{"title":"Quality by design-guided development of silica-enabled lipid hybrid nanoparticles for enhanced olaparib dissolution.","authors":"Yashwini Kansara, Nimeet Desai, Pranav Shah","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2693870","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2693870","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Olaparib (OLA), a poorly water-soluble anticancer drug (0.0601 mg/mL) with limited oral bioavailability (>50%), belongs to Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class IV and requires advanced formulation strategies to improve its biopharmaceutical performance. This study developed and optimised OLA-loaded silica-enabled lipid hybrid nanoparticles (SLHNs) using a quality by design (QbD) approach. The lipid hybrid nanosystem was prepared by the melt emulsification method and converted into free-flowing SLHN powder by impregnation onto mesoporous silica carrier Parteck<sup>®</sup> SLC. Screening studies, supported by molecular docking and solubility assessment, selected Capmul<sup>®</sup> MCM, Cremophor<sup>®</sup> RH40, and Transcutol<sup>®</sup> HP as the oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant, respectively. Pseudo-ternary phase diagram analysis showed a broad nanoemulsion region at a Smix ratio of 3:1. Plackett-Burman screening identified oil concentration, Smix concentration, and stirring time as critical factors influencing globule size (41.67 ± 0.73 to 154 ± 2.35 nm), polydispersity index (0.183 ± 0.017 to 0.621 ± 0.018), optical transmittance (91.10 ± 0.889% to 99.83 ± 0.404%), and zeta potential (-17.2 ± 0.34 to -37.7 ± 0.37 mV). The optimised SLHNs showed rapid self-emulsification, nanosized globules, high clarity, and improved dissolution with 30% burst release followed by sustained release up to 2.5 h.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"906-933"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148318722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John D Downey, Chloe Frewen, Richard Unitt, Fiona O'Neill, Liam O'Neill, Abina M Crean, Katie B Ryan
{"title":"Application of a phosphorylcholine-based copolymer, poly(MPC-co-BMA) on vial stoppers using a cold plasma deposition process.","authors":"John D Downey, Chloe Frewen, Richard Unitt, Fiona O'Neill, Liam O'Neill, Abina M Crean, Katie B Ryan","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2649645","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2649645","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coatings are applied to vial stoppers to aid lubricity, reduce leachables and enhance compatibility with protein formulations. However, commonly used polydimethylsiloxane and fluoropolymer coatings have been implicated in particle formation and polymer leaching, which can compromise product quality. This study investigates an innovative aerosol-assisted, cold plasma technique to deposit poly(MPC-<i>co</i>-BMA), which is composed of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and butyl methacrylate (BMA) as an alternative coating on vial stoppers. A factorial design of experiments was used to optimise polymer concentration and plasma deposition parameters. Static water contact angle (WCA) and WCA variability were used to indicate coating presence and uniformity. Process parameters, namely speed, affected coating coverage as indicated by changes in stopper hydrophobicity. Analyses using SEM and AFM confirmed conformal coatings. Raman hyperspectral imaging provided an indirect method for mapping coating deposition by monitoring attenuation of the titanium dioxide signal inherent in the stoppers following coating. Poly(MPC-<i>co</i>-BMA) coating compatibility studies with a model bovine serum albumin protein formulation demonstrated comparable performance to commercial polydimethylsiloxane and ethylene tetrafluoroethylene coated stoppers. These findings highlight aerosol-assisted, cold plasma deposition of poly(MPC-<i>co</i>-BMA) as a promising alternative to conventional stopper coatings. Further studies examining the impact of storage and formulation stresses on coating stability and in-depth protein compatibility studies will provide further valuable insights.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"527-541"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147575140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ranwei Zhao, Yuanyuan Cao, Li Ma, Yu Zhao, Dongli Qi, Zhidong Liu
{"title":"Berberrubine solid dispersions prepared by hot-melt extrusion technology: characterization, enhanced solubility, composition-dependent release, and improved bioavailability in rats.","authors":"Ranwei Zhao, Yuanyuan Cao, Li Ma, Yu Zhao, Dongli Qi, Zhidong Liu","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2660089","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2660089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study employed hot-melt extrusion technology to prepare berberrubine solid dispersions using Soluplus<sup>®</sup> as the carrier, aiming to enhance its solubility, improve oral bioavailability. The solid dispersions were characterized by DSC, XRD, SEM, and FI-IR. Solubility and <i>in vitro</i> dissolution studies were conducted. The results indicated that the drug was highly dispersed in the carrier in an amorphous state. The solid dispersions significantly increased drug solubility, particularly showing a 2.59-fold enhancement in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. Moreover, the solid dispersions with the two drug-carrier ratios exhibited distinct composition-dependent release characteristics, respectively. An LC-MS/MS method was established to determine berberrubine in rat plasma, and the oral pharmacokinetics of the solid dispersions in rats were investigated. The results showed that the AUC<sub>0-</sub><i><sub>t</sub></i> of the solid dispersions was 12.9 times higher than that of pure berberrubine (<i>p</i> < 0.01), indicating a significant improvement in oral bioavailability. Therefore, solid dispersions can significantly enhance drug solubility and oral bioavailability. Moreover, solid dispersions with different drug-carrier ratios exhibit distinct immediate-release or sustained-release characteristics, providing valuable insights for formulation development. Depending on the therapeutic strategy and clinical requirements of the disease, different release behaviors can be selected to guide formulation design studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"610-627"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147723610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Handsome Ndlovu, Omobolanle A Omoteso, Sandile M Khamanga, Roderick B Walker
{"title":"The use of design of experiments and green chemistry for the preparation of a taste-masked metronidazole-loaded cubosomal nanostructured oral gel.","authors":"Handsome Ndlovu, Omobolanle A Omoteso, Sandile M Khamanga, Roderick B Walker","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2652972","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2652972","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Taste masking is critical when developing formulations for paediatric patients. Metronidazole (MTZ) was encapsulated in cubosomal gels to mask its bitter, metallic taste. A cubosomal gel using glyceryl monooleate, oleic acid, Poloxamer 407, and polyvinyl alcohol was developed and optimized using Box-Behnken and I-Optimal designs. The optimized nanocarrier particle size was 34.30 nm, Zeta potential -26.6 mV, polydispersity index 0.152, and entrapment efficiency 38.73%. TEM confirmed the formation of a cubic nanostructure, and FTIR was used to monitor stability. The <i>in vitro</i> release was biphasic, with 14% MTZ released within 5 min, followed by sustained release over 12 h. Diffusion-controlled release was confirmed using Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas models. Effective taste masking was determined using an electronic. The system exhibited satisfactory physicochemical stability at 22 °C, over 4 weeks, with PS, PDI, and ZP remaining within acceptable parameters. The EE decreased from 38.73% to 24.75%, indicating hydrophilic-driven MTZ leakage during storage. The cubosomal gel formulation effectively masks unpleasant taste, sustains MTZ release, and maintains acceptable physicochemical properties at 22 °C for four weeks. The EE requires further optimization. These results suggest that cubosomal encapsulation may be a taste-masking strategy for MTZ. Translation to periodontal applications will require evaluation of mucoadhesion, gingival retention, antimicrobial efficacy, and formulation behaviour in gingival crevicular fluid.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"557-585"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147531879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adel F Alghaith, Gamal M Mahrous, Diaa-Eldin Shaaban, Ehab I Taha, Awwad A Radwan, Majed A Al Asif, Abdulmohsen K Alanazi, Abdullah S Alali
{"title":"Assessment of skin permeation and anti-inflammatory efficacy of lornoxicam proniosomal topical gel formulations: a comparative study.","authors":"Adel F Alghaith, Gamal M Mahrous, Diaa-Eldin Shaaban, Ehab I Taha, Awwad A Radwan, Majed A Al Asif, Abdulmohsen K Alanazi, Abdullah S Alali","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2668485","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2668485","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lornoxicam (LX) is a potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) whose long-term oral administration is limited by gastrointestinal adverse effects. The present study aimed to develop and evaluate LX-loaded proniosomal topical gels as a strategy to enhance dermal permeation and anti-inflammatory efficacy, with direct comparison to a conventional LX gel. LX-loaded proniosomal Gels were formulated by combining lecithin, cholesterol, and a non-ionic surfactant. A conventional gel formulation was also prepared to compare its effectiveness with the proniosomal gel formulation. The vesicle size, Polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), encapsulation efficiency, morphology, <i>in vitro</i> LX release, <i>ex vivo</i>, and finally, the anti-inflammatory efficacy of both formulations was thoroughly characterized. For the proniosomal variants, vesicle sizes were recorded at 373 ± 29 nm for Span 60-based proniosomes (NS) and 230 ± 28 nm for Tween 80-based proniosomes (NT), with corresponding PDI values of 0.23 and 0.31 and zeta potentials of -26 mV and -28 mV, respectively. Encapsulation efficiency exceeded 88% across both formulations. Notably, <i>ex vivo</i> evaluations demonstrated markedly improved skin permeation in the proniosomal gels. The Fluxes measured 51. µg/cm<sup>2</sup>/h. for NS, 18.7 relative to the standard gel (12.4). These findings were corroborated by anti-inflammatory efficacy studies, which revealed statistically significant improvements with the proniosomal gel (<i>p</i> < 0.05) compared to the standard formulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"665-675"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147840691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akash Heer, John G Fletcher, Ayman Karam, Nicole Azizeh, Richard Singer, Mohammad Najlah, Mark D Fielder, Mouhamad Khoder
{"title":"Spray-dried zinc-alginate microparticles for antibiotic removal from water: a promising approach to mitigate antibiotic resistance.","authors":"Akash Heer, John G Fletcher, Ayman Karam, Nicole Azizeh, Richard Singer, Mohammad Najlah, Mark D Fielder, Mouhamad Khoder","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2660844","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2660844","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antibiotic residues in gastrointestinal and environmental compartments promote the selection of resistant bacteria and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study evaluates spray drying as a scalable method to produce crosslinked zinc-alginate (Zn-Alg-SD) microparticles for antibiotic removal from water <i>via</i> metal complexation, using ciprofloxacin (CIPRO) and amoxicillin (AMOX) as model compounds. Zn-Alg-SD microparticles were prepared by spray drying at varying zinc (Zn<sup>2+</sup>) concentrations. Particle characteristics were assessed by FTIR, optical particle size analysis, SEM, and ICP-MS, demonstrating improved particle uniformity, surface area, water stability, and crosslinking density. Zn-Alg-SD microparticles prepared with 0.25% and 0.5% (w/v) Zn<sup>2+</sup> exhibited minimal swelling in aqueous media, indicating enhanced structural integrity. Antibiotic removal studies showed high adsorption capacity, particularly for CIPRO, with a 20-fold increase compared to Zn-Alg beads produced by conventional ionotropic gelation. Kinetic modelling indicated a chemosorption mechanism for both antibiotics, supporting Zn<sup>2+</sup>-mediated complexation within the crosslinked alginate matrix. Overall, spray drying represents an efficient alternative to ionotropic gelation for producing crosslinked alginate adsorbents, offering a scalable platform for biological and environmental antibiotic removal.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"628-641"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147699517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yongqi Peng, Pengfei Du, Xinyi Yang, Kunying Liu, Jing Ren
{"title":"Preparation and evaluation of plumbagin-loaded lipid cubic liquid crystal nano-drug delivery system.","authors":"Yongqi Peng, Pengfei Du, Xinyi Yang, Kunying Liu, Jing Ren","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2669320","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2669320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To address the poor water solubility and low oral absorption of plumbagin (PL), an anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) agent, we developed lipidic cubic liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNPs) as an oral delivery system to enhance its druggability. PL-loaded LCNPs(PL-LCNPs)were prepared by the ethanol injection method, and optimized <i>via</i> single-factor tests combined with Box-Behnken response surface methodology (BBD-RSM). <i>In vitro</i> release was evaluated by dynamic dialysis, while <i>in vivo</i> fate was assessed by small animal imaging and rat pharmacokinetics. The optimized PL-LCNPs exhibited a particle size of (203.50 ± 2.05) nm, zeta potential of (-39.51 ± 0.95) mV, Encapsulation Efficiency (EE) of (80.21 ± 0.95)%, and Drug Loading (DL) of (5.66 ± 0.98)%. In simulated gastrointestinal fluid, the cumulative release of PL-LCNPs reached 92% at 10 h, significantly higher than 48% of free PL, and the release fitted the Weibull equation. The relative oral bioavailability of PL-LCNPs was 295.58% relative to free PL. This study provides a feasible strategy for poorly soluble traditional Chinese medicine oral preparations, and PL-LCNPs show promising clinical potential as a high-efficiency, low-toxicity oral chemotherapy for HCC.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"697-709"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147840679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development and enhanced stability of an oleuropein-loaded topical formulation for modified delivery and potential use for wound and burn therapy.","authors":"Aylin Deljavan Ghodrati, Tansel Comoglu, Dogay Kinaci, Tuba Aydin","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2666098","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2666098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to develop and evaluate semi-solid topical formulations containing oleuropein, a phenolic compound with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, for wound and burn treatment. The primary hypothesis was that optimizing formulation type would improve oleuropein stability, release behavior, and dermal compatibility, thereby enhancing therapeutic performance. Oleuropein isolated from olive leaves was incorporated into ointment (F1), cream (F2), and gel (F3) formulations at 1%, 2.5%, and 5%. Physicochemical characterization included pH, rheology, drug content, and <i>in vitro</i> release. UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis at 280 nm was optimized to prevent excipient interference and ensure selective quantification in semi-solid matrices. Drug release was evaluated using the dialysis bag method, and stability was assessed under short-, long-term, and accelerated conditions by monitoring active content and viscosity. Among all formulations, the cream F2.1 showed the most favorable profile, with a physiologically compatible pH (∼5.4) and high initial viscosity (64 Pa·s at 5 rpm, TF-96 spindle), exhibiting shear-dependent reduction consistent with non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow suitable for dermal application. F2.1 achieved 13.5% cumulative release over 7 h, indicating modified delivery. Stability studies demonstrated acceptable active retention under standard conditions, while partial degradation occurred under accelerated storage. Overall, F2.1 provided improved stability and modified topical delivery, supporting further biological and <i>in vivo</i> evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"642-664"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147778402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advanced skin delivery of L-arginine: design, characterization, and anti-aging efficacy of optimized cubosomal nanocarriers.","authors":"Rutuja Vinchurkar, Ashwin Kuchekar","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2652978","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2652978","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study was to develop a L-arginine-loaded cubosomal nanocarrier cream for topical anti-aging application. Glyceryl Monooleate and Poloxamer 407 cubosomes effectively encapsulated L-arginine, resulting in a nanosized structure (∼34.7 nm) with high entrapment efficiency (71.67 ± 0.81%). Optimal drug content (96 ± 0.08%), ideal viscosity (19,666 cps), and skin-compatible pH (6.4 ± 0.3) were obtained when incorporated into a cream base containing almond oil, Cosmacol ELI, and Sepineo P600. Formulation physiochemical compatibility was confirmed by FTIR and DSC study, sustained drug release (78.92% over 6 h) shown by <i>in vitro</i> release study. Reduced TNF-α expression indicated that the formulation did not elicit any pro-inflammatory response, whereas cell viability was found to be above 80%. Reduced MMP-1 and increased collagen I gene levels demonstrated anti-aging efficacy. Over a six-month period, stability studies confirmed that there was no phase separation. Overall, the cubosomal cream showed outstanding entrapment, stability, safety, and anti-aging potential, offering a promising non-invasive cosmeceutical approach for skin rejuvenation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"586-609"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147531833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guodong Shen, Ting Zhao, Yi Shen, Yimin Zhu, Yuxin Mei, Xiaoyan Yang, Lian Lian
{"title":"Tumor cell membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles co-delivering docetaxel and metformin for enhanced synergistic therapy of HER2-positive breast cancer.","authors":"Guodong Shen, Ting Zhao, Yi Shen, Yimin Zhu, Yuxin Mei, Xiaoyan Yang, Lian Lian","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2652968","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2026.2652968","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The clinical efficacy of docetaxel (DTX) in treating HER2-positive breast cancer is hampered by poor solubility and systemic toxicity, while metformin (Met) shows anti-cancer potential by targeting tumor metabolism. We hypothesized that a biomimetic nanoplatform co-delivering DTX and Met could achieve synergistic anti-tumor effects with enhanced safety. This study developed tumor cell membrane-camouflaged mesoporous silica nanoparticles co-loaded with DTX and Met (mem(DTX&Met@MSNs)). The nanoparticles were characterized for particle size, stability, drug loading, and membrane coating. <i>In vitro</i> assays were conducted to assess cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and synergistic effects. <i>In vivo</i> studies were performed in HER2-positive breast cancer-bearing mice to evaluate biodistribution, anti-tumor efficacy, toxicity, and histopathology. The mem(DTX&Met@MSNs) nanoparticles showed a core-shell structure and pH-responsive release, with over 80% drug release at pH 6.5 versus less than 40% at pH 7.4. Biomimetic coating enabled homologous targeting, enhancing cellular uptake and synergistic cytotoxicity in SK-BR-3 cells (7.89% apoptosis). <i>In vivo</i>, the system prolonged the circulation half-life to nearly 6 h, effectively suppressed tumor growth, and demonstrated excellent biocompatibility with no significant toxicity or body weight loss. In conclusion, mem(DTX&Met@MSNs) integrates homologous targeting with dual-drug synergism, offering a safe and effective strategy for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"542-556"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147581953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}