Planta最新文献

{"title":"Harnessing CRISPR/Cas9 in engineering biotic stress immunity in crops.","authors":"Bayram Ali Yerlikaya, Seher Yerlikaya, Batuhan Gül, Hümeyra Yoldaş, Musa Kavas, Heba I Mohamed","doi":"10.1007/s00425-025-04769-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-025-04769-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>There is significant potential for CRISPR/Cas9 to be used in developing crops that can adapt to biotic stresses such as fungal, bacterial, viral, and pest infections and weeds. The increasing global population and climate change present significant threats to food security by putting stress on plants, making them more vulnerable to diseases and productivity losses caused by pathogens, pests, and weeds. Traditional breeding methods are inadequate for the rapid development of new plant traits needed to counteract this decline in productivity. However, modern advances in genome-editing technologies, particularly CRISPR/Cas9, have transformed crop protection through precise and targeted modifications of plant genomes. This enables the creation of resilient crops with improved resistance to pathogens, pests, and weeds. This review examines various methods by which CRISPR/Cas9 can be utilized for crop protection. These methods include knocking out susceptibility genes, introducing resistance genes, and modulating defense genes. Potential applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in crop protection involve introducing genes that confer resistance to pathogens, disrupting insect genes responsible for survival and reproduction, and engineering crops that are resistant to herbicides. In conclusion, CRISPR/Cas9 holds great promise for advancing crop protection and ensuring food security in the face of environmental challenges and increasing population pressures. The most recent advancements in CRISPR technology for creating resistance to bacteria, fungi, viruses, and pests are covered here. We wrap up by outlining the most pressing issues and technological shortcomings, as well as unanswered questions for further study.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"262 3","pages":"54"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-wide identification of the C2-domain abscisic acid-related (CAR) protein family in Rosaceae and functional characterization of PbrCAR1 in pear pollen tube growth.","authors":"Xueying Liu, Yanhong Zhang, Hong Su, Baofeng Zhang, Fengjun Zhao, Hao Zhang, Chao Tang, Peng Wang, Shaoling Zhang, Wenjie Zhou, Juyou Wu","doi":"10.1007/s00425-025-04764-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-025-04764-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>This study identified a PbrCAR1 gene in pear, which promotes pollen tube growth by mediating vesicle transport, and Ca²⁺ treatment enhances PbrCAR1 expression and promotes its plasma membrane accumulation. The C2-domain abscisic acid-related (CAR) proteins bind to diverse signaling protein complexes and play essential roles in numerous biological processes, including blue light tropism, gravitropism, iron nutrition, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the functions of CAR gene family members in pear pollen development within the Rosaceae family remain inadequately explored. In this study, we identified a total of 33 CAR genes across four Rosaceae species. Phylogenetic and structural analyses classified these genes into three distinct subfamilies (I to III). Evolutionary analyses indicated that purifying selection significantly influenced the evolution of the Rosaceae CAR gene family, while whole-genome duplication and tandem duplication contributed substantially to its expansion. Transcriptomic data combined with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed tissue-specific expression patterns of PbrCAR genes, with PbrCAR1 showing high expression during pollen development and mainly localizing in the cytoplasm. Exogenous calcium ion (Ca²⁺) treatment was shown to enhance the expression of PbrCAR1 and promote its accumulation at the plasma membrane. Moreover, knocking down PbrCAR1 in pear pollen tubes significantly inhibited vesicle trafficking at the pollen tube tip, thereby suppressing pollen tube growth. These findings indicate that PbrCAR1 regulates pear pollen tube growth by mediating vesicle transport and provide valuable insights along with a theoretical foundation for studying the evolution, expression patterns, and functions of the CAR gene family in plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"262 3","pages":"55"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking the secrets of zombi pea: a pantropical orphan for a sustainable future.","authors":"Srija Priyadarsini, Alok Nandi, Saurabh Singh, Maniyam Nedunchezhiyan, Pushpajeet Choudhari, Ajoy Pattnaik","doi":"10.1007/s00425-025-04768-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-025-04768-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>Zombi pea is a treasure trove for hunting genes to deliver climate-smart cultivars. The integrated power of genetic and genomic approaches could be fruitful in deciphering the genetic basis of climate resilience, domestication syndrome, and the utility of orphan crops for a sustainable future. The plant genetics, biology and physiology are significantly influenced by climate change in numerous ways, which ultimately threatens food and nutritional security. There is a need to diversify the food systems with climate-smart orphan crops and leveraging neoteric molecular, genetic, and genomic approaches to unlock the breeding potential of these orphans. Among the orphan legumes, Zombi pea is a genetic treasure trove for hunting genes to tackle the ghastly future. It is a potential future crop for food, nutrition, and sustainable agriculture. Recently, the progress on strengthening genomic resources of orphan legumes has gained momentum. Here, we provide an overview of current progress made in deciphering the domestication syndrome and identification of QTLs controlling biotic and abiotic stress resistance in zombi pea. The knowledge obtained so far about the genetic potential of zombi pea is likely the tip of the iceberg. Harnessing the biotechnological advancements in underpinning the potential of such orphan legumes is the key to developing a future roadmap for sustainable agriculture. This article emphasizes the need for integrating genetic and genomics approaches to unlock the true genetic potential of orphan legumes like zombi pea in addressing the challenges of climate change and achieving the United Nations' sustainable development goal of 'zero hunger'.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"262 2","pages":"50"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leaf anatomical traits shape lettuce physiological response to vapor pressure deficit and light intensity.","authors":"Chiara Amitrano, Murat Kacira, Carmen Arena, Stefania De Pascale, Veronica De Micco","doi":"10.1007/s00425-025-04774-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-025-04774-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>Anatomical plasticity in stomatal, vascular, and mesophyll traits enables lettuce to partially buffer high evaporative and irradiance stress, advancing understanding of crop acclimation under a changing environment. Phenotypic plasticity in leaf anatomical and physiological traits is fundamental for plant acclimation to variable environmental conditions. While the individual effects of light intensity and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on plant performance are relatively well understood, their interactive influence on leaf structure and function remains underexplored. Here, we investigated the response of Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata ('Salanova') to combinations of two VPD levels (0.78 and 1.4 kPa) and three daily light integrals (DLIs; 8.6, 12.9, and 15.5 mol m⁻² d⁻¹) in a vertical farming system. Contrary to our initial hypothesis that high irradiance combined with elevated VPD would impair mesophyll development and photosynthetic performance, plants under high VPD and high DLI exhibited pronounced anatomical plasticity. These included a 40% increase in stomatal density, a 24% increase in minor vein density, enhanced palisade mesophyll thickening, and elevated chloroplast surface exposure to intercellular airspaces (Sc), enabling partial maintenance of CO₂ diffusion despite reductions in mesophyll gas phase conductance (g_ias). Multivariate analyses revealed a strong coordination among anatomical and physiological traits under high VPD, with vascular and stomatal traits emerging as critical nodes. Although plants under low VPD consistently achieved higher biomass, photosynthesis, and water use efficiency, those under high VPD and high light conditions activated structural and biochemical compensations (e.g., increased Vcmax and Jmax), mitigating the detrimental effects of environmental stress. Our findings emphasize the essential role of leaf anatomical plasticity in facilitating plant acclimation to combined high evaporative demand and irradiance, offering novel insights for optimizing crop performance in controlled environment agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"262 2","pages":"48"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12479579/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ZmWRKY107 modulates salt tolerance in maize plants by regulating ZmPOD52 expression.","authors":"Ronghao Cai, Haidong Yan, Xueru Zhu, Xiu Fang, Dongxu Zhao, Xueshi Zhang, Yongwei Min, Zhongxian Ma, Qing Ma","doi":"10.1007/s00425-025-04777-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-025-04777-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>ZmWRKY107 plays a role in salt stress response by binding to the ZmPOD52 promoter and regulating its gene expression, providing a WRKY candidate gene for improving salt stress resistance in maize. Plants are affected by various environmental factors throughout their growth stages, with salinity being a particularly significant stressor. WRKY transcription factors play an essential role in plant responses to stress. In this study, ZmWRKY107 in maize (Zea mays L.) was revealed to belong to the WRKY transcription factor group II subfamily. ZmWRKY107 expression was induced to varying degrees by salt stress. ZmWRKY107 was localized in the nucleus and showed transcriptional activity in yeast. Additionally, luciferase assays and yeast one-hybrid experiments confirmed that ZmWRKY107 binds specifically to the W-box (TTGACC) sequence. Comparative analyses indicated that wrky107 mutants are more sensitive to salt stress than B73, with decreased relative water content and peroxidase (POD) and catalase activities, but increased malondialdehyde accumulation and relative electrolyte leakage. To explore the underlying molecular mechanisms, we conducted transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative real-time PCR analyses to clarify how ZmWRKY107 responds to salt stress and affects the expression of stress response-related genes. Moreover, luciferase reporter gene assays and yeast one-hybrid experiments showed that ZmWRKY107 can bind directly to the W-box element in the ZmPOD52 promoter. This interaction likely forms part of a regulatory network that activates ZmPOD52 expression, contributing to the maize response to salt stress. In conclusion, we propose a mechanism for the maize response to salt stress involving the ZmWRKY107-ZmPOD52 molecular module, thereby enhancing our understanding of how WRKY transcription factors regulate salt tolerance in maize.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"262 2","pages":"49"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144626961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modifying the potato tuber storage protein patatin targeting improved thermal stability.","authors":"Martin Friberg, Shrikant Sharma, Folke Sitbon, Mariette Andersson, Per Hofvander","doi":"10.1007/s00425-025-04766-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-025-04766-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>Gene editing of the patatin gene cluster using a single-guide RNA sequence consistently modifies over 10% of the targeted genes in modified individuals. Patatins have gained recent attention, as a group of highly nutritious proteins with excellent functional properties. Some techniques have been suggested for industrial-scale patatin purification, mostly as a by-product from potato starch processing. The purification process has proved to be a challenge due to the low thermostability of patatins, especially under acidic conditions. One strategy to make patatin more accessible for extraction would be to stabilize the protein structure through the introduction of point mutations. Here, we show that the tuber expression of patatin genes is dominated by a few genes from the extended gene family, most of which were predicted to be catalytically inactive. We have further evaluated the suitability of the patatin gene cluster as a target for clustered regularly interspaced repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9-based mutagenesis. In the mutation study, we show that targeting using a single single-stranded guide RNA (sgRNA) can lead to mutations in over 10% of all alleles. Finally, four patatin variants with amino acid substitutions were designed based on in silico analysis of patatin protein structure. These modified patatins were then heterologously expressed in bacteria and evaluated for increased thermostability. While none of the mutant proteins performed better than a wild-type variant, with regard to their thermal properties, one candidate proved to be less sensitive to shifting pH, making it an interesting candidate for further optimizations.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"262 2","pages":"46"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12254056/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144609008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon monoxide promotes flowering in Lemna gibba via a nitric oxide-dependent oxidative stress pathway.","authors":"Samvedana Chauhan, Deepshikha Chatterjee, Latif Ahmad Peer, Bilal Ahmad Mir, Shashi B Babbar","doi":"10.1007/s00425-025-04775-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-025-04775-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>Carbon monoxide promotes flowering in Lemna gibba via a nitric oxide-dependent oxidative stress pathway involving a CO → NO → ROS signaling cascade. This novel redox-regulated mechanism offers new insights into floral transition, which is distinct from conventional photoperiod-dependent pathways. Carbon monoxide is increasingly recognized as a signaling molecule in plant systems; however, its role in reproductive development remains poorly understood. This study showed that carbon monoxide promotes flowering in Lemna gibba through a novel pathway involving nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. Flowering occurred exclusively under long-day conditions, indicating dependency on photoperiodic cues. Inhibition of nitric oxide production suppressed the flowering response induced by carbon monoxide, and microscopic analysis confirmed elevated nitric oxide levels in treated plants. Carbon monoxide also alters cellular redox balance by reducing the activity of key antioxidant enzymes and increasing oxidative stress markers. Notably, the use of reactive oxygen species scavengers blocked the flowering response, confirming the necessity of oxidative signaling. These findings identified a unique carbon monoxide-nitric oxide-reactive oxygen species pathway that regulates flowering independently of the known photoperiodic mechanisms. This study highlights the role of redox signaling in the control of reproductive timing in aquatic plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"262 2","pages":"47"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144609007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomics and network pharmacology analysis reveal key genes in alkaloid biosynthesis in Zephyranthes candida and therapeutic targets for LIHC.","authors":"Wanying Xie, Mengge Sun, Jinshibo Fan, Zhiwei Wang, Ziyang Xie, Yijia Tao, Jiawen Wu","doi":"10.1007/s00425-025-04756-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-025-04756-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>This study identified key enzyme-encoding genes involved in the biosynthesis of lycorine and galanthamine in Zephyranthes candida, and predicted four critical therapeutic targets of lycorine for liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC). Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AAs) comprise a unique class of isoquinoline alkaloids mainly found in plants of the Amaryllidaceae family. Zephyranthes candida (Lindl.) Herb., a bulbous geophyte within this family, produces lycorine and galanthamine as its characteristic isoquinoline alkaloids. In this study, an in-depth analysis of the biosynthesis of these compounds in various tissues of the plant was conducted using transcriptomics and bioinformatics. Transcriptome databases were generated for roots, leaves, and bulbs of Z. candida. Key enzymes and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with lycorine and galanthamine biosynthesis were screened, leading to the identification of two genes, ZcTYDC (DN4967_1) and ZcN4OMT (DN3779), based on correlation analysis. Subsequently, phylogenetic, structural modeling and molecular docking analyses of key enzymes were undertaken, followed by a detailed assessment of their characteristics and functions. A correlation was identified between the expression of genes encoding transcription factors (TFs) and major AAs biosynthetic enzymes in Z. candida. The expression levels of selected genes were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), while the contents of lycorine and galanthamine in each tissue were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Critical targets of lycorine in liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC)-MMP9, IGF1, SRC, and CCNA2-were predicted using network pharmacology, gene expression profiling interactive analysis (GEPIA2), molecular docking, and visualization. This study provides a theoretical basis for further research on the biosynthesis of AAs, as well as support for the therapeutic application of lycorine in LIHC.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"262 2","pages":"45"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144609009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A perspective: some relationships between the biochemistry of photosynthesis and the gas exchange of leaves (Planta 153, 376-387).","authors":"Susanne von Caemmerer, Graham D Farquhar","doi":"10.1007/s00425-025-04761-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-025-04761-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Planta paper \"Some relationships between the biochemistry of photosynthesis and the gas exchange of leaves\" explored the relationship between gas exchange measurements of CO₂ assimilation rate and the in vitro activity of Rubisco and chloroplast electron transport capacity. It showed that A/C_i curves, the response of CO₂ assimilation rate, A, to intercellular CO₂ partial pressure, C_i, were an ideal tool to capture the underlying photosynthetic biochemistry and could be used to quantify maximum Rubisco activity and electron transport capacity in vivo. We also derived the equations required to calculate C_i using a ternary diffusion model which are now used world-wide in portable gas exchange systems. Below we highlight the major findings reported in this paper and how they continue to influence current research.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"262 2","pages":"43"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12241229/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144591972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon quantum dots as versatile nanomaterials for improving soil health and plant stress tolerance: a comprehensive review.","authors":"Nida Andleeb, Saira Zafar, Zainab Rahim, Muhammad Mubashar Iqbal, Rattan Lal, Muhammad Ansar Farooq","doi":"10.1007/s00425-025-04758-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-025-04758-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>This review summarizes the synthesis, purification/separation, and characterization techniques for carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and highlights their versatile applications as low-toxicity, multifunctional nanomaterials with particular focus on improving soil health, plant stress tolerance, and promoting sustainable agriculture. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have recently emerged as highly versatile nanomaterials with a broad spectrum of applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various aspects of CQDs, including their synthesis via both top-down and bottom-up approaches, along with the critical separation and purification techniques required to fully harness their potential. This article highlights the multifaceted roles of both pristine and engineered CQDs in soil and plant systems, with a particular emphasis on soil biochemical processes and different stages of plant life cycle. A special attention has been given to the role of CQDs in enhancing plant tolerance to various biotic and abiotic stresses, such as nutritional imbalance, salinity, drought, heat, and heavy metal stress, with studies showing an improvement in stress tolerance, and considerable increase in seed germination rates when seeds are primed with CQDs. We have also discussed the crucial role of CQDs-mediated gene delivery in plants along with their influence on various soil characteristics. Moreover, the application of CQDs in the detection of agrochemical residues has been discussed with detection sensitivity reported as low as 0.1 µg L^-1 for certain pesticides along with their broader utility in environmental remediation, food safety, and therapeutic applications demonstrating their unique properties and multi-functionality for sustainable use. This review also addresses the emerging concerns surrounding the potential toxicity of CQDs, particularly in plants, the food chain, and human health. While most studies report low toxicity at concentration below 100 mg L^-1, understanding these risks is important to ensure the safe deployment of CQDs in real-world scenarios. In short, advanced research knowledge is provided as a basis for CQDs future development research toward efficient non-toxic delivery system for sustainable agriculture and other applications.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Comprehensive exploration of synthesis methodologies for CQDs. The multifaceted role of CQDs in improving soil health and plant stress tolerance is discussed. Explores the nutritional significance of CQDs-coated fertilizers and their potential to revolutionize agricultural practices. Highlights the diverse application of CQDs in environmental remediation and biomedical field, emphasizing their cross disciplinary impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"262 2","pages":"44"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12241225/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144591973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}