{"title":"Study on preparation and pharmacokinetics of gentiopicroside sustained release preparation.","authors":"Yanyan Guo, Lingyu Yao, Yonghui Duan, Xin Xin, Guiyang Xia, Yuhua Ma, Sheng Lin","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2669315","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2669315","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gentiopicroside (GPS) is a natural component with anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and other activities. However, its short half-life and insufficient residence time limit its clinical application. In this study, GPS was identified as a hydrophilic drug based on pre-formulation studies, and two sustained-release preparations were successfully developed, including gentiopicroside microporous osmotic pump tablets (GPS-MPOP) and gentiopicroside matrix sustained-release tablets (GPS-MRT). GPS-MPOP and GPS-MRT were prepared using single-factor experiments. <i>In vitro</i> release studies demonstrated that both preparations exhibited sustained release for 12 h. The release curve followed the Weibull model, and the release mechanism was governed by a combination of diffusion and erosion. <i>In vivo</i> pharmacokinetic study in New Zealand rabbits showed that the <i>T</i><sub>max</sub> of reference preparations (GPS-OT), GPS-MRT and GPS-MPOP were 0.25 h, 1.00 h (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.01) and 1.50 h <i>(p</i> ≤ 0.01<i>)</i>; the <i>C</i><sub>max</sub> were 1108.11 ± 14.56 μg/L, 714.71 ± 10.24 μg/L (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) and 850.53 ± 4.80μg/L (<i>p</i> < 0.0001), and the <i>t</i><sub>1/2</sub> were 1.30 ± 0.07 h, 5.36 ± 1.39 h (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) and 4.86 ± 0.28h (<i>p</i> < 0.0001), respectively. Compared with reference preparations, the relative bioavailability was 103.24% for GPS-MRT and 116.47% for GPS-MPOP, respectively. Both of the two sustained-release preparations prolonged drug release and reduced plasma concentration fluctuation, which provides a new strategy for clinical application of GPS.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"676-696"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147841300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2651571","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2651571","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"i-ii"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147575098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent advancements in cancer vaccine developments: novel approaches.","authors":"Balisa Mosisa Ejeta, Malay K Das, Sanjoy Das, Fetene Fufa Bakare, Olana Terefe Ayana, Taison Jamatia","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2621220","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2621220","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Harnessing the immune system, vaccines function as both prophylactic shields and precision-guided therapeutic agents, offering a promising strategy of a dual-armament approach in the fight against cancer. Previous landmark advances include identification of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and the development of dendritic cell vaccines and viral-vector platforms that laid the groundwork for modern personalized approaches. Cancer vaccines represent a transformative approach in oncology, harnessing the immune system to prevent, treat, or eliminate malignancies. Recent advances focus on improving the efficacy of immune responses, enhancing immunogenicity, and overcoming tumor immune evasion. Unlike conventional chemotherapy, which lacks durable immunity and often leads to relapse, cancer vaccines can induce long-term immune memory, reducing recurrence risks. They also mitigate drug resistance through adaptive immune targeting and synergize effectively with immune checkpoint inhibitors. With favorable safety profiles, reduced toxicity, and long-term cost benefits, cancer vaccines offer a precision-based alternative to traditional therapies. However, challenges such as tumor heterogeneity, immunosuppression, and high costs remain. Future research should optimize vaccine design, refine delivery systems, and explore combination strategies to maximize clinical outcomes. This review explores cutting-edge cancer vaccine platforms, including therapeutic (dendritic cell, peptide, mRNA, and viral vector-based vaccines), preventive (HPV and HBV vaccines), and combination immunotherapy strategies, while addressing, limitations and future directions in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"356-377"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146041192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beatriz N Guedes, João G De Oliveira Neto, Aleksandra Zielińska, Antonello Santini, Tatiana Andreani, M Beatriz P P Oliveira, Faezeh Fathi, Eliana B Souto
{"title":"Polyphenols-composed micelles: production, physicochemical characterization, <i>in silico</i> pharmacokinetics, and rheological behaviour of a new colloidal system for dual delivery of resveratrol and rutin.","authors":"Beatriz N Guedes, João G De Oliveira Neto, Aleksandra Zielińska, Antonello Santini, Tatiana Andreani, M Beatriz P P Oliveira, Faezeh Fathi, Eliana B Souto","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2624733","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2624733","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A new micellar delivery system for the dual loading of resveratrol and rutin (RES-RU-micelles) is described and characterized. Analyzes were carried out to determine the size parameters (mean particle size and polydispersity index) and surface electrical charge, 24 h after production and after 2 months of storage at two different temperatures (4 °C and 25 °C). <i>In silico</i> ADME predictions revealed striking differences in skin permeability between resveratrol (Log <i>K</i>p = -5.47 cm/s) and rutin (Log <i>K</i>p = -10.26 cm/s). Molecular analysis demonstrated that the contrasting physicochemical properties of RES (Log <i>P</i> = 2.57, TPSA = 60.69 Å) and RU (Log <i>P</i> = -2.11, TPSA = 269.43 Å) enable their spatial segregation within the micelles. RES is located predominantly in the hydrophobic core through hydrophobic interactions, while RU positions at the core-shell interface <i>via</i> hydrogen bonding with the hydrophilic components. The encapsulation efficiency achieved values above 98% for both bioactives in the dual loading. The viscoelastic profile showed that the G' was higher than the G″ in the applied frequency range, demonstrating that the developed micelles are more elastic than viscous. DSC analysis showed the absence of peaks, corroborating that no bioactive crystallization happened when loaded into the micelles. Transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed the morphology and spherical shape of the produced micelles.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"413-427"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146106779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akash V Narawade, Manoj B Shinde, Varsha B Mane, Avinash S Bhosale, Prajakta S Naiknawade
{"title":"Enhancing solubility and therapeutic potential of rosuvastatin via β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex-loaded chitosan nanoparticles.","authors":"Akash V Narawade, Manoj B Shinde, Varsha B Mane, Avinash S Bhosale, Prajakta S Naiknawade","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2621218","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2621218","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rosuvastatin is a BCS class II drug effective in the management of atherosclerosis. To enhance solubility and efficacy, Rosuvastatin-β-Cyclodextrin complex-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (R-CD-CNs) were developed. β-cyclodextrin was crosslinked with Citric acid to impart stability to the inclusion complex. Rosuvastatin was incorporated into lyophilized crosslinked β-cyclodextrin by kneading method. R-CD complex was loaded into chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles. The R-CD-CNs were optimized by 3<sup>2</sup> full factorial design with independent variables Chitosan, Sodium Tripolyphosphate as crosslinking agent and their effects were checked on dependent variables. Optimized R-CD-CNs showed Particle size 265 ± 17 nm, PDI 0.251 ± 0.02, EE 80 ± 7.5%, and Zeta potential +19.8 ± 3.8 mV. The results of DSC confirmed that drug gets incorporated into chitosan nanoparticles. XRD confirmed amorphous form of drug into chitosan nanoparticles. SEM study confirmed the sphericity of R-CD-CNs. The <i>in vitro</i> release profile was found to be 91 ± 2.5% at the end of 10 h, indicating sustained release characteristics. R-CD-CNs showed a more prominent effect compared to plain Rosuvastatin calcium and the disease control group. The synergistic effect of chitosan was confirmed by the <i>in vivo</i> antihyperlipidemic study. The results of stability study reveal good stability of R-CD-CNs. R-CD-CNs were developed successfully and will be helpful for the effective management of hyperlipidemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"339-355"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146065963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samaa Abdullah, Samar Thiab, Alaa A Al-Masud, Meshal Marzoog Al-Sharafa, Hatim S AlKhatib, Imad Hamadneh, Rana Abutaima
{"title":"Synergistic nanogel therapy for dry and nutrient-deficient wounds: biotin-loaded acacia-alginate hydrogel enhances tissue regeneration and reduces inflammation.","authors":"Samaa Abdullah, Samar Thiab, Alaa A Al-Masud, Meshal Marzoog Al-Sharafa, Hatim S AlKhatib, Imad Hamadneh, Rana Abutaima","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2644308","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2644308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dry, nutrient-poor wounds often heal slowly because inflammation persists and tissue repair is impaired. This study developed a biotin-loaded acacia-alginate nanogel (BOT-ACC-SA) to improve biotin's poor water solubility, limited skin penetration, and therapeutic performance in wound healing. Biotin was first adsorbed onto acacia gum and then incorporated into sodium alginate nanogels using sonication-assisted self-assembly. The formulation was thoroughly characterized by thermal, spectroscopic, crystallographic, microscopic, particle-size, and rheological analyses. The optimized nanogel showed a mean size of about 120 nm, a zeta potential of -32.7 mV, and high encapsulation efficiency (90.1%). It increased biotin solubility 2.8-fold and released 97% of the drug within 24 hours, following the Higuchi release model. In vivo evaluation in Wistar rats over 14 days demonstrated superior wound closure with BOT-ACC-SA (94.6%) compared with BOT-SA, ACC-SA, and untreated controls. The nanogel also significantly increased VEGF, TGF-β1, and collagen I while reducing IL-6, indicating enhanced angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and inflammation resolution. Stability testing confirmed that the formulation remained stable for 12 months at refrigerated conditions. Overall, BOT-ACC-SA appears to be a promising topical treatment for difficult-to-heal wounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"497-525"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147468343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pulmonary targeted inhalational therapy for neutrophillic asthma using a novel simvastatin-rapamycin dry powder inhalation formulation.","authors":"Hafsa P V, Nithya Haridas, Vidya Viswanad","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2623916","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2623916","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neutrophillic asthma, characterized by persistent airway inflammation and poor corticosteroid responsiveness, presents a significant therapeutic challenge. Repurposing rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, and simvastatin, a statin with anti-inflammatory effects, through targeted pulmonary delivery may provide a novel therapeutic strategy. A combinatorial dry powder inhalation formulation was developed by blending rapamycin and simvastatin with lactose carriers, and a Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize blending time, fine lactose content, and leucine content. Analytical characterization using FTIR, P-XRD, DSC, and SEM confirmed effective adsorption of actives onto lactose carriers with no significant drug-excipient incompatibilities. Aerodynamic evaluation demonstrated a fine particle fraction of 53.35% and 58.67% and a mass median aerodynamic diameter 2.037 µm and 4.307 µm, for simvastatin and rapamycin respectively indicating efficient pulmonary deposition. Stability studies showed acceptable stability for 6 months and <i>in-vivo</i> inhalational toxicity in healthy C57BL/6 mice confirmed safety. This preclinical proof-of-concept highlights the potential of localized pulmonary delivery to reduce systemic exposure while targeting inflammatory pathways in neutrophillic asthma. Further <i>in vivo</i> and translational studies are warranted to establish therapeutic efficacy. This approach provides a platform for repurposing simvastatin and rapamycin as an asthma treatment and addresses the unmet need in managing steroid-resistant asthma endotypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"378-394"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146106819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development of an enteric-coated sustained-release powder for oral suspension of paroxetine Based on cation exchange resin.","authors":"Hongfei Liu, Zhiguo Sun, Xiaoya Xie, Yujing Huang, Caleb Kesse Firempong, Yingshu Feng, Haibing He, Guoqing Zhang, Xin Lv, Zhigang Xing","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2640034","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2640034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Paroxetine (PX) is a first-line selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) for major depressive disorder. Currently, the enteric-coated sustained-release tablet represents the dominant clinical standard due to its ability to mitigate gastric irritation and ensure sustained release in the intestine to reduce adverse effects. However, these tablets must be swallowed intact, making them unsuitable for patients with dysphagia; manipulation (e.g. crushing or chewing) destroys the functional coating, leading to dose dumping and unpredictable systemic exposure. To address these critical therapeutic gaps, this study developed a novel reconstitutable enteric-coated sustained-release powder using ion-exchange resin technology for oral suspension of PX. PX was loaded onto Amberlite<sup>®</sup> IRP88 and subsequently coated with cellulose acetate phthalate <i>via</i> fluidized-bed processing to inhibit gastric release while enabling prolonged release in the intestine. The optimized formulation (PX@CM) demonstrated high drug entrapment efficiency and a robust zero-order release profile in simulated intestinal fluid. <i>In vivo</i> pharmacokinetic studies in rats confirmed its potential clinical advantages: compared to commercial immediate-release (IR) oral tablets, the suspension significantly lowered C<sub>max</sub> (0.24 vs. 0.44 μg/mL) and prolonged T<sub>max</sub> (6.67 vs. 4.00 h). These pharmacokinetic improvements provide a 'peak-blunting' effect that suggests a potential to minimize concentration-dependent side effects. Consequently, this formulation emerges as a promising, patient-centric alternative for vulnerable populations requiring long-term antidepressant therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"481-496"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147344717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Omobolanle A Omoteso, Handsome Ndlovu, Sandile M Khamanga, Roderick B Walker
{"title":"The palatability of commercially available hyoscine butyl bromide syrups for paediatric use in South Africa: comparative assessment using an electronic tongue.","authors":"Omobolanle A Omoteso, Handsome Ndlovu, Sandile M Khamanga, Roderick B Walker","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2626412","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2626412","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Patient rejection of unpalatable products can adversely affect therapeutic adherence, potentially leading to treatment failure. Taste masking is a goal in pharmaceutical development, particularly when developing formulations for paediatric patients. The use of an electronic tongue (e-tongue) enables rapid, objective, and robust taste evaluation. Its use is gaining traction in the quality assessment of pharmaceutical products. The capability of an Alpha Astree II taste-sensing system to evaluate the palatability of commercially available hyoscine butylbromide (HBB) syrup brands in South Africa, was investigated. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to process the e-tongue data and the resultant biplots can distinguish between the taste of reference compounds and HBB syrups. The sensor values and taste screening rankings indicate the three brands exhibit a bitter-sweet taste. Brand Z has greater bitterness and sourness than brands, X and Y due to citric acid monohydrate in the formulation. Brand Y included sodium cyclamate and was the most palatable syrup. The findings indicate the e-tongue can differentiate the taste of HBB syrups when different excipients are used to alter taste. Pharmaceutical companies could use these data to improve the palatability of currently available hyoscine syrups. The E-tongue is a complementary instrument to human sensory panels used to inform product development in alignment with customer preferences.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"428-442"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146106810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yousef A Bin Jardan, Mustafa R Abdulbaqi, Sahar A M Omran, Fatma Youssef Ali Abbas, Asmaa Youssef A Abbas, Heba M Mohammed, Sulaf Ahmed Abdellatif, Hesham M Tawfeek
{"title":"<i>Lepidium sativum</i> and metformin hydrochloride hydrogels for effective management of wounds in an induced diabetic rat model.","authors":"Yousef A Bin Jardan, Mustafa R Abdulbaqi, Sahar A M Omran, Fatma Youssef Ali Abbas, Asmaa Youssef A Abbas, Heba M Mohammed, Sulaf Ahmed Abdellatif, Hesham M Tawfeek","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2630171","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2630171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetic wounds need effective and prompt treatment otherwise, it will be complicated with sever bacterial infections. In this study, hydrogels containing <i>Lepidium sativum</i> seeds aqueous extract (LS<sub>ae</sub>), metformin (MET) and combination (LS<sub>ae</sub> and MET) were prepared and characterized for their pH, contents, spreadability, viscosity, rheology, morphology, physical stability and <i>in vitro</i> release. Percentage of wound contraction in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats was studied. In addition, certain biochemical parameters, like tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α, interleukin, IL-6, malondialdehyde, MDA and matrix metalloproteinase-9, MMP-9 as inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers were quantified. Histopathological changes were studied and immunohistochemical staining was used to detect vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, PECAM-1/CD31. Pharmaceutical characterization revealed the suitability of hydrogels for topical administration. Combination hydrogel group 2 showed a significant reduction in TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-9 and MDA (296.36 ± 16.31, 8.33 ± 1.06 pg/ml, 0.61 ± 0.35 ng/ml and 13.30 ± 1.4 nmol/ml) compared to other tested groups. Histopathological examination showed complete re-epithelization with granulation tissue formation and thicker well-organized collagen fibers for groups 1 and 2 after 7 days. However, LS<sub>ae</sub> hydrogel group 1 had a faster effect, a significant expression of VEGF (64.00 ± 17.08 positively stained cells) and (95.73 ± 2.4% wound contraction). It could be concluded that LS<sub>ae</sub> hydrogel is a promising formulation for effective rapid management of diabetic wounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"443-463"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146166219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}