Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences最新文献

{"title":"Cubosome-based nanoformulation of synthesized 1-cyclopentyl benzimidazole: In-vitro characterization and antibacterial evaluation.","authors":"Tanzeela Masood, Ikram Ullah Khan, Sofia Hayat, Muhammad Irfan, Sajid Asghar, Umer Farooq, Muhammad Adnan Iqbal, Rabia Munir, Kai Bin Liew, Khuriah Abdul Hamid, Sana Shahzad, Muhammad Saleem, Pervaiz Akhtar Shah, Nyla Ajaz, Syed Haroon Khalid","doi":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.14752.1","DOIUrl":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.14752.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite of having broad spectrum anti-bacterial activity, benzimidazole has limited clinical applications out of low solubility and bioavailability. Benzimidazole and cubosomal delivery systems are individually well studied, their combined application remains limited, particularly for newly designed derivatives with unexplored biological activity.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study reports the synthesis and characterization of N-cyclopentyl benzimidazole-loaded cubosomes for antibacterial application through improved solubility and controlled release.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The N-cyclopentyl benzimidazole was synthesized by the reaction of benzimidazole with Bromo cyclopentane and confirmed by FT-IR, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Cubosome nanoparticles were formed by the homogenization method, using glyceryl monooleate (GMO) as a lipid and poloxamer 407 (P407) as a surfactant. Different co-surfactants like Brij 35 (B 35), Myrj 52 (M 52), Tween 20 (T 20), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as stabilizer were used to optimize the formulations and characterized for size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, in-vitro drug release, and transmission electron microscopy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the tested formulations, the cubosome containing 3% PVA demonstrated optimal characteristics, including a nanosize (~128 nm), high drug entrapment efficiency (94.08%), and colloidal stability. The antibacterial activity was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. While the free drug exhibited larger zones of inhibition, the cubosome-encapsulated formulation showed sustained antibacterial effects, attributed to improved aqueous dispersion and prolonged release.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings highlight the potential of cubosome-based delivery to enhance the solubility and therapeutic efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19971,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"39 5","pages":"1438-1451"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147512956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Esketamine and postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aged mice: Role of the SIRT3/AMPK/mTOR pathway.","authors":"Yunfei Wang, Tao Cui, Jiafang Wang, Li Zhang, Zhe Ding, Lu Zou","doi":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15336.1","DOIUrl":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15336.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) frequently occurs after surgery in older patients.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate whether esketamine (Esk) mitigates POCD in aged mice by regulating the sirtuin 3 (SIRT3)/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, a POCD mouse model was established via modified abdominal exploration laparotomy (n=10/group) and an LPS-induced inflammatory model of BV-2 cells was constructed (n=5/group). The effects of Esk on behavior and hippocampal tissue injury in POCD mice were observed through Morris water maze test and pathological staining. The content of inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and mitochondrial function-related indicators were detected using kits. Western blot analysis detected SIRT3/AMPK/mTOR pathway and M1 polarization markers levels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>POCD mice showed significantly reduced spatial learning and memory abilities, while Esk improved the spatial memory abilities (P<0.05). Esk also alleviated brain tissue damage, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, inhibited M1 polarization of microglia and improved mitochondrial function in POCD mice. In BV-2 cells, Esk rescued LPS-induced viability reduction, inflammatory factor release and M1 polarization. Mechanistically, Esk regulated SIRT3/AMPK/mTOR pathway, while silencing SIRT3 weakened the neuroprotective effects of Esk.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Esk appears to regulate SIRT3/AMPK/mTOR pathway to inhibit neuroinflammation and improve mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby mitigating POCD in aged mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":19971,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"39 5","pages":"1423-1437"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147513877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular pathways of Traditional Chinese medicine-derived compounds in cognitive decline and depressive disorders: Neuroinflammation, synaptic plasticity and stress axis regulation.","authors":"Yandong Li, Linlin Du, Xingyu He, Zongsuo Liang","doi":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15389.1","DOIUrl":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15389.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Central pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment and mood disorders are complex. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)-derived bioactive compounds have significant research value in this field.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to synthesize current preclinical and emerging clinical evidence on the neuroprotective and psychotropic effects of key TCM constituents, with a particular focus on their roles in modulating neuroinflammatory signalling, synaptic plasticity, oxidative balance and stress-related neuroendocrine pathways.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A narrative synthesis of experimental and early clinical studies was conducted, emphasizing mechanistic investigations in rodent models and exploratory human trials. Outcomes of interest included inflammatory cytokine expression, inflammasome activation, redox homeostasis, synaptic signalling pathways, neuroendocrine regulation, behavioural performance and translational pharmaceutical considerations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Multiple TCM constituents attenuate microglial activation and inflammasome signalling, suppressing interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha through inhibition of nuclear factor κB and NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 pathways. These effects restore redox homeostasis, reduce synaptic loss and improve cognitive and behavioural outcomes in animal models. Concurrently, several compounds enhance synaptic resilience by upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tropomyosin receptor kinase B signalling, activating downstream mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein pathways and preserving synaptic proteins. Key agents, including ginsenosides, baicalin and curcumin, have shown translational promise, with small human trials reporting improvements in depressive symptoms, cognitive function and biomarker profiles. Additionally, TCM compounds modulate HPA axis dynamics by attenuating stress-induced corticosterone elevation, restoring glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity and rebalancing monoaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. However, pharmaceutical translation remains limited by challenges related to formulation, dosage standardization and poor oral bioavailability, particularly for flavonoids and saponins.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TCM-derived compounds exert multifaceted neuroprotective and psychotropic effects, while successful clinical translation requires strengthened pharmaceutical characterization, standardized dosing strategies and advanced delivery systems such as nanoformulations, phytosomes and standardized granules to enhance bioavailability, reliability and regulatory acceptance.</p>","PeriodicalId":19971,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"39 5","pages":"1350-1366"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147513900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-vitro determination of ciprofloxacin - metronidazole interaction by derivative spectrophotometry with greenness profiling.","authors":"Sabahat Naeem, Wajiha Gul","doi":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15033.1","DOIUrl":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15033.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The study of DDIs has evolved significantly over the years, early in-vitro detections could help identify potential interactions before clinical use, enhancing drug efficacy and patient safety.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This work therefore focused on finding in-vitro DDI (incompatibility) between the two commonly prescribed antibiotics Ciprofloxacin (CFX) and Metronidazole (MTZ) in neutral, acidic and basic mediums using derivative spectroscopy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The spectral measurements were performed on UV-Visible spectrophotometer at 0, 4 and 24 hours. Standard solutions (100ppm) and working solutions (3-11ppm) of both drugs were prepared in water, while mixture contained 5ppm of each drug. AGREE calculator software was used to figure out the environmental impact of the used spectrophotometric method. A zero-crossing method was employed for simultaneous quantification of CFX and MTZ in admixture.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was observed that a mixture having 5ppm CFX and MTZ showed a recovery percentage of 87.704% ± 0.001041 and 78.226% ± 0.002379 respectively in neutral medium at 4 hours, along with AGREE score of 0.8. The proposed method was greener (eco-friendly).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings concluded that although the two drugs were compatible in acidic and basic mediums, these might be incompatible in neutral environment upon simultaneous administration.</p>","PeriodicalId":19971,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"39 5","pages":"1472-1482"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147513931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical effect of moxibustion combined with acupoint application on early prevention of postpartum urinary retention in women with epidural analgesia and vaginal delivery.","authors":"Hong Wei, Jianhong Xue, Xiaying Zhang","doi":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15352.1","DOIUrl":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15352.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Epidural analgesia increases postpartum urinary retention (PPUR) risk. This study assessed a combined acupuncture and acupoint application therapy for the prevention of PPUR.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Through a retrospective cohort study, the effect of acupuncture combined with acupoint application therapy on preventing early PPUR in parturients who received epidural analgesia and delivered vaginally in a real clinical setting was evaluated.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In a retrospective cohort of 464 parturients receiving epidural analgesia, 240 received acupuncture (Shenque, Qihai) plus acupoint application (Shenque, Guanyuan, bilateral Shuidao) starting 2 hours postpartum for two days, while 224 received routine care. Outcomes included PPUR incidence (inability to void within 6 hours or residual volume ≥150 mL), time to first void, residual volume, and catheterization rate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The intervention group showed significantly lower PPUR incidence (11.67% vs. 25.89%, p < 0.01), earlier voiding (3.52±1.21h vs. 5.37±1.67h, p < 0.01), reduced residual volume (85.63±31.74mL vs. 128.95±45.21mL, p < 0.01), and lower catheterization (4.17% vs. 11.16%, p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis confirmed reduced PPUR risk (OR=0.393, 95% CI: 0.206 - 0.749). No serious adverse events occurred.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Acupuncture combined with acupoint application may effectively reduce PPUR and improve postpartum bladder recovery with good safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":19971,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"39 5","pages":"1483-1497"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147514070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SMI-guided deep remission and TCM-assisted biologic De-intensification in rheumatoid arthritis: Yiqi-Jianpi-Tongluo combined with TNF-α inhibitors.","authors":"Yu Li, Yaqin Zhu, Xubin Qi, Rui Shen, Haizhong Zhang","doi":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15508.1","DOIUrl":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15508.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Achieving treatment targets in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is feasible; however, safely tapering or discontinuing biologic agents remains challenging. Superb microvascular imaging (SMI) enables detection of subclinical synovitis, facilitating precise remission assessment. The Yiqi-Jianpi-Tongluo formula may help maintain disease stability, yet its role in combination with SMI-guided tapering is unclear.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate whether SMI-guided deep remission effectively guides adalimumab (ADA) tapering and to assess the Yiqi-Jianpi-Tongluo formula in reducing recurrence risk during this process.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This retrospective study included 120 RA patients in clinical remission on stable ADA and methotrexate (January 2022-June 2024). Patients were stratified by baseline 28-joint SMI score (SMI=0 vs. SMI>0) and received either combined therapy (ADA reduced to 40mg/month + Yiqi-Jianpi-Tongluo formula) or Western therapy (ADA reduction alone). Methotrexate was continued. Primary endpoint was 12-month disease recurrence rate; secondary endpoints included ultrasound remission maintenance, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome efficacy, inflammatory marker changes (CRP, IL-6, RF), and adverse events.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The combination group exhibited significantly lower 12-month recurrence rates (HR=0.368, 95% CI: 0.186-0.730, P=0.004), with consistent risk reduction across SMI strata. Baseline ultrasound remission was associated with significantly higher recurrence-free survival (HR=0.355, 95% CI: 0.179-0.702; P=0.004). The combination group also demonstrated superior ultrasound remission maintenance (90.32% vs. 69.23%, P=0.045) and TCM syndrome efficacy (80.33% vs. 54.24%, P=0.002), along with greater improvements in CRP, IL-6, and RF (all P<0.05). Adverse event rates were comparable (χ^²=0.128, P=0.721).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SMI-guided deep remission effectively informs ADA tapering. Adding Yiqi-Jianpi-Tongluo formula significantly reduces recurrence risk, enhances remission maintenance, and improves symptoms without compromising safety, supporting an integrated strategy for RA remission management.</p>","PeriodicalId":19971,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"39 5","pages":"1367-1380"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147514124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacological and metabolic effects of Bifidobacterium triple viable capsules and Five-animal Play in patients with impaired glucose tolerance.","authors":"Yu Yang, Xiangyong Gan, Qilin Xiao, Yingye Liang, Zhenghong Ye, Yuhan Zeng, Rundong Lin, Tianxia Diao, Zhiming Ye, Yi Liang, Weibo Hong, Yufeng He","doi":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15722.1","DOIUrl":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15722.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is a reversible pre-diabetic condition characterized by early disruptions in insulin resistance and glucose control. Wingless-type MMTV integration site family member 5a/ secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (Wnt5a/Sfrp5) signaling and GLP-1 modulation have been identified as possible treatment approaches.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The effects of low-intensity aerobic activity, Huatuo Five-animal Play exercise and bifidobacterium triple viable capsules on glucose-lipid metabolism and GLP-1/Wnt5a/Sfrp5 signaling were assessed in this randomized, parallel-group clinical trial involving ninety persons with IGT.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The designated intervention was given to participants for four weeks. Before and during therapy, measurements were taken of fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2 h post-load glucose (2hFBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), serum lipids and circulating GLP-1, Wnt5a and Sfrp5.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All treatments improved lipid indices, characterized by reductions in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), along with an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and significantly lowered FBG, 2hFBG, HbA1c, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR (P<0.05). Compared with aerobic exercise, Five-animal Play generated higher decreases in FBG, 2hFBG and HOMA-IR and a more significant decline in Wnt5a (P<0.05). Outcomes in the Five-animal Play group were comparable to the probiotic group. There were no negative responses or toxicities to the kidneys or liver.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Huatuo Five-animal Play may offer a safe, mechanism-based non-pharmacological approach for early metabolic intervention in pre-diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19971,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"39 5","pages":"1242-1253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147514004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liquidambaris fructus inhibits osteosarcoma through PTGS2/TGFB1 and regulates efferocytosis.","authors":"Lan Deng, Mo Jiang, Chen Zhang, Rihui You, Zhiyao Huang, Wenhui Chen","doi":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.13984.1","DOIUrl":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.13984.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Liquidambaris Fructus can play an anti-tumor role by triggering cell cycle blockade and apoptosis and inhibiting cancer cell proliferation.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate the effects and potential mechanism of Liquidambaris Fructus on 143B cells and MNNG/HOS CI #5 cells.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cell viability of 143B cells and MNNG/HOS CI #5 cells was evaluated using the CCK-8 assay. A transwell cell migration assay was performed to detect cell migration and invasion. Cell apoptosis was assayed by flow cytometry. Network pharmacology method was used to predict the potential targets and pathway of Liquidambaris Fructus against osteosarcoma. Protein levels were determined using Western blot, while mRNA levels were detected using RT-qPCR analysis. In vitro efferocytosis assay of apop143B-MHSW and apopMNNG-HMDMs was detected by flow cytometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Liquidambaris Fructus can effectively increase 143B and MNNG/HOS CI #5 cell apoptosis levels and inhibit 143B and MNNG/HOS CI #5 cell viability, migration and invasion. Network pharmacology showed that PTGS2 and TGFB1 were two targets related to the enriched efferocytosis pathway. Liquidambaris Fructus inhibited proteins and mRNA of PTGS2 and TGFB1 expression levels in 143B and MNNG/HOS CI #5 cells. Liquidambaris Fructus inhibited PTGS2 and TGFB1 levels in the co-culture of osteosarcoma cells and macrophages. Liquidambaris Fructus inhibited efferocytosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Liquidambaris Fructus can target PTGS2 and TGFB1 to inhibit osteosarcoma cell growth and metastasis, as well as to inhibit efferocytosis, thus alleviating osteosarcoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":19971,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"39 5","pages":"1568-1577"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147513957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring pulegone in type 2 diabetes treatment: Molecular docking, influence on insulin resistance and modulation of pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines.","authors":"Rubina Muhammad Ali, Abdullah Abdo Albajali, Aisha Mobashar, Tahir Maqbool, Arham Shabbir, Kashif Barkat, Khalid Hussain","doi":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.14867.1","DOIUrl":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.14867.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance, where muscle, liver, and fat cells fail to utilize glucose leading to hyperglycemia.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study explores the therapeutic potential of pulegone in type 2 diabetes by examining its molecular interactions with key metabolic targets and evaluating its effects on insulin resistance and inflammatory cytokine modulation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Except for normal controls, animals were fed a high-sucrose, high-fat diet for four months to induce insulin resistance. Treatment groups received metformin (150 mg/kg) or pulegone doses: low (5 mg/kg), medium (10 mg/kg), and high (15 mg/kg) for 45 days. Post-treatment, tissues and blood were collected. Blood serum was analyzed for liver markers, lipid profile, and blood for glycated hemoglobin. ELISA was used for cytokines (resistin, adiponectin, IL-1Ra, TNF-α), and qPCR assessed gene expression of NF-κB, TNF-α, PPAR-α/γ, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1Ra, and adiponectin. Histopathology was performed. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism. Molecular docking was conducted to identify the binding affinities of pulegone to target proteins.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pulegone significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, triglycerides, cholesterol, and liver enzymes, while increasing HDL levels compared with diabetic controls. It also decreased serum resistin, TNF-α, IL-6 and NF-κB expression, while upregulating adiponectin, IL-10, PPAR-α, PPAR-γ and IL-1Ra. Histopathological examination showed protective effects on the pancreas, liver, kidney, heart, and aorta. Docking analysis favored strong binding affinities of pulegone with key targets.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pulegone ameliorates insulin resistance by improving glycemic and lipid profiles, modulating pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and protecting vital organs, suggesting its potential as a multitarget antidiabetic agent.</p>","PeriodicalId":19971,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"39 5","pages":"1326-1339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147513926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The outcomes of levothyroxine therapy and thyroid hormone after thyroidectomy: A retrospective study.","authors":"Ozlem Karaca Ocak","doi":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15954.1","DOIUrl":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15954.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Optimal pharmacotherapy and maintenance of thyroid hormone homeostasis following thyroidectomy are essential for effective metabolic regulation and overall endocrine balance. Surgical techniques that preserve neural integrity play a critical role in maintaining endocrine balance and ensuring stability of thyroid hormone dosage, thereby influencing the overall success of thyroid hormone replacement therapy.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study assessed the impact of intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) during thyroidectomy on postoperative endocrine outcomes, with prominence on thyroid hormone stability and levothyroxine dose requirements.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study includes review of 45 patients who underwent thyroid surgery from 2018 to 2023 at a tertiary care center in Turkey. The patients were subsequently allocated into two groups: The first group underwent surgery with IONM (n = 23), whereas the second group underwent surgery without IONM (n = 22). The primary outcome was levothyroxine dose stability, defined as achievement of euthyroid status (TSH 0.4-4.0 mIU/L with normal FT4 levels) without further dose adjustment over two consecutive follow-up visits. Secondary outcomes included time to euthyroid status, number of dose adjustments, postoperative hypocalcemia, RLN injury and hospital stay duration. Postoperative thyroid function tests were assessed at 2, 6 and 12 weeks. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS Statistics version 26.0.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Patients undergoing thyroid surgery with IONM had an average hospital stay of 1.67 days, while those who did not have IONM had an average hospital stay of 1.77 days. No statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding total time in the operating room. Patients in the IONM group demonstrated a more stable pattern of postoperative thyroid hormone levels and a lower rate of endocrine-related complications compared to the non-IONM group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study suggests that IONM was associated with postoperative hormonal stability as well as more predictable pharmacotherapy with respect to levothyroxine use. Given the retrospective design, these findings demonstrate association rather than causation and further prospective studies are required.</p>","PeriodicalId":19971,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"39 5","pages":"1317-1325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147514136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}