Planta最新文献

{"title":"Light modulates organ-specific gibberellin-abscisic acid crosstalk during drought response in Arabidopsis thaliana.","authors":"Tereza Miksteinová, Marek Szecówka, Ivan Petřík, Terezie Urbanová, Tereza Trávníčková, Martina Špundová, Martin Fellner, Peter Hedden","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05204-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05204-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>Continuous blue light enhances drought tolerance in Arabidopsis by modulating ABA and GA pathways, whilst controlled GA catabolism, especially via GA2ox7/8, is important for stomatal regulation and drought adaptation. In response to drought, plants undergo physiological and developmental adjustments to reduce water loss and survive the stress, including reduced shoot growth, altered root architecture, and stomatal closure. These processes are regulated by phytohormones, including gibberellins (GAs), which mediate growth adjustments, and abscisic acid (ABA), which promotes stomatal closure. In addition, light signalling plays a crucial role in plant adaptation to drought. Here, we investigated how progressive water restriction affects hormone levels, gene expression, and leaf temperature in Arabidopsis thaliana shoots and roots under two contrasting light regimes: white light under short-day and continuous low-intensity blue light, with a focus on GA and ABA signalling pathways. The hormonal contribution to the drought response was investigated by analysis of ABA and GA mutants. Plants grown under continuous blue light experienced less-drought stress compared with white light as reflected in growth performance and differential gene expression. Drought increased ABA levels in leaves and roots, with stronger accumulation in roots under both light conditions. By contrast, GA production was decreased in leaves and increased in roots under drought in white light, but with little change in blue light. The change in GA status in leaves was associated with down-regulation of GA-biosynthetic 20-OXIDASE genes and up-regulation of GA-catabolic 2-OXIDASE genes (AtGA2ox6, AtGA2ox9). ABA- and GA-deficient mutants were unaffected by water restriction, whilst GA-overproducers lacking GA2ox genes or overexpressing AtGA20ox1 were hypersensitive to drought, with the C₂₀-GA2ox genes GA2ox7 and GA2ox8 proving particularly critical with compromised stomatal regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13676654/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149216579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calcium-dependent protein kinase signalling in plant immune responses: current status and future prospects.","authors":"Kuzhiparambil Amrutha, Mohankumar Saraladevi Resmi, Eppurathu Vasudevan Soniya, Padmanabhan Jayanthikumari Vivek","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05200-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-026-05200-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>This review focuses on the critical role of CDPKs in advancing plant immunity research, highlighting how their functions can uncover key defence mechanisms and bridge critical knowledge gaps in the field. Calcium serves as the cornerstone of immune signalling, propagating pathogen-induced signals through specific sensors and decoders. Among these, calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) stand out as plant-specific signal transducers, directly converting calcium fluxes into defence activation. By modulating key immune components, CDPKs act as key hubs in plant immunity. Deciphering their role and crosstalks with other signalling networks is crucial for understanding the complexities of plant defence mechanisms. Although functional redundancy and extensive crosstalk among CDPK family members have historically hindered precise functional characterization, these features also highlight the robustness and adaptability of plant immune systems. Recent advances including high-throughput transcriptomics, comprehensive CDPK family-wide analyses, and multiplex genome-editing approaches such as CRISPR-Cas-based multi-gene targeting are now enabling finer functional resolution of CDPK members within complex multigene families. This review synthesizes current insights into CDPK-mediated signal transduction, with particular emphasis on their roles in coordinating defence responses and integrating with major signalling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, reactive oxygen species (ROS) signalling, and WRKY transcription factor-mediated gene regulation. Importantly, the continued development of integrative and high-resolution approaches is poised to overcome longstanding limitations in the field, facilitating deeper dissection of CDPK-specific functions. Collectively, these advances position CDPK research at the forefront of plant immunity studies, with strong potential to reveal novel regulatory mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149207680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The CRISPR-dCas9 epigenetic toolbox: prospects for modulating gene expression in climate-resilient crops.","authors":"Bushra Quyoom, Latif Ahmad Peer","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05202-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-026-05202-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>CRISPR-dCas9 epigenome editing represents a paradigm shift from static DNA sequence editing to dynamic reprogramming of gene expression, offering a powerful and precise toolbox with the potential to develop stable and climate-resilient crops without altering DNA sequences. The escalating challenges of global food security, driven by climate change and population growth, necessitate innovative crop improvement strategies that extend beyond conventional breeding. Although CRISPR-Cas9 has revolutionized plant biotechnology through direct genome editing, CRISPR-based epigenome editing has emerged as a new frontier. By repurposing nuclease-dead Cas9 as a programmable targeting platform fused to epigenetic effector domains, researchers can precisely modulate gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. This approach has already yielded compelling successes, such as the engineering of durable resistance to cassava bacterial blight through targeted epigenetic silencing of a susceptibility gene. This review focuses primarily on the current state of CRISPR-based epigenome editing systems, including acetyltransferases, demethylases, DNA methyltransferases, and deacetylases, and their applications in crop improvement research. We critically evaluate their mechanisms in rewriting epigenetic regulatory information, their demonstrated efficacy in enhancing yield components, disease resistance, and abiotic stress tolerance, and their potential to create stable meiotically heritable epialleles, although most demonstrations remain at the proof-of-concept stage in model plants, with field validation in major crops still limited. This review provides a balanced analysis of key challenges, including editing specificity, context-dependency, delivery limitations, and regulatory considerations. Finally, we outline future directions focusing on technological refinement, multi-omics integration, and field validation. Epigenome editing shows promise as a conceptually distinct and transformative approach in crop biotechnology, through targeted modulation of a plant's epigenetic landscape. However, its full potential hinges on overcoming challenges related to stability, predictability, and field-scale validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149207651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-enabled hydroponics: a critical review of sensor-driven farming systems for sustainable global food security.","authors":"Sirasapalli Bhargav Kiran, Hina Upadhyay, S Ambika, Rohit Singh, Pooja Krishna Jayakrishnan, Atin Kumar, Pragnyashree Mishra, Sadras Bhavana, K C Singh, Himanshu Saini, Vishal Johar, Srinu Banothu, Binmay Kumar Mandal","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05199-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-026-05199-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>This review concludes that integrating AI with smart sensing has the potential to substantially enhance hydroponic production through precise monitoring, adaptive control, and improved resource-use efficiency. Hydroponics, a key approach in controlled-environment agriculture (CEA), enables precise regulation of plant growth conditions, improving resource efficiency and year-round crop production. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and sensor technologies offer opportunities to enhance nutrient management, monitor plant health, and predict physiological responses in real time. This review critically evaluates AI-enabled hydroponic systems, focusing on sensor-driven monitoring of solution chemistry (EC, pH, DO), environmental parameters, and plant-health indicators through imaging. We highlight the application of time-series forecasting models, computer vision, and reinforcement learning for adaptive control, emphasizing their impact on plant growth, nutrient uptake, and stress mitigation. Key challenges, including sensor drift, model generalization across crops, and adoption barriers, are discussed. Finally, we outline strategies for integrating AI with plant-centered hydroponic design, including hybrid control frameworks, prototype concepts for explainable AI dashboards, and open datasets. The dashboard concept is presented as a future design direction to improve transparency and operator trust rather than as a validated user interface evaluated in this review. The accompanying conceptual implementation example illustrates how the reviewed AI methodologies could be integrated within an AIoT-enabled hydroponic system, while quantitative validation across multiple crops, cultivation cycles, and production environments remains necessary before generalizing their effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149207640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering cotton with ASAL and MYB genes confer dual benefits of pest resistance and fiber improvement.","authors":"Ayesha Imran, Saira Azam, Ayesha Latif, Naila Shahid, Aneela Yasmeen, Tahir Rehman Sammiullah, Sania Naeem, Muhammad Ali Baig, Abdul Qayyum Rao, Ahmad Ali Shahid","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05194-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-026-05194-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>The MYB-ASAL strategy is a promising integrated approach for developing cotton cultivars with enhanced fiber quality and reduced pesticide resistance, strengthening the textile security. The quality of cotton fiber is a critical determinant in the textile industry, significantly influencing the overall quality of textile products. Environmental stressors, particularly extreme climatic conditions, adversely affect fiber quality. This study aims to investigate the enhancement of fiber traits by expressing the transcription factor MYB involved in fiber quality along with the implementation of crop protection strategies and by expressing the plant lectin gene ASAL, which provides resistance against sap-sucking insects. The MYB-ASAL gene cassette was ligated into plant expression vector pCAMBIA1302 which was confirmed through restriction digestion. The Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of pCAMBIA1302_MYB-ASAL cassette in cotton plants was performed through the shoot apex cut method with 1.61% transformation efficiency. The putative transgenic cotton plants were screened through PCR and amplification of 400 bp and 551 bp confirmed the presence of pCAMBIA1302_MYB-ASAL in cotton plants (AI 01-AI 10), which were then tested for mRNA expression. Out of ten transgenic plants, AI 01, AI 03, AI 07, AI 09 and AI 10 showed higher expression (7 and 8 folds) of the MYB gene in boll and leaf, respectively. The mRNA expression level of the MYB gene in T1 generation was higher in early developmental fiber stages, i.e., at 0, 3 and 6 post-anthesis (DPA). The relative MYB expression was high in sepals followed by petals, leaf, boll and seeds, while the mRNA expression of ASAL was significantly high in leaves of AI 03 and AI 09 transgenic cotton lines as compared to control. The whitefly mortality was calculated to be 78% and 80% in T0 and T1, respectively, while 10-15% in control plants. Maximum improvement in fiber length was 20.01%, in the fiber strength up to 17.1% and in the micronaire value up to 16.2% in AI 03 and AI 09 transgenic cotton lines. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the fibers of the transgenic cotton plants have greater number of twists per unit length than the fibers of the non-transgenic control plants. Improved morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics revealed that MYB-ASAL has a positive impact on these characteristics. Furthermore, single gene copy number was found at chromosome number 4. These findings support the concept of utilizing these transgenic plants to integrate additional desirable traits through breeding strategies, thereby optimizing cotton fiber enhancement.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149183896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of engineered nanoparticles in tomato production: nutritional enhancement, fruit preservation, and stress resilience.","authors":"Meiyan Wang, Jiadong Cheng, Qiongli Bao, Mo Zhang, Baotai Wang, Yuyao Zhang, Lei Yan, Fei Lian","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05188-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05188-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>Engineered nanoparticles improve tomato quality and stress tolerance by enhancing nutrient acquisition, antioxidant defense, and pathogen suppression, with efficacy depending on particle properties, dose, and application conditions. As one of the most important vegetable crops, tomato is cultivated globally for its high productivity and nutritional value. However, its production faces severe limitations due to abiotic and biotic stresses, calling for effective and sustainable mitigation strategies. Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) have emerged as promising materials to address key challenges in food security. While significant progress has been made in understanding ENP-plant interactions, their specific roles in tomato nutrient fortification and environmental stress resilience remain inadequately explored. This review systematically examines recent advances in the tailored properties of diverse ENPs and their applications in tomato cultivation, including growth promotion, nutritional quality improvement, postharvest preservation, and resistance to environmental stressors. We further identify critical research priorities, such as developing novel synthesis methods to optimize ENP functionality, elucidating their in planta transport and metabolic fate, and establishing standardized field-application protocols. This work provides a comprehensive foundation for advancing nano-enabled tomato production and supports the safe, effective integration of ENPs into sustainable agricultural systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149183840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repeat-length variation generates stable TTGGG-family G-quadruplex motifs in plant mitochondrial genomes.","authors":"Martin Bartas, Václav Karlický, Petr Pečinka, Eliška Veselá, Adriana Volná, Jiří Červeň","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05190-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05190-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>Repeat-length expansion generates stable, predominantly parallel G4 structures from TTGGG repeats in vitro, identifying expanded plant mitochondrial loci as candidate non-B-DNA-prone regions whose in vivo function remains unresolved. G-quadruplexes (G4s) are non-canonical DNA structures formed by stacked guanine tetrads stabilized by Hoogsteen base pairing and monovalent cations. Although G4s have been extensively studied in nuclear genomes and telomeric DNA, much less is known about G-rich tandem repeats with G4-forming potential in organellar genomes. Here, we investigated exact TTGGG tandem repeats in plant mitochondrial genomes and asked whether repeat expansion can generate local G4-compatible sequence architectures. We first used the exact (TTGGG)₄ motif as the shortest TTGGG-derived repeat module compatible with one intramolecular G4-like fold and re-annotated BLAST-positive Viridiplantae records to identify mitochondrion-annotated candidates. Across the curated mitochondrial subset, exact TTGGG tracts formed a repeat-length continuum. The strongest genome-level example was detected in the Zea perennis mitochondrial genome, where a continuous reverse-strand (TTGGG)₁₆ tract was recovered. A complementary G4Hunter analysis of four maize reference mitogenomes recovered the Z. perennis locus as an extended G4-prone region overlapping the (TTGGG)₁₆ tract, whereas no comparable TTGGG-overlapping extended G4Hunter-supported region was detected in the other Zea references examined. Biophysical characterization of synthetic TTGGG-derived oligonucleotides, (TTGGG)₄, (TTGGG)₈, and (TTGGG)₁₂, revealed robust folding into predominantly parallel G-quadruplex structures, supported by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and native gel electrophoresis. Thermal denaturation experiments further showed high stability under potassium-rich conditions. Together, these results identify expanded TTGGG repeats as an empirical example of G-rich mitochondrial tandem repeats in which repeat expansion increases the number of overlapping minimal G4-compatible modules. More broadly, our data support the view that expanded G-rich repeats can mark local non-B DNA-prone regions in repeat-rich plant mitogenomes, while their actual structural and functional states in vivo remain to be tested experimentally.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149167480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isoforms of cysteine peptidases and osmotins instead of chitinases and peptidase inhibitors drive antifungal activity but occur as distinct isoforms in latex and callus tissues of Calotropis procera.","authors":"Márcio V Ramos, Rayanne F Silva, Cristina P S Carvalho, Arlete A Soares, José Francisco C Gonçalves, Patrícia M S Carvalho, Pedro A V R Júnior, João M Matos-Neto, Cleverson D T Freitas","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05198-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-026-05198-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>Peptidases and osmotins are the primary determinants of antifungal activity, and their expression is tightly linked to tissue specialization in Calotropis procera plants. This study investigated whether callus cultures of two Apocynaceae species, Calotropis procera and Cryptostegia grandiflora, reproduce the antifungal defense system typically found in their latex. Protein fractions obtained from latex and callus tissues were evaluated for antifungal activity against Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, and C. gloeosporioides, as well as the presence of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins was investigated. Callus proteins from C. procera (CPCp) exhibited antifungal activity, inhibiting both mycelial growth and spore germination of all tested fungi. In contrast, callus proteins from C. grandiflora (CPCg) showed no detectable antifungal activity. Mechanistic assays demonstrated that CPCp induced plasma membrane permeabilization and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in fungal spores. Biochemical analyses further revealed that antifungal activity was associated with the presence of peptidases and osmotins but not of peptidase inhibitors and chitinases. Immunological recognition and gene expression analyses indicated that the peptidases and osmotins expressed in callus tissues differ from those present in the latex of C. procera, suggesting the occurrence of distinct protein isoforms. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that peptidases and osmotins are key determinants of antifungal activity in latex plants and reveal that their expression is closely linked to tissue specialization, highlighting the differential regulation of defense protein isoforms between latex and other plant tissues.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13653838/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149166651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plastome architecture and maternal relationships of cultivated almond (Prunus dulcis) and its wild relatives.","authors":"Yasin Kaya, Zübeyde Uğurlu Aydın, Ali A Dönmez","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05197-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-026-05197-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>Plastome structure and gene content are invariant across almond and its wild relatives; the spacers rpl33-rps18, rps2-rpoC2 and psbB-psbT are the most variable regions and strongest candidate markers for Amygdalus. Almond (Prunus dulcis) is a major tree nut crop whose domestication narrowed its genetic base, whilst its wild relatives retain adaptive diversity. Complete plastomes remain scarce for almond. We sequenced three new plastomes (P. arabica, P. argentea and P. dulcis) from Türkiye and compared them with ten further Prunus plastomes from public reads, giving 13 uniformly annotated genomes rooted on P. persica and P. avium. All had the conserved quadripartite structure (157,756-158,070 bp), GC content near 36.7%, fixed junctions and an identical set of 113 genes: 79 protein-coding, 30 tRNA and 4 rRNA genes, 18 intron-containing. Codon use was A/U-biassed and the plastome repeat-poor, dominated by A/T mononucleotide microsatellites, ycf1 carrying the most cpSSR loci. Across 128 kb of alignment the thirteen plastomes differed at 956 positions (π = 0.0014); six of the nine cultivated accessions, from China to Spain, shared one haplotype, two more lay within six substitutions of it, and only the Iranian accession diverged (180-185 substitutions). The most variable regions, rpl33-rps18, rps2-rpoC2 and psbB-psbT, are nominated as candidate plastid markers. Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian phylogenies, and haplotype network were congruent: P. arabica was the wild plastome, closest to the cultivated cluster, P. argentea, the Iranian accession and P. webbii diverged successively outside it, and a relaxed clock calibrated on the almond-peach split placed these separations within roughly the last five million years. Amongst the sampled accessions, the cultivated plastomes form one tight maternal lineage, consistent with a narrow founder base, though clonal propagation and limited sampling may contribute.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149168897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Omics-guided understanding of nonthermal plasma seed treatment: from surface modification to germination and stress resilience.","authors":"Kainat Gul, Sohail Mumtaz","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05193-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05193-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>This review links plasma-induced seed-surface modification and redox signaling with emerging multi-omics responses associated with germination and stress resilience, while emphasizing that a unified causal sequence remains unproven. Nonthermal plasma (NTP) seed treatment has emerged as a promising chemical-free strategy for improving germination, seedling establishment, and stress resilience. Despite the expansion of plasma agriculture, reviews have largely focused on plasma engineering, individual physiological responses, or descriptive summaries of agronomic outcomes, leaving the mechanistic continuum linking plasma-derived signals to molecular reprogramming and stress-resilient phenotypes fragmented. Here, we provide an omics-guided and systems-level synthesis of NTP seed treatment by integrating evidence from both direct plasma treatment and plasma-activated water within a unified conceptual framework. We evaluate NTP-generated reactive species, ultraviolet photons, and transient electric fields as upstream signals contributing to biological responses across multiple organizational levels, while recognizing that their relative contributions and causal ordering remain unresolved. We synthesize evidence linking plasma exposure with seed-surface remodeling, redox and hormonal signaling, and transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and locus-specific epigenetic responses. However, these layers have largely been examined across different species, tissues, developmental stages, and experimental systems and therefore do not establish a unified causal chain for germination or stress adaptation. By integrating surface-level effects with molecular evidence, this review frames NTP seed treatment as a dose-dependent redox intervention that may transiently reconfigure conserved signaling networks, while direct cross-scale mechanistic validation remains limited. Finally, we identify critical challenges, including the lack of standardized plasma dosimetry, source variability, and limited cross-scale mechanistic integration, and propose a roadmap toward precision plasma agriculture through multi-omics-guided biomarker discovery, real-time plasma diagnostics, artificial intelligence-assisted optimization, and customized plasma treatments aimed at improving crop establishment and stress resilience.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149147882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}