Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy最新文献

{"title":"Bismuth doped carbon nanospheres conjugated to boronated porphyrins for photodynamic therapy","authors":"N․Bridged Magaela ,&nbsp;Muthumuni Managa ,&nbsp;Tebello Nyokong","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Novel 4- (5,10,15)-tris-boronphenyl-20-(4-formylphenoxy) porphyrin (complex <strong>1</strong>) and its Zn-metalated derivative (complex <strong>2</strong>) were synthesized and conjugated to bismuth doped carbon nanospheres (BiCNS) through non-covalent bonds (<span><math><mrow><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>π</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>. The conjugation of BiCNS to porphyrin complexes enhanced the singlet oxygen production of porphyrin complexes, as it was observed that porphyrin complex <strong>1</strong> gave a singlet oxygen quantum yield (Φ_∆) value of 0.17 and complex <strong>2</strong> gave Φ_∆ of 0.23, and upon conjugation with BiCNS the Ф_∆ values increased to 0.52 and 0.67, respectively. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) studies were performed against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line using these complexes and their conjugates and it was observed that BiCNS conjugates resulted in enhanced PDT activity when compared to CNS conjugates. Conjugates <strong>2</strong>-CNS, and <strong>2</strong>-BiCNS at the concentration of 100 µg/mL they resulted with cell viabilities of 28.43 and 26.82 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 104567"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143733720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictability of central corneal stromal thickness reduction in InnovEyes ablation profile: A retrospective study","authors":"Shimin Tan ,&nbsp;Yimeng Fan ,&nbsp;Xindi Wang,&nbsp;Yu Zhang,&nbsp;Yunpeng Li,&nbsp;Xiaojuan Fan,&nbsp;Zhao Liu,&nbsp;Shengjian Mi,&nbsp;Qianyan Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Objective: To evaluate the predictability of the central corneal stromal thickness (CST) reduction in InnovEyes ablation profile.</div><div>Methods: The retrospective study included 118 eyes (61 patients) who underwent surgeries based on InnovEyes profile and 117 eyes (67 patients) based on the Custom-Q. The central CST, the central corneal thickness (CT) and the central corneal epithelial thickness (CET) were measured using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) preoperatively and postoperatively over 3 months. The planned-achieved thickness (PAD) was calculated. Planned and achieved central CST, PAD and increase of central CET were compared.</div><div>Results: The achieved central CST reduction was 113.60 ± 21.88 μm in the InnovEyes group, which was not significantly different from the planned (108.70 ± 19.87 μm, <em>P</em> = 0.075). There was a strong correlation between the achieved central CST reduction and the planned reduction in the InnovEyes group (R² = 0.884, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), which was stronger than in the Custom-Q group (R² = 0.861, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). The PAD of central CST reduction was -4.87 ± 8.17 μm and -4.76 ± 9.75 μm for the InnovEyes and Custom-Q groups, respectively (<em>P</em> = 0.966). The increase of central CET was 3.29 ± 3.97 μm in InnovEyes group and 4.39 ± 4.84 μm in Custom-Q group, with no significant difference (<em>P</em> = 0.064).</div><div>Conclusions: The InnovEyes ablation profile demonstrates good predictability of the central CST reduction, ensuring the safety of this novel profile. Besides, the InnovEyes profile may have taken postoperative corneal epithelial remodeling into consideration, and provided an enhanced pre-compensation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 104570"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143733768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful treatment of a patient with multiple solar keratosis (AK) with highly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma across the face through the combination of operation and photodynamic therapy: A case report","authors":"Xu Ji ,&nbsp;Yuxin Ding ,&nbsp;Li Ma ,&nbsp;Jinchi Zhang ,&nbsp;Mingkai Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Actinic keratosis (AK) with multiple lesions on the face combined with well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma is a severe skin lesion. Traditional treatment methods mainly rely on surgery. However, for a 92-year-old female patient, due to her advanced age and poor physical condition, traditional surgical treatment may bring significant risks and complications, such as postoperative infection and poor healing. Moreover, it is impossible to completely remove all AK lesions on the face through surgery, and surgical treatment may have a significant impact on the patient's appearance, potentially leading to facial scars, pigmentation, and other issues, which can seriously affect the patient's quality of life. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), as an emerging treatment method, can not only effectively reduce the size of the lesions but also improve the skin texture and color to some extent, offering a dual benefit.</div><div>In this unique case, photodynamic therapy combined with surgery was successfully used to treat a 92-year-old female patient with multiple facial actinic keratoses (AK) and well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. The successful treatment of this case provides valuable reference for research in this field. However, the application of photodynamic therapy in treating complex skin lesions in elderly patients is still in the exploratory stage, and its long-term efficacy and safety are worth further investigation through clinical trials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 104563"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143695018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is there a link between choroidal and retinal parameters in patients with systemic sclerosis? A prospective study","authors":"Aleksandra Leoniuk ,&nbsp;Barbara Pieklarz ,&nbsp;Ewa Gińdzieńska-Sieśkiewicz ,&nbsp;Anna Szwedowicz ,&nbsp;Iwona Obuchowska ,&nbsp;Otylia Kowal-Bielecka ,&nbsp;Joanna Konopińska ,&nbsp;Diana A. Dmuchowska","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune connective tissue disease. It affects choroid causing reduction in its thickness and volume. The aim of this study has been to get a better insight into the pathogenesis of retinal and choroidal involvement in SSc.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This prospective single-center cross-sectional study included 33 patients with SSc and 40 controls. A full ophthalmological and rheumatological assessment was performed. The patients underwent the spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. The thickness of the inner retinal and outer retinal layer (ORL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was evaluated, as well as the central macular choroidal thickness and choroidal vascularity index (CVI).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The inner retinal thickness did not differ. In the outer retina, slight differences were observed in the thickness of the RPE and ORL within the inner temporal subfield, that were thinner in SSc patients, p&lt;0.05. Choroidal parameters differed between the groups (luminal, stromal, and total choroidal areas; central choroidal thickness, p&lt;0.05 for all). Correlations were found in the SSc patients (diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis group: the central macular ORL with the CVI rho=0.47, p=0.042; limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis group: the central macular RPE thickness with the total choroidal area rho=-0,7, p=0038, and with the luminal area: rho=-0,7, p=0036). The univariate regression analyses revealed only few significant associations with low fit of models to the data of the central macular ORL, ONL, RPE with the tested ocular and clinical parameters in the SSc and the controls.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>It is plausible to assume that, although reduced in the SSc patients, the choroidal blood supply to the outer retina may still be sufficient to maintain its thickness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 104568"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143702510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of bimodal laser photodynamic therapy at wavelenths of 410 nm and 653 nm for oral precancerous lesions: An in vitro and in vivo study","authors":"Shuiting Fu ,&nbsp;Ting Zhu ,&nbsp;Lu Chen ,&nbsp;Guoyu Zhou ,&nbsp;Jian Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Oral mucosal leukoplakia, a prevalent precancerous condition, poses significant challenges in clinical management. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a common therapeutic strategy, its efficacy in clinical practice is often constrained. There is a pressing demand for innovations that can enhance the effectiveness of PDT and minimize its side effects in addressing oral precancerous lesions.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>This study employed m-THPC as a photosensitizer and developed a novel light source with dual wavelengths of 410 nm/653 nm tailored to excite the photosensitizer. We conducted photodynamic experiments using oral precancerous cell lines, OSCC cell line and animal models. In vitro cellular responses were assessed using colony formation, and cell apoptosis assays. An oral precancerous mouse model was established to appraise the therapeutic efficacy of the treatments. Histopathological evaluation of apoptosis was performed using TUNEL and immunohistochemical staining.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The development of a dual-wavelength laser device is reported. m-THPC demonstrated an affinity for precancerous cells, preferentially accumulating in precancerous tissue in vitro. Activation of m-THPC with a 410 nm laser showed a robust photochemical effect, effectively inhibiting the proliferation and promoting the apoptosis of precancerous cells in vitro. The combined application of 410 nm/653 nm wavelengths yielded superior therapeutic efficacy, compared to the individual emissions at 410 nm and 653 nm, in a precancerous lesion mouse model and was associated with fewer adverse reactions. Despite spectral mismatch with m-THPC, high-dose 532 nm irradiation achieved therapeutic efficacy comparable to dual-wavelength PDT in vivo. However, this dose-dependent enhancement was accompanied by exacerbated photothermal effects, resulting in significant adverse reactions including localized hyperthermia and nonspecific tissue damage.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The dual-wavelength PDT, optimized for m-THPC, exhibits superior photodynamic characteristics and excellent biosafety. It aligns well with realistic clinical applic ation scenarios and presents as an innovative and promising therapeutic modality for the treatment of oral leukoplakia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 104564"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143702413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of photobiomodulation therapy with 808 nm diode laser on the expression of RANKL and OPG genes in exosomes isolated from MG63 osteoblast-like cells: An in-vitro study","authors":"Sara Noorizadeh ,&nbsp;Maryam Tehranchi ,&nbsp;Ferial Taleghani ,&nbsp;Neda Hakimiha ,&nbsp;Maryam Pourhajibagher ,&nbsp;Mahshid Hodjat","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and aim</h3><div>This study assessed the effects of 808 nm diode laser on the gene expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG), key regulators of bone remodeling, in exosomes derived from osteoblast-like cells.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>The cultured MG63 cells were subjected to 808 nm diode laser irradiation at energy densities of 3 J/cm², 6 J/cm², and 9 J/cm², along with a control group with no intervention. The irradiation sessions were conducted twice, with a 24-hour interval between them. Next the exosomes from the target cells were isolated, and the mRNA levels of the <em>RANKL</em> and <em>OPG</em> genes were assessed using qPCR.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The <em>OPG</em> mRNA level in exosomes extracted from cells exposed to 9 J/cm² was found to be significantly elevated compared to both the control group and 6 J/cm². Conversely, the mRNA level of <em>RANKL</em> in group exposed to 9 J/cm² was significantly reduced in comparison to the control group and 6 J/cm². Additionally, the <em>RANKL</em> mRNA level in 6 J/cm² was also significantly lower than that observed in the control group and 3 J/cm².</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Using 808 nm diode laser at an energy density of 9 J/cm² resulted in an upregulation of exosomal mRNA for <em>OPG</em> and a downregulation of <em>RANKL</em>. Photobiomodulation may enhance bone regeneration via exosomal signaling. Considering the promising clinical application of exosomes in bone regeneration, our results highlight the potential of photobiomodulation to manipulate exosomal content for therapeutic purposes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 104566"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143695016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blue light induced transient localized acne post photodynamic therapy: A case report","authors":"Lingbo Du ,&nbsp;Xiaoqin Wu ,&nbsp;Yinxia Yu ,&nbsp;Yao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104569","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104569","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phototherapies including LED light therapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT) are commonly used and considered safe treatment for inflammatory acne. However, there are few reports about the combination of the two methods on the same patient. We report a rare case of blue light induced transient localized acne post PDT. A 32-year-old male with a history of moderate to severe acne for 3 years was successfully treated by 3 sessions of modified red light 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) PDT without adverse events during the PDT treatment. However, when he received blue and red LED light therapy as maintenance one week post the last ALA-PDT, severe localized acne burst on his nose. Subsequently, he received single red light treatment for a month, combined with oral administration of doxycycline for the first week. His severe acne on the nose was recovered eventually. No recurrence was observed later.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 104569"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143695010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of recurrence rates: Day-light versus red-light photodynamic therapy in the treatment of actinic keratosis during a five-year follow-up","authors":"Peiru Wang,&nbsp;Yutong Yang,&nbsp;Yan Zhao,&nbsp;Yajin Cao,&nbsp;Zhongxia Zhou,&nbsp;Guolong Zhang,&nbsp;Linglin Zhang,&nbsp;Xiuli Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Significance</h3><div>Day-light photodynamic therapy (DL-PDT) was proved to be effective, better tolerated and nearly painless compared with red-light photodynamic therapy (RL-PDT) in actinic keratosis (AK) patients in China. But no study has compared the recurrence rates of these two methods.</div></div><div><h3>Approach</h3><div>A prospective cohort study was conducted to compare the recurrence rate of DL-PDT and RL-PDT during a five-year follow-up.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 55 patients were finally included, with 24 patients in the DL-PDT group and 31 patients in the RL-PDT group. The overall recurrence rate in the DL-PDT group was significantly higher than that in the RL-PDT group (62.50 % vs. 9.68 %, P&lt;0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The recurrence rate of DL-PDT was significantly higher than that of RL-PDT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 104562"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143675050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ALA-PDT for a male deep urethral condyloma acuminatum","authors":"Rongjie Zuo ,&nbsp;Yimin He ,&nbsp;Huan Liu,&nbsp;Fang Wu,&nbsp;Xiuling Li,&nbsp;Hui Wan,&nbsp;Ying Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Condyloma acuminata (CA) is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-based photodynamic therapy has shown good efficacy in the treatment of HPV-related diseases . In recent years, the incidence of male urethral condyloma acuminata (MUCA) has been gradually increasing. However, due to its hidden and special anatomical structure, diagnosis and treatment pose a major challenge in clinical practice. In this report, photodynamic therapy combined with thulium laser achieved a sufficient effect on MUCA. We made an injector modifying a ureteral catheter to make the 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) gel reach the treatment depth in the urethra. And there was no recurrence during the 2-year follow-up period.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 104557"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143675047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of low-level laser therapy on temporomandibular disorders. A systematic review of randomized clinical trials","authors":"Leonardo Díaz ,&nbsp;Lukas Restelli ,&nbsp;Emilia Valencia ,&nbsp;Damla Ilhan Atalay ,&nbsp;José Manuel Abarca ,&nbsp;Alain Chalple Gil ,&nbsp;Eduardo Fernández","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to systematically evaluate the efficacy of LLLT in the management of TMD, focusing on its impact on pain reduction and functional improvement. Additionally, this review sought to identify the most effective laser parameters (wavelength, energy density, and duration of therapy) and compare LLLT outcomes with conventional treatment modalities.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases until December 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated LLLT's effects on pain (via Visual Analog Scale) and vertical aperture (VA) were included. The risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane's RoB 2 tool.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This systematic review analyzed 44 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) with 1,816 participants, confirming that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) significantly reduces pain intensity (60–70 % decrease on the Visual Analog Scale) and improves mandibular function (10–20 % increase in maximum mouth opening). The most effective laser wavelengths ranged from 810 to 940 nm, with energy densities of 3–12 J/cm². Longer treatment durations (&gt;4 weeks) provided more sustained benefits. Compared to occlusal splints, NSAIDs, and TENS, LLLT showed superior or comparable pain relief with fewer side effects. However, variability in laser parameters and protocols remains a limitation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>LLLT is a safe and effective non-invasive treatment for TMD, offering substantial benefits in pain management and functional recovery. Standardized protocols based on optimized dosimetry are needed to enhance clinical outcomes further.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 104558"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}