Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy最新文献

{"title":"Hyperspectral imaging combined with residual-attention-net for spectral-spatial feature fusion in liver disease diagnosis","authors":"Yunze Li ,&nbsp;Jingjing Wang ,&nbsp;Miaoqing Zhao ,&nbsp;Jinlin Deng ,&nbsp;Chongxuan Tian ,&nbsp;Qize Lv ,&nbsp;Yifei Liu ,&nbsp;Kun Ru ,&nbsp;Wei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104645","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104645","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Distinguishing well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from cirrhosis is critical for effective treatment. However, while pathological morphology remains the gold standard, it has limitations in differentiating these two conditions. This study aims to propose a novel hyperspectral image (400–1000 nm) processing method based on 3D-Residual-attention networks (3D Ra-Net) to improve the accuracy of differentiation between the two.The study employs a 3D Ra-Net model that integrates spectral features with spatial information to enhance classification accuracy. We incorporated band selection techniques, including the Norris derivative and the Successive Projections Algorithm (SPA), and optimized the data processing workflow. Experimental performance was evaluated using cross-validation, with the primary metrics of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for statistical analysis. The experimental results demonstrate that the 3D Ra-Net model achieved a classification accuracy of 92.11 % in distinguishing well-differentiated HCC from cirrhosis. Additionally, the model achieved an accuracy of 84.67 % in distinguishing well-differentiated HCC, poorly differentiated HCC, cirrhosis, and normal liver tissue. Sensitivity and specificity values also indicated strong diagnostic performance. The key innovation of this study lies in the development of the 3D Ra-Net model and the efficient extraction of joint spatial-spectral features. This method provides a novel, effective approach for the accurate diagnosis of HCC, offering reliable potential for clinical application in liver disease diagnosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 104645"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144144438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of ketorolac tromethamine on pain management in patients with condyloma acuminata treated with 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy","authors":"Xiaomeng Chen,&nbsp;Chang Liu,&nbsp;Shuanglin Cao,&nbsp;Xin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104646","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104646","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Photodynamic therapy is widely used to treat condyloma acuminatum, which has the advantages of proven efficacy, low recurrence rates, and local minimally or non-invasive. However, patients often experience significant pain during the treatment. How to alleviate the pain experienced by patients during photodynamic therapy has become a key focus of current discussions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Objective&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;To investigate the pain control and its safety and feasibility of ketorolac tromethamine combined with two-step irradiation in 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) for the treatment of condyloma acuminatum (CA).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;A total of 92 patients were randomly assigned into the following three groups in this study. The first group, the combination group, received ketorolac tromethamine combined with the two-step irradiation (irradiation at 65 mW/cm² for 5 min, followed by 80 mW/cm² for 16 min; total energy: 96 J/cm²). The second group, the ketorolac group, received ketorolac tromethamine with irradiation at 80 mW/cm² for 20 min (96 J/cm²). The third group, the control group, used cold air analgesia with irradiation at 80 mW/cm² for 20 min (96 J/cm²). Pain scores during irradiation were recorded for all patients, using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Additionally, a questionnaire was taken to assess treatment satisfaction, pain improvement within 24 h, and any adverse reactions after therapy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;During ALA-PDT, the median pain scores at 1 min and 5 min in the combination group were lower than those in the ketorolac group and the control group (median pain scores at 1 min: 2.0, 4.0, and 4.5, respectively; at 5 min: 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0, respectively). At 10 min and at the end of the treatment, the median pain scores in the combination group and the ketorolac group were lower than those in the control group (median pain scores at 10 min: 6.0, 6.0, and 7.0, respectively; at the end of treatment: 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0, respectively). All three groups reached peak pain levels between 5 and 10 min. After irradiation, the majority of patients in the combination group and the ketorolac group experienced mild pain (VAS scores of 1–3), with most reporting pain relief within 24 h. In contrast, the majority of patients in the control group experienced significant pain (VAS scores of 4–7), with pain lasting &gt;24 h in most cases, showing a statistically significant difference (χ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 70.925, &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.001). In terms of adverse reactions, all three groups experienced pain, with some patients also exhibiting redness and swelling, erosion, itching, scabbing, and other symptoms. And there were no statistically significant differences in adverse reactions among the three groups (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt;&gt;0.05). Regarding treatment satisfaction, the vast majority of patients in the combination group reported being very satisfied (87.1 %), with no patients expressing ","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 104646"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144133354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative evaluation of laser therapy for infantile hemangiomas: A systematic review of clinical outcomes and treatment considerations","authors":"Alain Chaple Gil ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Caviedes ,&nbsp;Leonardo Díaz ,&nbsp;Alfredo Von Marttens ,&nbsp;Claudio Sotomayor ,&nbsp;Javier Basualdo ,&nbsp;Víctor Beltrán ,&nbsp;Gilbert Jorquera ,&nbsp;Cristian Bersezio ,&nbsp;Pablo Angel ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Cabello Ibacache ,&nbsp;Eduardo Fernández","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104637","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104637","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><div>Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common benign vascular tumors in infancy. While many resolve spontaneously, treatment is often required due to ulceration, functional impairment, or aesthetic concerns. Laser therapy, either alone or in combination with beta-blockers, has become a central therapeutic option. However, optimal laser parameters, efficacy for different IH types, and safety remain under investigation. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness and safety of various laser treatments for IHs, focusing on lesion regression, treatment protocols, recurrence, and adverse events.</div></div><div><h3>Study design/materials and methods</h3><div>A systematic search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Studies published up to January 2025 were included. This review included 20 studies comprising a total of 2856 patients. Included clinical studies evaluated laser therapy—alone or combined with pharmacological agents—and reported outcomes such as lesion regression, treatment duration, recurrence, and adverse effects.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The 595-nm pulsed dye laser (PDL) was the most studied and showed high efficacy for superficial IHs, with improvement rates up to 85 %. The 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser was more effective for deeper lesions, achieving up to 87.57 % regression. Combination therapies (e.g., PDL with propranolol or timolol) yielded better outcomes than monotherapy, with higher regression and lower recurrence. Dual-wavelength approaches also showed promise. Adverse effects were generally mild and infrequent.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Laser therapy is effective and well-tolerated for IHs. PDL is preferred for superficial lesions and Nd:YAG for deeper or mixed types. Standardized protocols are needed, and further research should refine therapeutic parameters and clinical guidelines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 104637"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144129835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bibliometric and visual analysis of retinal fibrosis research from 1993 to 2023","authors":"Jie Zhang ,&nbsp;Yiting Qian ,&nbsp;Yanyu Shangguan ,&nbsp;Yu Gong ,&nbsp;Yiyang Shu ,&nbsp;Yimin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104636","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104636","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Retinal fibrosis, a common pathological feature of various retinal diseases, significantly impairs vision. The mechanisms of retinal fibrosis are complex, with cytokine involvement playing a pivotal role. This article aims to elucidate the current research trends and key areas of focus in the study of retinal fibrosis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Publications from “Web of Science core collection”, “PubMed” and “Scopus” were analyzed using R Studio (“Bibliometrix” and “ggplot2” packages) for publication counts, geographic distribution, and collaborations, while “CiteSpace” and “VOSviewer” visualized institutional partnerships and keyword co-occurrence. The methodology follows the PRISMA 2020 guidelines strictly.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In this analysis, a total of 1985 studies were analyzed. Key topics included “vitrectomy”, “epiretinal membrane”, “optical coherence tomography (OCT)”, “macular membrane”, and “macular hole”. Keyword co-occurrence analysis emphased macular disease, fibrosis diagnosis, pharmacological treatment, and prognosis across various groups with cytokines as prominent research topics. Additionally, the findings suggested future research would focus on elucidating fibrosis mechanisms, advancing diagnostic techniques, and identifying potential drug targets. The journal “<em>Retina</em>” had the highest citation count for retinal fibrosis. The United States showed the greatest collaboration in retinal fibrosis research, particularly with China.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Current retinal fibrosis research focused on OCT diagnostics, cytokine mechanisms, and associated diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration. Future research will explore the integration of artificial intelligence in treatment strategies and the mechanisms underlying post-anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injection fibrosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 104636"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144113147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentary on “Hematoporphyrin photodynamic therapy for treatment of pathological scar with ulceration: A case report”","authors":"Renshuang Jiang,&nbsp;Wenyan Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104638","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 104638"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144096550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic review and network meta-analysis of retinal imaging biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases: Correlation with brain changes","authors":"Farzaneh Nikparast ,&nbsp;Zohreh Ganji ,&nbsp;Hoda Zare ,&nbsp;Nooshin Akbari-Sharak","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The retina and brain share a common embryonic origin and neural composition. Both undergo structural, vascular, and physiological changes in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). This Systematic and network meta-analysis (NMA) aims to identify retinal-brain biomarkers across the spectrum of NDs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted an NMA using random-effects models to assess retinal layer thickness changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Data from 225 AD patients, 97 MCI patients, and 345 cognitively normal (CN) individuals, published between 2016 and 2023, were analyzed. Brain imaging findings were also evaluated for comparison.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared to controls, the MCI group exhibited significant thinning in the inferior and superior peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) and inner macular thickness. Specifically, reductions were observed in Right Eye Inferior pRNFL (SMD = -21.5306), Right Eye Superior pRNFL (SMD = -11.5011), Left Eye Inferior pRNFL (SMD = -27.6244), Left Eye Superior pRNFL (SMD = -9.8137), and Inner Macular Thickness (SMD = -4.8791). When comparing AD to MCI, Right Eye Nasal pRNFL (SMD = 5.95), Left Eye Superior pRNFL (SMD = -9.1786), and Outer Macular Thickness (SMD = -4.1046) were significantly thinner in AD. No significant differences were found between AD and CN in most retinal regions.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Thinning of the superior and inferior pRNFL and inner macular layer may serve as early biomarkers of MCI. In AD, retinal layer thinning is accompanied by hippocampal, entorhinal cortex, and temporal lobe atrophy, with macular volume (EZ-RPE) correlating with total brain volume.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 104632"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144096151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in skeletal muscle regeneration: A comprehensive review of mechanisms, clinical applications, and future directions","authors":"Haohua Liu,&nbsp;Umber Cheema,&nbsp;Darren J. Player","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) emerged as a significant non-invasive method of stimulating regeneration of the skeletal muscle tissue. This review considers the pathophysiologic and molecular mechanisms of muscle repair, with a focus on the imperative of inflammation resolution, activation of satellite cells, mitochondrial ATP generation, and angiogenesis, with consideration of the role of PBMT.</div><div>We systematically evaluate preclinical and clinical studies, highlighting the translational gaps caused by differences between controlled experimental models and the complex, heterogeneous nature of human muscle injuries. Variability in PBMT parameters—such as wavelength, fluence, and pulse mode—and the lack of standardized protocols are identified as major barriers to consistent therapeutic outcomes.</div><div>Furthermore, we discuss the effects of PBMT in acute and chronic muscle injury models and provide an in-depth analysis of laser parameters to elucidate dose-response relationships.</div><div>Future directions for research involve the application of real-time biofeedback devices, the utilization of artificial intelligence-based individualized therapeutic approaches, as well as the integration of photobiomodulation therapy with nanotechnology, biomaterials, and multiple mechanical stimulation methods.</div><div>In concusion, while PBMT has significant potential for muscle regeneration therapies, its clinical application requires more complete mechanistic validation, rigorous standardization, and interdisciplinary technological development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 104634"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144096553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting response to anti-VEGF therapy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration using random forest and SHAP algorithms","authors":"Peng Zhang,&nbsp;Jialiang Duan,&nbsp;Caixia Wang,&nbsp;Xuejing Li,&nbsp;Jing Su,&nbsp;Qingli Shang","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study aimed to establish and validate a prediction model based on machine learning methods and SHAP algorithm to predict response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this retrospective study, we extracted data including demographic characteristics, laboratory test results, and imaging features from optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Eight machine learning methods, including Logistic Regression, Gradient Boosting Decision Tree, Random Forest, CatBoost, Support Vector Machine, XGboost, LightGBM, K Nearest Neighbors were employed to develop the predictive model. The machine learning method with optimal performance was selected for further interpretation. Finally, the SHAP algorithm was applied to explain the model's predictions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study included 145 patients with neovascular AMD. Among the eight models developed, the Random Forest model demonstrated general optimal performance, achieving a high accuracy of 75.86 % and the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) value of 0.91. In this model, important features identified as significant contributors to the response to anti-VEGF therapy in neovascular AMD patients included fractal dimension, total number of end points, total number of junctions, total vessels length, vessels area, average lacunarity, choroidal neovascularization (CNV) type, age, duration and logMAR BCVA. SHAP analysis and visualization provided interpretation at both the factor level and individual level.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The Random Forest model for predicting response to anti-VEGF therapy in neovascular AMD using SHAP algorithm proved to be feasible and effective. OCTA imaging features, such as fractal dimension, total number of end points et al., were the most effective predictive factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 104635"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144087146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fire needle pretreatment combined with ALA-PDT for Penile Bowen's disease: A case report","authors":"Tianming Ma ,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Xiang ,&nbsp;Yanliang Li ,&nbsp;Runqun Liu ,&nbsp;Yunyun Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bowen's disease (BD), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in situ, presents treatment challenges when located on the penis. Primarily concerning potential scarring and functional impairment following standard surgical excision (e.g., Mohs micrographic surgery). Aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) may provide a valuable alternative, especially for this sensitive anatomical site. This report describes the successful treatment of a case of penile BD using fire needle pretreatment immediately preceding ALA-PDT. The patient achieved complete clinical and histological remission and remained disease-free at 2 years of follow-up.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 104631"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144087144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Which treatment works better for Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: LipiFlow or intense pulsed light? A systematic review and network meta-analysis","authors":"Kai-Yang Chen ,&nbsp;Hoi-Chun Chan ,&nbsp;Chi-Ming Chan","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104630","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104630","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD) is a common cause of evaporative dry eye disease. Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) and LipiFlow thermal pulsation are two device-based treatment modalities currently used for managing MGD. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess and compare the efficacy of these interventions. It is important to underscore that none of the 12 studies included in this review directly compare LipiFlow with IPL, making indirect comparisons necessary.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We systematically searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing either IPL or LipiFlow for MGD, published up to February 2025. Study quality was appraised using the Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB 2) tool. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted for primary outcomes including TBUT (tear breakup time), SPEED (Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness) score, and OSDI (Ocular Surface Disease Index). A Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA) was performed to enable indirect comparison between IPL and LipiFlow.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Twelve RCTs involving 969 patients (1938 eyes) were included. Six studies assessed LipiFlow and six assessed IPL, but none provided a head-to-head comparison. LipiFlow significantly improved TBUT (MD: +0.67s; 95% CI: [0.08, 1.26], p=0.03) and reduced OSDI scores (MD: –6.07; 95% CI: [–10.85, –1.29], p=0.01), though changes in SPEED score were not statistically significant (p=0.15). IPL demonstrated superior efficacy in increasing TBUT (MD: +2.08s; 95% CI: [0.39, 3.71], p=0.02) and reducing SPEED scores (MD: –2.9; 95% CI: [–5.18, –0.64], p=0.01), while OSDI results were not significant. Control groups across studies varied greatly, ranging from untreated controls to warm compresses, eyelid hygiene, or mechanical expression, further complicating cross-study comparisons. However, these conclusions are based solely on indirect comparisons, which should be interpreted cautiously given the absence of head-to-head studies and the heterogeneity of control interventions.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>While both IPL and LipiFlow showed improvements over controls in treating MGD, there is currently no direct comparative evidence between these modalities. As a result, any comparative conclusions must be interpreted with caution. The variability in control group interventions across studies (e.g., untreated vs. warm compresses or eyelid hygiene) introduces significant heterogeneity, reducing the certainty of indirect comparisons. Direct head-to-head RCTs are urgently needed to establish the relative efficacy of these interventions.</div></div><div><h3>Systematic Review Registration</h3><div>PROSPERO registration number: CRD42024543448</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 104630"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144016135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}