Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy最新文献

{"title":"Effects of monochromatic light on eye growth regulation and Myopia control","authors":"Tiange Liu ,&nbsp;Jing Wang ,&nbsp;Yang Liu ,&nbsp;Shiqi Liu ,&nbsp;Zihui Gao ,&nbsp;Xiaotong Li ,&nbsp;Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104735","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104735","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of monochromatic light in myopia has remained a research hotspot in the field of myopia prevention and control. With rapid advances in clinical applications, numerous studies have confirmed its unique potential in slowing axial elongation in children and adolescents. However, the underlying mechanisms of monochromatic light remain inconclusive within the academic community. This review summarizes recent progress in animal studies investigating the effects of monochromatic light characteristics—including wavelength, exposure duration, light intensity, and exposure initiation period—as well as related circadian rhythm disturbances on ocular growth and refractive development. Current evidence suggests that monochromatic light may regulate eye growth through mechanisms such as modulation of retinal cone signaling, dopamine metabolism, and choroidal thickness alterations. In clinical research, investigations of monochromatic light have primarily focused on repeated low-level red light (RLRL) therapy. As an emerging intervention, RLRL has demonstrated potential in slowing myopia progression. However, its long-term efficacy and safety remain topics of ongoing debate. This review synthesizes current findings from both animal and human studies, explores the underlying biological mechanisms, and discusses the challenges associated with the clinical application of RLRL therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 104735"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144719298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentary on \"Fire needle pretreatment combined with ALA-PDT for Penile Bowen’s disease: A case report\"","authors":"Renshuang Jiang,&nbsp;Wenyan Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104734","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104734","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 104734"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144710417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local excision and secondary intention healing combined with photodynamic therapy for periocular basal cell carcinoma","authors":"Jing Peng,&nbsp;Honghong Yang,&nbsp;Chengcheng Xiong,&nbsp;Xianfeng Fang,&nbsp;Decheng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104732","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104732","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the efficacy of combining Local excision and secondary intention healing with photodynamic therapy (PDT) in treating periocular basal cell carcinoma (pBCC).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Clinical data from 5 pBCC patients treated between 2022 and 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. After local tumor excision, immediate intraoperative PDT was administered, followed by wound management via secondary intention healing and weekly PDT sessions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Complete lesion clearance was achieved in all 5 cases of pBCC, with favorable cosmetic outcomes. During a follow-up period of 18–39 months (mean 25 months), no recurrence was observed.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The combined protocol minimizes the surgical defect size, simplifies post-procedural reconstruction, and enhances tumor clearance rates. It is particularly suitable for patients with BCC located in anatomically critical regions such as the periocular area, where traditional surgical excision is not amenable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 104732"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144692792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overcoming photodynamic therapy resistance via DNA repair inhibitors: Advanced review","authors":"Kave Moloudi,&nbsp;Heidi Abrahamse,&nbsp;Blassan P. George","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104724","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104724","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an innovative treatment modality used in cancer therapy and non-malignant diseases. Despite significant advancements in PDT administration, resistance in certain tumors typically limits an increase in survival rates. One strategy to improve PDT outcomes is using DNA repair inhibitors to disrupt the DNA repair mechanism. DNA repair inhibitors are compounds that interfere with the cellular mechanisms responsible for repairing damaged DNA. These inhibitors can be applied to cancer treatment that they make tumor cells more sensitive to other forms of treatments, including radiation, chemotherapy and PDT. These agents can enhance the effectiveness of treatments <em>via</em> preventing DNA repair in cancer cells. Moreover, DNA repair inhibitors have the ability to overcome treatment resistance after PDT. In this review, we highlight the critical responses to PDT-induced DNA damage and the progress made in blocking DNA repair mechanisms through clinical and preclinical studies using nanotechnology or combination therapy. Critically, we highlighted the role of nanomedicine in PDT by offering a platform for the simultaneous delivery of DNA repair inhibitors and photosensitizer (PS). This strategy lead to broaden the therapeutic window for drug delivery and overcoming PDT resistance. Finally, latest findings and studies have been gathered and some suggestions were presented for future studies in this area. This review may help researchers and physicians employ DNA repair inhibitors in PDT for clinical and preclinical studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 104724"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144683913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing fluorescence-based caries detection: A diagnostic performance analysis of SmarTooth and DIAGNOdent pen","authors":"Kyusik Kim ,&nbsp;Hoi-In Jung ,&nbsp;Wonse Park ,&nbsp;Ko Eun Lee ,&nbsp;Chung-Min Kang ,&nbsp;Je Seon Song","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104731","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of DIAGNOdent (laser fluorescence [LF] pen; Kavo, Biberach, Germany), SmarTooth (SM; Smartooth, Korea), and the International Caries Detection and Assessment System II (ICDAS II) scoring system in detecting occlusal dental caries in permanent teeth, with micro-computed tomography (CT) as the gold standard. Furthermore, the optimal cut-off values for the two devices were determined.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In total, 173 occlusal sites from extracted permanent teeth were assessed using the LF pen, SM, and ICDAS II. Radiographic values obtained using micro-CT were set as the gold standard. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and optimal cut-off points were analyzed using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Significance was set at <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At the enamel demineralization (D1) and dentin demineralization (D2) thresholds, ICDAS II exhibited the highest sensitivity (D1: 0.966, D2: 0.897), whereas the LF pen exhibited the highest specificity (D1: 1.000, D2: 0.913). SM exhibited higher accuracy than did ICDAS II and the LF pen for both the D1 and D2 thresholds. The optimal cut-offs for the LF pen were as follows: sound: 0–9, enamel caries: 10–20, and dentin caries: 21–99; those for SM were as follows: sound: 0–8, enamel caries: 9–18, and dentin caries: 19–99.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Both the LF pen and SM have high diagnostic performance for occlusal dental caries. However, SM achieves the best overall accuracy and thus has strong potential as an effective tool for caries detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 104731"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144677092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and prognostic factors of anti-VEGF treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: An OCTA imaging-based deep learning analysis","authors":"Shengnan Liu ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaohan Wu ,&nbsp;Haochen Wang ,&nbsp;Ziqi Jin ,&nbsp;Peiru Wang ,&nbsp;Jinyu Feng ,&nbsp;Song Chen ,&nbsp;Wei Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104701","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104701","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Anti-VEGF therapies improve visual acuity and reduce central macular thickness (CMT) in neovascular age-related macular degeneration(nAMD) patients. However, In our study, 35.76 % patients do not respond adequately to the anti-VEGF treatment.. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate imaging biomarkers and forecast the influencing factors of anti-VEGF treatment response in nAMD, aiming to enhance clinical evaluation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We retrospectively analyzed data from patients treated with anti-VEGF at Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from August 2018 to August 2023, including 165 patients with exudative AMD. We investigated their sex, age, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA)(LogMAR), number of anti-VEGF treatments, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) results. A deep learning model, the improved LUNet model was used to analyze OCTA images, focusing on retinal features including foveal avascular zone (FAZ), vessel density (VD), vessel diameter index (VDI), vessel dispersion (Vdisp) of retinal layers(deep vascular complex and deep vascular complex) to assess their relationship with treatment response.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>After 6 months of anti-VEGF treatment, the patients’ BCVA improved from 0.84 ± 0.40 to 0.70 ± 0.40 (<em>t</em> = 2.85, <em>P</em> = 0.005) (corresponds to an improvement from 20/140 to 20/100 on the Snellen scale.), CMT decreased from 300.16 ± 118.92 μm to 249.53 ± 84.39 μm (<em>t</em> = 4.46, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). FAZ perimeter increased from 2.68 mm (2.29, 3.50) to 3.04 mm (2.57, 3.59) (<em>Z</em>=-2.05, <em>P</em> = 0.040), VDI decreased from 6.09 ± 0.83 to 5.90 ± 0.71 (<em>t</em> = 2.33, <em>P</em> = 0.021), central VD decreased (<em>t</em> = 2.21, <em>P</em> = 0.028). Logistic regression showed the Vdisp of macular neovascularization (Vdisp-MNV) (<em>P</em> = 0.007, OR 1.41), Vdisp of deep vascular complex(DVC) (<em>P</em> = 0.006, OR 0.45), neovascular surface area (SA) (<em>P</em> = 0.002, OR 0.26), and pigment epithelial detachment(PED) (<em>P</em> = 0.009, OR 0.29) significantly affected the response to anti-VEGF treatment. There were statistical differences in the association between the base line Vdisp of DVC (<em>b</em> = 0.07, <em>t</em> = 2.50, <em>P</em> = 0.014), base line intraretinal fluid (IRF) (<em>b</em> = 0.17, <em>t</em> = 2.02, <em>P</em> = 0.045) and base line BCVA, shown with multiple linear regression analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study analyzed factors affecting treatment response. Vdisp in MNV showed positive correlation with anti-VEGF treatment response; SA and PED showed negative correlation with anti-VEGF treatment response. It allowed for making personalized treatment strategy to tailor interventions based on individual risk profiles and vascular characteristics which can enhance patient outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 104701"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144669218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical utility of photodynamic diagnosis with 5-aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride for detecting carcinoma in situ independent of urine cytology classification","authors":"Shinkuro Yamamoto ,&nbsp;Hideo Fukuhara ,&nbsp;Ryu Shigehisa ,&nbsp;Takeshi Hara ,&nbsp;Yasuhiko Shibanaka ,&nbsp;Keiji Inoue","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104722","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104722","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Urine cytology is a simple method used for diagnosing and monitoring bladder cancer. Although it offers very high specificity, its sensitivity for detecting low-grade urothelial carcinoma is limited.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A phase III prospective, open-label, multicenter trial (SPP2C101 study, jRCT2080222877) was conducted with 60 patients—both primary and recurrent cases—from five universities. All patients underwent urine cytology within 14 days before transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT), followed by either white light TURBT or photodynamic diagnosis (PDD)-assisted TURBT.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We analyzed the relationship between urine cytology class and the detection of carcinoma in situ (CIS) using white light or PDD. CIS was identified exclusively via PDD in some patients with cytology classified as class I and II (no malignant findings). Additionally, in class IV (cells strongly suspected to be malignant) and class V (atypical malignant cells present), PDD detected more CIS lesions than white light.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Across most preoperative urine cytology classes, PDD detected CIS cases that white light missed, both at the patient and sample level. Therefore, PDD should be considered during TURBT regardless of preoperative urine cytology results, provided the patient is suitable for this approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 104722"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144669213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ferroptosis promotes 5-aminolevulinate acid-based photodynamic therapy in cervical cancer","authors":"Qiyu Liu ,&nbsp;Qin Han ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Shi ,&nbsp;Zhangxin Wu ,&nbsp;Lingyu Ma ,&nbsp;Yuan Li ,&nbsp;Haojie He ,&nbsp;Hongyan Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104726","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104726","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cervical cancer has the highest incidence rate among all gynecologic malignancies. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimal invasive treatment widely used in various tumors. Intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the essential effect in PDT, which also plays a pivotal role in ferroptosis. We hypothesize that ferroptosis inducer could enhance 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) based PDT in cervical cancer.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div><em>In vitro</em> efficacy of 5-ALA-based photodynamic therapy was assessed via viability and apoptosis of cervical cancer cell line SiHa. Ferroptosis related markers were detected in SiHa cells received 5-ALA-PDT treatment. Anti-tumor effects of ferroptosis inducer sorafenib on 5-ALA-based photodynamic therapy were evaluated in both cell line and mouse model.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Efficacy of 5-ALA-based photodynamic therapy was validated in SiHa cervical cancer cells. Increased intracellular generation of ROS and lipid ROS, accompanied by decreased GPX4 expression was observed after 5-ALA-PDT treatment, indicating ferroptosis triggered by photodynamic therapy. Ferroptosis inducer sorafenib, a clinical approved cancer drug, promotes 5-ALA-based photodynamic therapy in SiHa cells. <em>In vivo</em> combined anti-tumor effect of sorafenib and 5-ALA-based photodynamic therapy was confirmed in cervical cancer xenografts.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>We identified that 5-ALA-PDT inhibited cell viability and induced ferroptosis in cervical cancer. Ferroptosis inducer sorafenib promotes 5-ALA-based photodynamic therapy. These findings may provide new insights into mechanisms of photodynamic therapy and cervical cancer treatment in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 104726"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144669219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photodynamic therapy for oral candidiasis in human clinical trials: an evidence-based analysis","authors":"Yao Lin ,&nbsp;Jianfeng Ding ,&nbsp;Yufu He ,&nbsp;Manting Zhang ,&nbsp;Jingqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Haotian Zhong ,&nbsp;Qinghua Liu ,&nbsp;Junbing He","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104729","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104729","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Traditional antifungal drug treatment (AT) often induce resistance that may limit their ability to eradicate oral candidiasis. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) compared to AT in reducing Candida colony count or improving clinical outcomes in oral candidiasis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We searched relevant articles through Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and PubMed databases up to June 25, 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or other clinical comparative studies assessing the effectiveness of single or adjunctive PDT, or conventional chemical therapies were included. Study outcomes were clinical response or the changes from baseline in Candida colony counts.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 16 clinical trials, including 13 RCTs, were enrolled. The pooled results showed PDT and AT therapy for oral candidiasis have comparable efficacy in the overall response rate (RR=0.97, <em>P</em> = 0.540) and no significant difference in the complete response rate between them. PDT+AT had a higher curing rate than AT alone (RR=1.67, CI: 1.16–2.39, <em>P</em> = 0.005). The network meta‑analysis revealed that PDT+AT, PDT or AT alone improved the reduction of Candida colony counts compared to distilled water treatment. Moreover, PDT+AT was significantly more effective than either PDT or AT alone, and it was most likely to provide the greatest benefit in Candida clearance, followed by AT, PDT, chlorhexidine, and distilled water. There was no statistical difference in the improvement of Candida colony counts between the PDT and AT groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>PDT demonstrates comparable efficacy to AT in treating oral candidiasis and may serve as a promising alternative approach. Combining PDT with AT further improves cure rates and Candida reduction. Future large-scale, high-quality RCTs are warranted to confirm these findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 104729"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144669220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep learning-based quantitative assessment inflammatory response of hyperreflective foci in diabetic macular edema","authors":"Jianing Ying ,&nbsp;Hu Li ,&nbsp;Xiangxiang Fu ,&nbsp;Yanyan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yue Du ,&nbsp;Tianyu Wang ,&nbsp;Lishuang Chen ,&nbsp;Quanyong Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104728","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104728","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To investigate the associations between inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, ICAM-1, and VEGF), and hyperreflective foci (HRF) on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in diabetic macular edema (DME).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Thirty-nine eyes from 29 patients with DME and 19 eyes from 19 control subjects were studied. Aqueous humor samples were measured using ELISA before anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy or cataract surgery. HRF was measured by automatic segmentation system developed in previous research biometry.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>The levels of IL-6 ICAM-1, and VEGF were signifcantly higher than in the control subjects (<em>P</em> = 0.046, <em>P</em> = 0.015, <em>P</em> = 0.035, respectively). Spearman correlation analysis showed that the contents of IL-6, ICAM-1 and VEGF in aqueous humor of DME patients were positively correlated with the number of HRF in the whole retina level (<em>r</em> = 0.633, <em>P</em> = 0.002; <em>r</em> = 0.736, <em>P</em> = 0.003; <em>r</em> = 0.622, <em>P</em> = 0.004, respectively). Also, there was a correlation between the levels of IL-6, ICAM-1 in the aqueous humor and the volume of HRF (<em>r</em> = 0.601, <em>P</em> = 0.003; <em>r</em> = 0.719, <em>P</em> = 0.004), while no significant correlation between VEGF content in aqueous humor and HRF volume (<em>r</em> = 0.090, <em>P</em> = 0.716). All cytokines did not significantly correlate with distribution of HRF.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>DME exhibit higher inflammatory cytokines levels in the aqueous humor than control group, indicating severe inflammation. The number and volume of HRF are closely related to the content of intraocular inflammatory cytokines. Thus, HRF characteristics to some extent refect intraocular infammatory factors and may guide treatment alternatives.</div></div><div><h3>Translational Relevance</h3><div>Assessement biomarkers of retinal inflammation and treatment using Deep Learning and OCT contributes to management and prediction of the treatment effect of DME.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20141,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 104728"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144669215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}