review highlights that anthocyanin accumulation in Brassica napus is driven by strong up-regulation of key upstream biosynthetic genes and demonstrates that RNA-seq is an effective strategy for identifying candidate regulators underlying purple-leaf pigmentation in rapeseed. Rapeseed is planted worldwide as an oilseed crop and has been developed as a multifunctional plant. Anthocyanins are important secondary metabolites that play diverse roles in plant development, stress tolerance, and human health. They contribute to the color variation and nutritional value of plants. Many color variants with high-anthocyanin content have been reported in rapeseed species. To provide a comprehensive overview of the biosynthesis, accumulation, and molecular regulation mechanisms of anthocyanins in Brassica napus, this review summarizes research advances on the leaf, stem, seed, and flower color variants, focusing on identification of key genes regulating anthocyanins biosynthesis, accumulation, and regulation by MYB-bHLH-WD40 complexes in the plant. The review also explores how environmental cues such as light and temperature modulate anthocyanin accumulation in rapeseed and highlights the progress and challenges in understanding anthocyanin metabolism in rapeseed. Furthermore, we discuss a simplified procedure to isolate the candidate gene controlling the anthocyanins biosynthesis in Brassica napus, offering insights for basic research.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148766301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disakisperma species (Poaceae): C₄ halophytes with ion excretion via salt glands.","authors":"Tatyana A Borisenko, Peter M Zhurbenko, Elena V Voznesenskaya, Asaph Cousins, Nuria K Koteyeva","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05121-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05121-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>One of the primary salt-tolerance mechanisms in the three Disakisperma species involves salt excretion via bicellular salt glands. Salt excretion out of the leaves is one of the ways to avoid the toxicity of sodium and chloride ions under salinity. Among grasses (Poaceae), about 30 species are capable of salt excretion. The genus Disakisperma is in a sister clade to the salt excretors and has C₄ metabolism, which is advantageous for salinity tolerance. For three Disakisperma species, D. eleusine, D. dubium, and D. obtusiflorum, we confirmed NAD-ME biochemical C₄ subtype by the Western blotting for the main decarboxylases and NAD-ME anatomical type by the transmission electron microscopy. Under 200 mM and 400 mM NaCl treatments, photosynthetic and transpiration rates, as well as leaf sizes, decreased progressively. Nevertheless, all plants successfully completed their life cycle and produced viable seeds, demonstrating that all three species are halophytes characterized by moderate salt tolerance. All species possess bicellular salt glands on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. Crystals observed on their cap cells contain mainly sodium, potassium and chloride. Salt-excreting function is related to special subcellular structures as partitioning membranes and numerous mitochondria in the basal cell. Therefore, we presume that one of the salt-tolerance mechanisms of three Disakisperma species is ion excretion via specialized salt glands.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148759997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization: a transformative tool for chromosome identification and engineering for crop improvement in the plant genomics era.","authors":"Chengzhi Jiang, Guangrong Li, Min Wan, Ennian Yang, Shulan Fu, Zongxiang Tang, Peng Zhang, Zujun Yang","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05128-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05128-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>This review highlights ND-FISH mechanisms, genomic integration, and workflows for karyotyping, rearrangement detection, and introgression, bridging cytogenetics and breeding for precision crop improvement. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has been a pivotal technique for chromosome identification in plant species for over three decades. In particular, the non-denaturing FISH (ND-FISH) method, developed in 2009 and based on synthetic oligonucleotide probes derived from simple sequence repeats (SSRs), offers a highly efficient and labor-saving alternative to conventional FISH protocols. The ND-FISH method enables large-scale karyotyping at low cost, making it suitable for both large and small genomes, especially in polyploid plant species. In recent decades, improvements in chromosome preparation have facilitated high-throughput molecular cytogenetic identification for studying plant genetic variation and diversity. Notably, the rapid expansion of plant genomic resources and the development of bioinformatics-based computational tools have enabled the production of various types of diversified oligonucleotide probes. These advances support molecular cytogenetic mapping and precise chromosome engineering, as well as validation of genome assembly, which effectively bridges the gap between laboratory genomic research and practical field breeding applications. This review summarizes key technical advances and mechanistic insights into ND-FISH, highlights recent achievements, and discusses the prospects for its applications in the plant genomics era.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148723278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forchlorfenuron (CPPU) suppresses fruitlet abscission in Areca catechu by modulating carbohydrate allocation, hormonal dynamics, and lignin biosynthesis.","authors":"Lin-Kai Wang, Wen-Cheng Fan, Han Gong, Dong-Xia Li, Li-Yun Liu, Meng Li, Jia Li","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05120-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05120-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>CPPU treatment increased the supply of carbohydrates in the fruiting branches, and the upregulation of genes related to lignin synthesis improved the tensile strength of the AZ, thereby inhibiting fruitlet abscission in A. catechu. Forchlorfenuron (CPPU) is a synthetic plant growth regulator with cytokinin activity that effectively promotes cell division and expansion, thereby enhancing fruit set rate and improving fruit quality. In this study, CPPU has been verified to effectively suppress fruitlet abscission in A. catechu. The CPPU treatment resulted in a notable increase in the levels of total sugar, starch, sucrose, glucose, and lignin in the abscission zones (AZs) of A. catechu fruitlets. Concurrently, the levels of ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) and ABA (abscisic acid) significantly decreased, while the levels of ZR (zeatin riboside) and GA₃ (gibberellic acid) significantly increased. Furthermore, totally 1,503 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the AZs treated by CPPU and control have been identified through RNA-Seq, including 778 upregulated and 725 downregulated genes. Within the phytohormone signaling pathways, two genes involved in GA₃ signaling transduction, AcCXE and AcGAST, were significantly upregulated, while AcABI, a gene related to ABA signaling, was significantly downregulated. Additionally, genes involved in sucrose and starch metabolism pathways, such as AcSUS4 and AcFRK, and genes associated with lignin biosynthesis, including AcPAL, AcC4H, AcOMT, and AcF5H, were significantly upregulated. These results suggest that CPPU may accelerate the transport of carbohydrates in the leaves and increasing the carbohydrate supply in fruit-bearing branches, and the elevated lignin content improves the tensile strength of the AZ, thereby suppressing fruitlet abscission. These results not only provide preliminary insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying the suppression of CPPU on fruitlet abscission, but also offer a practical strategy for improving the management of A. catechu industrial.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148726283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linker domain Ser-phosphorylation as a putative modulator for ABCB alkaloid transporters.","authors":"Lloyd Loza-Muller, Armando Muñoz-Sánchez, Felipe Vázquez-Flota","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05129-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05129-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>In silico analysis of different ABCB-type proteins revealed structural similarities within the linker domain, including the presence of [R/K-X-S/T] and [R/K-X-X-S/T] motifs, which are potential phosphorylation sites for kinases of the AGCVIII superfamily. Based on these findings, a phosphorylation-based regulatory mechanism is proposed for ABCB alkaloid transporters. Plants avoid self-toxicity by compartmentalizing secondary metabolites in specialized cells. Even when this mechanism keeps them away from sensitive metabolic processes, it also could restrict them from reaching the different locations where they might be required. Hence, operation of transport mechanisms is critical to fulfill their assigned functions. Posttranslational modifications offer a versatile mechanism for the fine tuning of protein functions, which has been marginally explored in plant ABC transporters. The activation of camalexin transport by serine phosphorylation of Arabidopsis PDR8/ABCG36 is one of the few documented examples. However, similar mechanisms have been observed in examples from different taxa, such as the human HsABCB1/MDR1/P-gp (ABCB), Saccharomyces ScYCF1 (ABCC), and Candida CaCdr1p (ABCG), among others. ABC proteins include domains for both membrane anchoring and nucleotide hydrolysis. In some instances, these domains are joined by an additional linker domain in a single polypeptide. Even when the linker domain is mostly regarded as a structural spacer, in some ABCB transporters, the presence of serine residues, potentially recognizable by protein kinases from the AGC superfamily, suggests a possible modulatory role. In fact, Ser phosphorylation on the linker domain of the human HsABCB1 modifies its selectivity against different allocrites, whereas in the Arabidopsis transporter AtABCB1 linker domain phosphorylation increases cell efflux of indoleacetic acid. ABCB transporters for benzylisoquinoline alkaloids have been described in different plants and the occurrence of Ser residues in the right phosphorylation context suggests a possible extension of this regulatory mechanism to secondary metabolite transporters.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148713374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flooding-induced transcriptomic responses and yield stability in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis).","authors":"Siew-Eng Ooi, Ishak Feshah, Ahmad Malike Fadila, Norashikin Sarpan, Azimi Nuraziyan, Norhalida Mohamed Serdari, Kian-Wah Liew","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05127-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05127-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>Flooding response in oil palm involves a subtle or broad transcriptional strategy, each associating differently to yield stability across flooding depths. ADH1 baseline expression discriminates these response types. Oil palm is among the world's most productive oil crops, yet information on its response to flooding is limited despite increasing flooding frequency associated with climate change. In this study, leaf transcriptomes from oil palms in the field sampled under non-flooding, low-flooding, and high-flooding conditions revealed two distinct transcriptomic response types, designated as Group 1 and Group 2. Group 1 displayed a subtle transcriptional response, exhibiting fewer differentially expressed genes with predominantly low-magnitude changes, whereas Group 2 displayed a broad transcriptional response, with a higher proportion of genes exhibiting large-magnitude changes. Expression trends for cell wall modification genes (XTH) and stress-associated transcription factors (DREB) were consistent between field-flooded palms and submerged young plantlets. Notably, baseline expression of the hypoxia marker, ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE 1 (ADH1), discriminated the two transcriptome groups under non-flooded conditions. Group 1 displayed low baseline levels that were strongly inducible upon flooding, but Group 2 exhibited elevated baseline levels that were sustained under flooding. Mediation analysis showed that the negative association between flood depth and fresh fruit bunch yield operates primarily through suppression of frond architectural traits (rachis length, leaf width, petiole cross-sectional area) in Group 2, while Group 1 displayed better yield stability through frond production, a trait likely insensitive to flood depth. These findings highlight that flood-resilient transcriptional strategies, distinguishable by ADH1 baseline expression, may exist in oil palm, with implications for breeding or stress priming programs targeting flood-prone areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148707280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}