Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences最新文献

{"title":"Clinical outcomes of drug-coated balloon angioplasty for venous in-stent restenosis: A prospective clinical study.","authors":"Orhan Rodoplu","doi":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15966.1","DOIUrl":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15966.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In-stent restenosis (ISR) is still a significant barrier in achieving long-term benefits from venous stent placement for patients suffering from iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (IFDVT). An innovative way for local drug delivery is with drug-coated balloon angioplasty (DCBs).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The goal of this research was to compare the therapeutic effectiveness, clinical outcomes, and improved quality of life of drug-coated balloon angioplasty versus standard balloon angioplasty in patients with recurrent venous in-stent restenosis (RSI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A polycentric clinical study was conducted on 44 patients suffering RSI after venous stent placement. Patients were non-randomly assigned either to DCB (Group A, N=22) or standard balloon angioplasty (Group B, N=22). Restenosis was measured using duplex ultrasound with luminal narrowing criteria, and clinical outcomes, including pain intensity and quality of life associated with health and mobility, were assessed using the EQ-5D mobility domain and VAS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the 24-month study, the rate of restenosis in Group A was slightly lower than in Group B (9.2% vs 24.2%; p < 0.05). Patients treated with DCBs had notably better VAS scores (3.45 vs. 5.68; p < 0.01), pain scores and mobility. The DCB group had a mobility score of 80% compared to 20% in the standard balloon angioplasty group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Localized delivery of antiproliferative medications, such as paclitaxel, can be achieved with DCB therapy, thereby limiting systemic exposure, enhancing venous patency, and improving functional outcomes. Drug-coated stents based on sirolimus can be helpful for patients, underscoring the pharmacological relevance and future scope of this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":19971,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"39 5","pages":"1389-1400"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147514126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with risperidone on improving cognitive function and aggressive behavior in patients with schizophrenia and its effects on serum indicators.","authors":"Si Zhou, Hongyan Tu, Jijin Lin","doi":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.15520.1","DOIUrl":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.15520.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions and cognitive dysfunction, imposing a substantial burden on individuals and society. While antipsychotic medications such as risperidone effectively control positive symptoms, their efficacy in ameliorating cognitive impairment and aggressive behavior remains limited. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a non-invasive neuromodulation technique, has recently demonstrated potential in adjunctively improving cognitive and behavioral dimensional symptoms in schizophrenia patients. However, the effects of combined rTMS-risperidone therapy on these symptoms and associated serum biomarkers are not yet adequately supported by clinical evidence.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with risperidone on cognitive function, aggressive behavior and serum biomarkers in patients with schizophrenia.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Eighty patients were randomly assigned to a risperidone monotherapy group or a combination therapy group (40 each) for a 4-week intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results showed that the combination group achieved significantly greater reductions in cognitive factor scores (11.39±2.44 vs. 12.84±2.13) and aggressive behavior scores compared to the monotherapy group (all P<0.05). Serum analysis revealed that the combination group also demonstrated superior modulation of biomarkers, including greater reductions in pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-8, IL-18) and greater increases in anti-inflammatory (IL-10) and neurotrophic factors (BDNF, VEGF-A, FGF-2) (all P<0.05), while no significant differences were observed in PDGF-BB and HGF between the two groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that rTMS combined with risperidone more effectively improves cognitive and aggressive symptoms in schizophrenia and is associated with favorable changes in serum inflammatory and neurotrophic markers.</p>","PeriodicalId":19971,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"39 5","pages":"1452-1459"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147513802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of transdermal nanofilm containing fluticasone propionate: In-vitro, in-vivo correlation.","authors":"Muhammad Irfan Siddique","doi":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.13335.1","DOIUrl":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.13335.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Psoriasis is one of the chronic inflammatory skin conditions, affecting about 2-3% of the world population. Steroidal treatment are only best choice of treatments, but it is often associated with side effects due to higher lipophilicity.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In this work, a nanoparticle-loaded transdermal film was developed to maintain nanoparticle integrity in the skin.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fluticasone propionate loaded chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) were developed, and their particle size, zeta potential, drug loading, entrapment efficiency and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were determined. The NPs-loaded film was further characterized for appearance, thickness and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra, and an in vitro and in vivo permeation study was conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The particle size of FSNPs was found to be 250nm with +32.4 ±1.5 mV zeta potential, great entrapment efficiency and spherical in shape. In vivo dermato-kinetic studies showed long-term, confined drug release from the NP-formulated film in the epidermal layers, compared with the film containing free drug.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study demonstrated that the FSNPs-loaded film showed higher skin permeation, which is effective for managing psoriasis and warrants further evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19971,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"39 5","pages":"1529-1537"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147513759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of treatment for improving cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients with hypertension.","authors":"Qiang Yi, Yu Pang, Houyou Ding","doi":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15649.1","DOIUrl":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15649.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Geriatric hypertension is a key risk factor for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and no MCI interventions utilize community elderly service resources.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To analyze lifestyle factors' effects on hypertensive patients' cognition and evaluate the cognitive impairment intervention course's improvement in those with MCI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 280 hypertensive patients aged 60-80 years from Huacao Community were retrospectively enrolled between May 2024 and July 2025, among whom 64 were diagnosed with MCI. These 64 patients were split into two groups: conventional antihypertensive treatment (n=32) and conventional treatment + elderly service center cognitive intervention (combined group, n=32). Primary outcomes included MCI prevalence in hypertensive patients, associations between lifestyle and cognitive function and MoCA scores and blood pressure (BP) fluctuations in MCI patients. Secondary outcomes included MMSE, activities of daily living (ADL), short-form 36 (SF-36) and medication adherence scale-8 (MMAS-8) scores and adverse events.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The MCI prevalence among elderly hypertensive patients in Huacao community was 22.9%. Smoking, excessive alcohol, insufficient physical activity and high fat/sugar/salt diet were MCI risk factors in these patients (P=0.014, 0.030, 0.041, 0.018). After treatment, the combined group had significantly larger increases in MoCA, MMSE and SF-36 scores than the conventional group (P=0.013, 0.010, <0.001), narrower systolic and diastolic BP fluctuations (P<0.001, 0.002), a greater decrease in ADL total score (P=0.031) and a higher MMAS-8 score (P=0.019). No significant difference in adverse event incidence was observed between the two groups (P=0.351).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Elderly hypertensive patients in Huacao community have high MCI prevalence, closely tied to lifestyle. The center's cognitive intervention course can effectively boost their cognition and fit into these patients' community management system.</p>","PeriodicalId":19971,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"39 5","pages":"1507-1519"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147514146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and optimization of mirtazapine loaded lipid-based transethosomal gel; in-vitro, ex-vivo and toxicological analysis.","authors":"Faraz Ashraf, Hafiz Arfat Idrees, Minahal Munir, Maaida Ajmal","doi":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.14153.1","DOIUrl":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.14153.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Application of drugs through the transdermal route is preferable over other routes of drug delivery because of the ease of drug administration and reduced systemic side effects. Mirtazapine is a BCS class II noradrenergic and specific serotonergic drug and shows poor solubility and bioavailability.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to develop and optimize a mirtazapine-loaded lipid-based transethosomal gel to enhance transdermal drug delivery and bypass first-pass metabolism. The current study is an attempt to minimize the systemic side effects associated with oral administration of mirtazapine and to avoid first pass metabolism by administering the drug through the skin.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Transethosomes were formulated using the cold method and optimized via Box-Behnken design by varying phospholipid, surfactant, and ethanol concentrations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The optimized formulation (F-16) exhibited high entrapment efficiency (75.92%) and cumulative drug permeation (73.62%) after 6 hours. Multiple characterization tests confirmed nano-sized, stable vesicles with a zeta potential of -34.1 mV and particle size of 479.3 nm. The transethosomal dispersion was incorporated into a Carbopol gel and evaluated for pH, viscosity, spreadability, drug content, and skin permeation. Ex-vivo studies showed enhanced skin permeation from the gel compared to the dispersion. Stability tests confirmed physical integrity over 60 days, while skin irritation and toxicological studies in animal models indicated excellent biocompatibility, with no signs of inflammation or organ toxicity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings and the study suggests that the transethosomal gel formulation is a promising and safe approach for transdermal delivery of mirtazapine, potentially improving its bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness resulting in bypassing first pass metabolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":19971,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"39 5","pages":"1295-1316"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147512912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the antiviral efficacy of Azadirachta indica and Moringa oleifera against hepatitis B and C: Implications for alternative therapeutic approaches.","authors":"Amna Arshad, Raheela Adeeb, Nyla Jabeen, Sadaf Anwaar, Syed Zaheer Hussain, Tauseef Anwar, Huma Qureshi, Jameel M Al-Khayri, Othman Al-Dossary, Bader Alsubaie, Mohammed I Aldaej, Wael Fathi Shehata, Mustafa I Almaghasla, Muneera Q Al-Mssallem","doi":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.14109.1","DOIUrl":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.14109.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) remain major global health burdens due to high morbidity, treatment costs, and the emergence of antiviral resistance. Plant-derived compounds offer a potential alternative or complementary therapeutic approach. This study evaluated the antiviral effects of Azadirachta indica (neem) and Moringa oleifera (drumstick tree) leaf extracts on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from HBV- and HCV-infected patients.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine and compare the phytochemical profiles of A. indica and M. oleifera leaf extracts and assess their antiviral activity through induction of apoptosis and necrosis in virus-infected PBMCs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Leaf extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening. PBMCs isolated from HBV- and HCV-infected patients were treated with each extract and analyzed by flow cytometry to quantify live, apoptotic, and necrotic cell populations. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with significance set at P < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Phytochemical analysis revealed that A. indica contained flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, and steroids, whereas M. oleifera contained flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins but lacked glycosides and saponins. In HBV-infected PBMCs, A. indica significantly reduced live cell percentages from 24.3% to 11.35% and increased necrotic cells from 18.98% to 55.43%. In HCV samples, live cells decreased from 40.27% to 37.78%, while necrosis increased from 21.35% to 30.1%. M. oleifera demonstrated comparatively moderate effects consistent with its simpler phytochemical profile.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A. indica exhibited strong antiviral potential, markedly enhancing necrotic responses in HBV- and HCV-infected PBMCs, while M. oleifera showed moderate activity. These results highlight the therapeutic promise of phytochemical-rich extracts, particularly A. indica. Further investigations-including in-vivo validation, dosage formulation, cost-effectiveness assessments, and evaluation of synergistic effects with existing antiviral therapies-are warranted to advance their development as complementary treatments for chronic viral hepatitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19971,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"39 5","pages":"1284-1294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147513959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allicin based inhibition of eryptosis: A novel therapeutic approach against hyperosmolarity triggered anemia.","authors":"Maham Abdul Bari Khan, Kashif Jilani, Zahid Mushtaq, Haq Nawaz","doi":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15510.1","DOIUrl":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15510.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hyperosmotic stress is often overlooked in various clinical conditions like diabetes and may lead to anemia. Erythrocytes are very sensitive cells in body circulation and are affected by very minute changes in the environment. Eryptosis (suicidal death of erythrocytes) is mainly characterized by phosphatidylserine exposure, cell shrinkage, blabbing and is triggered by hyperosmolarity, oxidative stress, energy depletion, xenobiotic exposure and activation of various kinases.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study was planned to evaluate the eryptotic effects of hyperosmolarity by stimulating p38 MAPK and enhanced ROS generation and allicin's anti-hemolytic, antioxidant, p38MAPK inhibitory and anti-eryptotic potential.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Effects of allicin on erythrocytes facing hyperosmolarity were confirmed by measuring enzyme activity (SOD, GPx and CAT), ROS level, eryptotic marker (change in cell size and phosphatidylserine exposure) and underlying mechanisms of eryptosis (role of Ca²⁺ in eryptosis and p38 MAPK activation) were confirmed. To measure the cytotoxic effects of allicin hemolysis % was measured. To check statistical significance of data ANOVA was used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results confirmed that allicin treatment enhances SOD, GPx and CAT activity, reduces ROS level, p38 MAPK activation and Ca²⁺ effects, positively affects cell size (normal range) and phosphatidylserine exposure (reduced) and reduces hemolysis % in erythrocytes facing hyperosmolarity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It is concluded from this study that hyperosmolarity is the main stimulator of eryptosis and leads to anemia in various clinical conditions, while allicin treatment helps to increase erythrocyte survival by inhibiting and attenuating various pathways and reducing eryptpotic rate. Allicin's anti-eryptotic and cytoprotective potential gives foundation for future clinical research targeting hyperosmolarity triggered anemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":19971,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"39 5","pages":"1413-1422"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147514114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetic evaluation of etoricoxib 120mg tablets in healthy human Pakistani volunteers: In-vivo in-silico bridging for bioequivalence.","authors":"Syed Hakim Masood, Iyad Naeem Muhammad, Fahad Siddiqui, Muhammad Talha Saleem, Muhammad Liaquat Raza","doi":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15284.1","DOIUrl":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15284.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Etoricoxib is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor widely used for the treatment of pain and inflammatory conditions. However, comparative pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence data for locally manufactured etoricoxib formulations in the Pakistani population remain limited.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of a locally manufactured etoricoxib tablet compared with the innovator product in healthy Pakistani volunteers, with supportive assessment using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Comparative in-vitro dissolution studies were conducted in buffer media of pH 1.2, 4.5 and 6.8 and evaluated using similarity factor (f₂) analysis. A randomized, open-label, two-treatment, two-period crossover bioequivalence study was performed in healthy male volunteers under fasting conditions. Subjects received a single oral dose of 120 mg Etoricoxib (ETO) as either the test product (Etoxib®) or the reference product (Arcoxia®), with a 14-day washout period. Plasma concentrations were quantified using a validated HPLC-UV method and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using non-compartmental analysis. PBPK modeling of the test product was conducted using GastroPlus® to assess model predictability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The test and reference products exhibited similar dissolution profiles across all media, with f₂ values indicating similarity. The geometric mean ratios (90% confidence intervals) of the test to reference product for C_max, AUC_0-t and AUC_0-∞ were 0.946 (0.8855-1.0135), 0.923 (0.8705-0.9795) and 0.960 (0.8955-1.0255), respectively, all within the regulatory bioequivalence acceptance range. PBPK model predictions for key pharmacokinetic parameters were within an acceptable fold-error range (≤2) compared with observed data.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study demonstrated comparable systemic exposure and confirmed bioequivalence between the locally manufactured and innovator etoricoxib formulations in the Pakistani population. PBPK modeling provided supportive evidence of formulation similarity and model adequacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19971,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"39 5","pages":"1401-1412"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147514055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibitory effect of vemurafenib combined with panobinostat on human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells.","authors":"Yang Li, Han Gao, Peng Zhang, Wenjun Wang, Jianwen Zhou, Jing Cui, Di Xue, Baofeng Zhang, Peihong Li, Li Fan, Jingwei Xu","doi":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.13646.1","DOIUrl":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.13646.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a highly malignant tumor with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options, creating an urgent need for novel treatments.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of Vemurafenib (Ve) combined with Panobinostat (Pa) on human ATC cells (FRO and ARO) and its underlying mechanism.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Four groups were established: Control, Ve, Pa, and Ve+Pa. Cell proliferation and drug synergy were analyzed using CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, and CompuSyn software. Cell migration, invasion, apoptosis, and glucose consumption were detected by Transwell assay, wound healing assay, apoptosis assay, and glucose consumption assay, respectively. Molecular markers were examined via RT-qPCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CompuSyn analysis verified the synergistic effect of Ve+Pa in FRO and ARO cells. Compared with the other three groups, the Ve+Pa group showed significantly suppressed cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and glucose consumption, as well as enhanced apoptosis. Moreover, the mRNA and protein expression of the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) and iodine metabolism-related molecules was upregulated, whereas glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) expression was downregulated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ve combined with Pa exerts a synergistic inhibitory effect on the growth and metastasis of FRO and ARO cells, while promoting apoptosis and cellular redifferentiation. This combination may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for ATC.</p>","PeriodicalId":19971,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"39 5","pages":"1556-1567"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147513905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Panax notoginseng saponins ameliorate renal interstitial fibrosis in a rat model of chronic kidney disease via the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.","authors":"Xiaodong Zhao, Zhenzhen Wang, Hongmei Zhang, Jianmin Ren","doi":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15768.1","DOIUrl":"10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.5.REG.15768.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) is a core pathological process in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), but effective therapeutic drugs are currently lacking. Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) exhibit potential anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects, yet their mechanism of action in RIF remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aims to investigate the ameliorative effects of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) on renal interstitial fibrosis in a rat model of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and to elucidate whether these effects are mediated through the regulation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A rat model of CKD was established, with experimental groups including a healthy control group, a model group, PNS treated group, TAK 242 group, LPS group and combination groups (PNS+TAK 242 and PNS+LPS). Renal pathology and fibrosis were evaluated by HE and Masson staining, while the expression of fibrosis markers and TLR4/NF κB pathway molecules was analyzed via RT qPCR and Western blot.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>(1) Compared with the model group, PNS treatment significantly alleviated renal tissue damage and reduced the fibrotic area, while also downregulating the gene and protein expression of fibrosis markers, TLR4 and Rel (which encodes NF-κB p65); (2) he TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242 exhibited anti-fibrotic effects similar to those of PNS and the combination of PNS and TAK-242 yielded the most pronounced therapeutic outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PNS significantly alleviates renal interstitial fibrosis in the CKD model rats and its mechanism is associated with the inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby downregulating the expression of downstream pro fibrotic factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":19971,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"39 5","pages":"1520-1528"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147513884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}