{"title":"Screening and analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism in the 3'-UTR microRNA target regions and its implications for lung tumorigenesis.","authors":"Anmol Bhatia, Atul Kumar Upadhyay, Siddharth Sharma","doi":"10.1080/14622416.2024.2355864","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14622416.2024.2355864","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Aim:</b> The study aims to identify high-impact single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNA target sites of genes associated with lung cancer.<b>Materials & methods:</b> Lung cancer genes were obtained from Uniprot KB. miRNA target site SNPs were mined from MirSNP, miRdSNP and TargetScan. SNPs were shortlisted based on binding impact, minor allele frequency and conservation. Gene expression was analyzed in genes with high-impact SNPs in healthy versus lung cancer tissue. Additionally, enrichment, pathway and network analyzes were performed.<b>Results:</b> 19 high-impact SNPs were identified in miRNA target sites of lung cancer-associated genes. These SNPs affect miRNA binding and gene expression. The genes are involved in key cancer related pathways.<b>Conclusion:</b> The identified high-impact miRNA target site SNPs and associated genes provide a starting point for case-control studies in lung cancer patients in different populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":20018,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacogenomics","volume":" ","pages":"299-314"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11404702/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141331622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PharmacogenomicsPub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-07-29DOI: 10.1080/14622416.2024.2379227
Nikola Stefanović, Katarina Danković, Tatjana Cvetković, Stevan Vujić, Ivan Pavlović, Tatjana Jevtović-Stoimenov, Branka Mitić, Radmila Veličković-Radovanović
{"title":"Impact of IL-6 and IL-10 genotypes on tacrolimus dose requirements in kidney transplant recipients: Monte Carlo analysis.","authors":"Nikola Stefanović, Katarina Danković, Tatjana Cvetković, Stevan Vujić, Ivan Pavlović, Tatjana Jevtović-Stoimenov, Branka Mitić, Radmila Veličković-Radovanović","doi":"10.1080/14622416.2024.2379227","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14622416.2024.2379227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> IL-6 and IL-10 may affect the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A enzymes involved in tacrolimus (Tac) metabolism. Moreover, the effect of IL-6 and IL-10 on Tac pharmacokinetics may differ with respect to the genetic variations in their genes.<b>Aim:</b> To examine the influence of IL-6 and IL-10 gene polymorphisms on Tac dose requirements and exposure over a 5-year period following kidney transplantation. Univariate and standard multivariate linear regression and Monte Carlo analysis were performed to investigate potential covariates influencing Tac dose-adjusted trough concentration (C<sub>0</sub>/D) in various post-transplantation periods.<b>Materials & methods:</b> IL-6 (-174G > C), IL-10 (-1082G > A, -819C > T and -592C > A) genotype, Tac daily dose, C<sub>0</sub>, C<sub>0</sub>/D and intrapatient variability data were collected from 113 patients.<b>Results:</b> Multivariate regression analysis and accompanied Monte Carlo simulation underscore the importance of considering IL-6 -174G > C and IL-10 -1082G > A gene polymorphisms, alongside Tac metabolic phenotype and post-transplantation period, when tailoring Tac dosage regimen.<b>Conclusion:</b> This study provides valuable insights regarding the individualized adjustment of Tac treatment in various post-transplantation periods.</p>","PeriodicalId":20018,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacogenomics","volume":" ","pages":"315-327"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11404698/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141788846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PharmacogenomicsPub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2025-02-07DOI: 10.1080/14622416.2025.2456449
Zuzana Kilianova, Natalia Stollarova, Lenka Bies Pivackova, Peter Krenek, Maria Goboova, Zuzana Javorova Rihova, Evelin Karim Aziz, Natasa Karas Kuzelicki, Gabriel Doka, Jan Klimas
{"title":"Biomarkers for the prediction and monitoring of the antipsychotic/antidepressant-induced hepatotoxicity: study protocol.","authors":"Zuzana Kilianova, Natalia Stollarova, Lenka Bies Pivackova, Peter Krenek, Maria Goboova, Zuzana Javorova Rihova, Evelin Karim Aziz, Natasa Karas Kuzelicki, Gabriel Doka, Jan Klimas","doi":"10.1080/14622416.2025.2456449","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14622416.2025.2456449","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study is designed to address the connection between antidepressant and antipsychotic-induced hepatotoxicity with pharmacogenetic and epigenetic indicators, using a novel combined approach of CYP450 polymorphism determination and early liver injury detection via microRNA testing.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The multi-centric retrospective case-control study in Slovakia involves 151 cases with signs of hepatotoxicity and 604 controls without. Participants will be tested for selected CYP450, UGT1A1 polymorphisms, and microRNAs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Anticipated findings will test if patients with specific CYP450 and UGT1A1 polymorphisms are at higher risk for drug-induced hepatotoxicity and if plasma microRNAs hsa-miR-122-5p and hsa-miR-192-5p, alone or combined, can differentiate patients with abnormal liver function.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings could contribute to personalized treatment approach by combining genetic and epigenetic biomarkers.</p>","PeriodicalId":20018,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacogenomics","volume":" ","pages":"667-678"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11906111/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143365131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PharmacogenomicsPub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-12-22DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2023-0148
Fang Cheng, Chao-Chao Qiu, Xian-Gao Jiang, Te Wu, Qiang Zhang, Xin Chen, Shi-Lin Zheng, Sai-Duo Liu, Xin-Chun Ye, Ji-Chan Shi
{"title":"Relevance of <i>NAT2</i> genotype and clinical factors to risk for antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury.","authors":"Fang Cheng, Chao-Chao Qiu, Xian-Gao Jiang, Te Wu, Qiang Zhang, Xin Chen, Shi-Lin Zheng, Sai-Duo Liu, Xin-Chun Ye, Ji-Chan Shi","doi":"10.2217/pgs-2023-0148","DOIUrl":"10.2217/pgs-2023-0148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study analyzes the risk factors associated with antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury (ATB-DILI), and the relationship between ATB-DILI and <i>NAT2</i> gene polymorphisms. Out of the 324 included patients, 57 (17.59%) developed ATB-DILI. Age, history of liver disease, alcohol consumption and timing of antituberculosis (ATB) treatment were independent risk factors for ATB-DILI in the patients with tuberculosis (TB; p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the distribution of <i>NAT2</i> metabolic phenotypes between the study group and the control group (p < 0.05). The ATB drug treatment for pulmonary TB can cause a high incidence of ATB-DILI. Age, history of liver disease, alcohol consumption and timing of ATB treatment are independent risk factors for ATB-DILI in patients with TB.</p>","PeriodicalId":20018,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacogenomics","volume":" ","pages":"21-28"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138830882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PharmacogenomicsPub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-02-02DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2023-0173
Xueting Zhu, Guanghua Luo, Lu Zheng
{"title":"Update on <i>HLA-B*15:02</i> allele associated with adverse drug reactions.","authors":"Xueting Zhu, Guanghua Luo, Lu Zheng","doi":"10.2217/pgs-2023-0173","DOIUrl":"10.2217/pgs-2023-0173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>HLA alleles, part of the major histocompatibility complex, are strongly associated with adverse drug reactions (ADRs). This review focuses on <i>HLA-B*15:02</i> and explores its association with ADRs in various ethnic populations and with different drugs, aiming to provide insights into the safe clinical use of drugs and minimize the occurrence of ADRs. Furthermore, the review explores the potential mechanisms by which <i>HLA-B*15:02</i> may be associated with ADRs, aiming to gain new insights into drug modification and identification of haptens. In addition, it analyzes the frequency of the <i>HLA-B*15:02</i>, genotyping methods, cost-effectiveness and treatment measures for adverse reactions, thereby providing a theoretical basis for formulating clinical treatment plans.</p>","PeriodicalId":20018,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacogenomics","volume":" ","pages":"97-111"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139672403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PharmacogenomicsPub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1080/14622416.2024.2380240
Chong Wang, Mary Hwang, Brandon Paulson, Doreen Mhandire, Sadat Ozair, Tracey L O'Connor, Shipra Gandhi, Kristopher M Attwood, Daniel L Hertz, Andrew Kl Goey
{"title":"Potential association of <i>SULT2A1</i> and <i>ABCG2</i> variant alleles with increased risk for palbociclib toxicity.","authors":"Chong Wang, Mary Hwang, Brandon Paulson, Doreen Mhandire, Sadat Ozair, Tracey L O'Connor, Shipra Gandhi, Kristopher M Attwood, Daniel L Hertz, Andrew Kl Goey","doi":"10.1080/14622416.2024.2380240","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14622416.2024.2380240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Aim:</b> This study evaluated associations between <i>CYP3A4*22</i> and variants in other pharmacogenes (<i>CYP3A5</i>, <i>SULT2A1</i>, <i>ABCB1</i>, <i>ABCG2</i>, <i>ERCC1</i>) and the risk for palbociclib-associated toxicities.<b>Materials & methods:</b> Two hundred cancer patients who received standard-of-care palbociclib were genotyped and associations with toxicity were evaluated retrospectively.<b>Results:</b> No significant associations were found for <i>CYP3A4*22</i>, <i>CYP3A5*3</i>, <i>ABCB1</i>_rs1045642, <i>ABCG2</i>_rs2231142, <i>ERCC1</i>_rs3212986 and <i>ERCC1</i>_rs11615. Homozygous variant carriers of <i>SULT2A1</i>_rs182420 had higher incidence of dose modifications due to palbociclib toxicity (odds ratio [OR]: 4.334, 95% CI: 1.057-17.767, <i>p</i> = 0.042). <i>ABCG2_rs2231137</i> variant carriers had borderline higher incidence of grade 3-4 neutropenia (OR: 4.14, 95% CI: 0.99-17.37, <i>p</i> = 0.052).<b>Conclusion:</b> Once validated, <i>SULT2A1</i> and <i>ABCG2</i> variants may be useful to individualize palbociclib dosing to minimize toxicities and improve treatment outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20018,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacogenomics","volume":" ","pages":"367-375"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11418216/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141875602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PharmacogenomicsPub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1080/14622416.2024.2394014
Amanda Massmann, Joel Van Heukelom, Max Weaver, April Schultz, Debbie M Figueroa, Adam Stys, Tomasz P Stys, Kurt D Christensen
{"title":"Evaluation of pharmacogenetic automated clinical decision support for clopidogrel.","authors":"Amanda Massmann, Joel Van Heukelom, Max Weaver, April Schultz, Debbie M Figueroa, Adam Stys, Tomasz P Stys, Kurt D Christensen","doi":"10.1080/14622416.2024.2394014","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14622416.2024.2394014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Aim:</b> Clopidogrel requires <i>CYP2C19</i> activation to have antiplatelet effects. Pharmacogenetic testing to identify patients with impaired <i>CYP2C19</i> function can be coupled with clinical decision support (CDS) alerts to guide antiplatelet prescribing. We evaluated the impact of alerts on clopidogrel prescribing.<b>Materials & methods:</b> We retrospectively analyzed data for 866 patients in which <i>CYP2C19</i>-clopidogrel CDS was deployed at a single healthcare system during 2015-2023.<b>Results:</b> Analyses included 2,288 alerts. CDS acceptance rates increased from 24% in 2015 to 63% in 2023 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Adjusted analyses also showed higher acceptance rates when clopidogrel had been ordered for a percutaneous intervention (OR: 28.7, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and when cardiologists responded to alerts (OR: 2.11, <i>p</i> = 0.001).<b>Conclusion:</b> CDS for <i>CYP2C19</i>-clopidogrel was effective in reducing potential drug-gene interactions. Its influence varied by clinician specialty and medication indications.</p>","PeriodicalId":20018,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacogenomics","volume":"25 8-9","pages":"391-399"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11418215/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142293125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PharmacogenomicsPub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-11-15DOI: 10.1080/14622416.2024.2428585
Glenda Hoffecker, Karl Keat, Lakeisha Mulugeta-Gordon, Marjorie Risman, Shefali S Verma, Mary Deagostino-Kelly, Sony Tuteja
{"title":"Estimated clinical utility of multi-gene pharmacogenetic testing in a retrospective cohort of gynecology patients.","authors":"Glenda Hoffecker, Karl Keat, Lakeisha Mulugeta-Gordon, Marjorie Risman, Shefali S Verma, Mary Deagostino-Kelly, Sony Tuteja","doi":"10.1080/14622416.2024.2428585","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14622416.2024.2428585","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to estimate the clinical utility of performing multi-gene pharmacogenetic testing on patients undergoing gynecologic surgery/procedure by evaluating the prescribing rate of Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) level A medications and frequency of drug-gene interactions (DGIs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The electronic health record was queried for 76 current procedural terminology codes to identify gynecologic surgeries/procedures that occurred between 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2020 in patients with at least one of 152 international classification of disease codes. Prescription data for CPIC level A medications was extracted. Those enrolled in the Penn Medicine Biobank were assessed for DGIs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cohort consisted of 7798 female patients and 682 were in the biobank. Up to 6 years following their surgery or procedure, 80% were ordered ≥1 CPIC level A medication. Over half (54%) of these medications were ordered within 3 days after their surgery or procedure. The most common CPIC level A medications ordered were ibuprofen (57%) and ondansetron (42%). Overall, 7% of the cohort had ≥1 known or predicted DGI with medications they were prescribed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Multi-gene pharmacogenetic testing may be beneficial to gynecologic surgery/procedure patients by assisting clinicians with prescribing postoperative analgesics and future medications.</p>","PeriodicalId":20018,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacogenomics","volume":" ","pages":"587-594"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142639447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PharmacogenomicsPub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1080/14622416.2024.2430167
Qiaoli Zheng, Na Jin, Hao Cheng
{"title":"Hydroxychloroquine-induced acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis with HLA-typing.","authors":"Qiaoli Zheng, Na Jin, Hao Cheng","doi":"10.1080/14622416.2024.2430167","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14622416.2024.2430167","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) is a rare drug reaction characterized by numerous pustules on an erythematous base. In some cases, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) can cause AGEP. There is an association between HLA genes and AGEP according to pharmacogenomic studies. In this case report, we present the case of a 36-year-old female who developed HCQ-induced AGEP with HLA-typing. According to our findings, the patient had HLA-B 58:01, HLA-C 08:01, and HLA-A 02:06. A pharmacoeconomic perspective of HLA genotyping before drug prescription is shown in this result.</p>","PeriodicalId":20018,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacogenomics","volume":" ","pages":"569-572"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142668659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PharmacogenomicsPub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1080/14622416.2024.2403967
Sahar M El-Gowilly, Heba A Metwaly, Dalia Makhlouf, Nehal Elmansoury, Salwa A Abuiessa, Amani A Sorour, Mohamed Hussein Abdelgalil, Mirna Fawaz, Asmaa M Abushady, Mariam Gamaleldin, Tarek M Abdelghany, Rajaa Fakhoury, Rasha Abdelhady, Amal Mh Ghanim, Samah Shehata, Marwa Kamal, Rehab Bahy, Sanaa A Haroon, Vangelis G Manolopoulos, Ingolf Cascorbi, Ann Daly, Noha F Abdelkader, Said El Shamieh, Mohamed Nagy, Ahmed Wahid
{"title":"Analysis of the current situation of pharmacogenomics in terms of educational and healthcare needs in Egypt and Lebanon.","authors":"Sahar M El-Gowilly, Heba A Metwaly, Dalia Makhlouf, Nehal Elmansoury, Salwa A Abuiessa, Amani A Sorour, Mohamed Hussein Abdelgalil, Mirna Fawaz, Asmaa M Abushady, Mariam Gamaleldin, Tarek M Abdelghany, Rajaa Fakhoury, Rasha Abdelhady, Amal Mh Ghanim, Samah Shehata, Marwa Kamal, Rehab Bahy, Sanaa A Haroon, Vangelis G Manolopoulos, Ingolf Cascorbi, Ann Daly, Noha F Abdelkader, Said El Shamieh, Mohamed Nagy, Ahmed Wahid","doi":"10.1080/14622416.2024.2403967","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14622416.2024.2403967","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is a practice that investigates the link between genetic differences and drug response in patients. This can improve treatment effectiveness and reduce harmful side effects. However, has yet to be adequately realized in developing nations. Three surveys were conducted between November 2022 to March 2023 in Egypt and Lebanon. The first survey assessed availability of PGx testing in different healthcare facilities; the second one assessed knowledge, interest and attitude toward learning about PGx among pharmacists and physicians; and the third one assessed interest in providing PGx education at academic levels. In Egypt, a few of the surveyed healthcare facilities are conducting some form of pharmacogenetic testing. In Lebanon, very few germline pharmacogenomic tests are offered in Greater Beirut's leading hospitals, and no other testing was recorded. PGx education attracts considerable interest, with 34.3% of pharmacists very interested and 48.8% interested. Similarly, 24.8% of total physicians were very interested while 44.8% were interested. Academic professionals in the surveyed institutions in both countries agreed on the need for educational programs in PGx and 78.2% agreed that there were good opportunities for implementing PGx testing. These findings clearly indicate the need to develop and implement educational programs in PGx in the Middle-East.</p>","PeriodicalId":20018,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacogenomics","volume":" ","pages":"429-440"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11492645/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142392332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}