Parasitology Research最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence, risk factors and mixed Eimeria infection detection in broiler and Sonali birds of some poultry concentrated zones of Bangladesh.","authors":"Bimal Chandra Karmakar, Nusrat Nowrin Shohana, Subir Sarker, Anita Rani Dey, Sharmin Aqter Rony, Shirin Akter, Anisuzzaman, Mohammad Zahangir Alam","doi":"10.1007/s00436-026-08728-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00436-026-08728-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chicken coccidiosis is a ubiquitous and economically significant disease that causes substantial production losses in the poultry industry. It is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria, which damage the intestinal epithelium, leading to diarrhoea, poor growth, and mortality. This study investigated the prevalence, risk factors, molecular diversity, and phylogenetic relationships of Eimeria infections in commercial poultry farms in Bangladesh. A total of 350 fresh fecal samples were collected from seven major poultry-producing regions and screened microscopically for oocysts. Farm-level data were obtained through structured interviews to assess associated risk factors. Samples with high oocyst loads were subjected to molecular analysis targeting the internal transcribed spacer 1 region, followed by Sanger sequencing and phylogenetic reconstruction. The overall prevalence was 85.14%, with regional variation ranging from 61.22% in Sylhet to 100% in Joypurhat. Significant associations (p < 0.05) were observed with bird type, prior coccidiosis exposure, drinking water source, anticoccidial used, and veterinary support. Sequence analysis confirmed the presence of all seven recognized Eimeria species, showing 98.05-100% similarity with reference sequences. Mixed infections were highly prevalent (97.57%), with multiple species detected per sample. Phylogenetic reconstruction showed that the study isolates consistently grouped with their corresponding reference taxa, supported by strong bootstrap values, and confirming accurate species identification and genetic relatedness. In conclusion, detection of all Eimeria species, together with the high burden of mixed infections and the influence of modifiable management factors, underscores the necessity for improved and integrated control measures for coccidiosis in commercial poultry systems in Bangladesh. Clinical trial number: not applicable.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13654896/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148471838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parasites of fish and other aquatic organisms in the Anthropocene.","authors":"Miguel Rubio-Godoy, Simonetta Mattiucci, Gerardo Pérez-Ponce de León","doi":"10.1007/s00436-026-08731-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00436-026-08731-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Anthropocene is the most recent period in Earth's history and is characterized by humankind-driven alterations to all ecosystems. Climate change, pollution, overfishing, invasive species and habitat degradation continue to reshape aquatic ecosystems, and like all living organisms in our changing world, parasites are likely to be affected at different levels. This Collection features research and review papers on some of these topics: parasites co-introduced with their fish hosts illustrate that biological invasions must be studied case-by-case, as some fish hosts lose their parasites upon translocation (enemy release), some pass them on to the invaded ecosystems (overspill) and some acquire -and sometimes amplify- native parasites (spillback), regardless of the time frame, as illustrated in studies of parasites co-introduced from 150 to 15 years ago. Biological information is a powerful tool to predict and prevent the spread of invasive/pathogenic species, and while this Collection provides baseline data for several introduced parasites, it also features practical proposals to control pathogenic/zoonotic species. Climate change and habitat alterations also exert a powerful influence on parasite populations - which likewise, must be studied individually, as some species decline and/or modify their distribution markedly (leading to hybridization and potentially speciation of previously separated taxa), while others benefit from the modified environment, are able to invade new hosts and/or become more infective or pathogenic. Parasites play different ecosystemic roles and are finely-tuned bioindicators of anthropogenic impact in freshwater ecosystems, and this Collection highlights the notion that they should be integrated in public health and conservation initiatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":"125 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13372922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148456322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shifting waters: how habitat alteration affects host-parasite dynamics in freshwater ecosystems.","authors":"Bernd Sures, Annabell Hüsken, Sebastian Prati, Jessica Schwelm, Daniel Grabner","doi":"10.1007/s00436-026-08730-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00436-026-08730-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human activities have profoundly altered freshwater ecosystems, reshaping host-parasite dynamics with sometimes far-reaching ecological and public health consequences. Based on the examples of stream degradation and restoration, dam construction, agriculture, and urbanization, this review synthesizes how habitat alteration influences parasite communities in freshwater systems. Restoration efforts, such as those in Germany's Emscher River, demonstrate partial recovery of parasite diversity, though persistent stressors often favour generalist taxa with simple life cycles, reflecting incomplete ecosystem recovery. Dams and reservoirs, by contrast, frequently amplify parasite transmission by creating lentic habitats that aggregate hosts and vectors, increasing risks for diseases such as schistosomiasis and malaria. Agricultural land use further complicates these dynamics: while eutrophication and irrigation can boost trematode transmission, agrochemicals and habitat fragmentation may depauperate parasite communities or disrupt complex life cycles. Additionally, urbanization-related stressors, such as pollutants and artificial light, can suppress sensitive parasites while benefiting those adapted to disturbed environments. Our review demonstrates that, under habitat alteration, freshwater parasites fulfil multiple roles: they constitute a component of the impacted biodiversity, serve as indicators of ecosystem health, and influence disease risk, with their responses governed by life cycle complexity, host specificity, and environmental resilience. These findings underscore the need for integrated management strategies that account for parasites in conservation and public health planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":"125 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13372867/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148456389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular identification of Kudoa thyrsites parasite isolated from Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) landed in Ireland.","authors":"Viktória Királyová, Deirdre Brophy, Lucilla Giulietti, Anita Talbot, Michael Gallagher, Andrew Campbell, Katie O'Dwyer","doi":"10.1007/s00436-026-08729-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00436-026-08729-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Post-mortem myoliquefaction, commonly referred to as 'jelly flesh', is associated with infection by myxozoan parasites of the genus Kudoa, particularly Kudoa thyrsites; the effects of infections can render fish fillets unusable in food preparation. Although the parasite has been documented in Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) across parts of the Northeast Atlantic, its presence in mackerel landed in Ireland has not been previously confirmed. In this study, mackerel obtained from commercial landings were screened for signs of post-mortem myoliquefaction. Three individuals displaying characteristics of softening of the musculature were examined using light microscopy and molecular analysis. Microscopic examination revealed numerous spores consistent with Kudoa-like morphology. Sequencing of the amplified region confirmed the presence of K. thyrsites in all three samples. The sequences showed a 100% match with K. thyrsites isolates previously reported from Atlantic mackerel and other host species in the Northeast Atlantic. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis placed the Irish isolate within the expected Atlantic sub-clade. As molecular testing was limited to visibly affected fish, the prevalence of K. thyrsites infection in the mackerel population could not be estimated, highlighting the need for continued monitoring of the parasite in Irish waters to better understand its distribution and potential economic implications for the Northeast Atlantic fishery.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13582113/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148456276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human cystic echinococcosis transmission dynamics in Iran, 1997-2040: modeling control strategies for public health planning.","authors":"Behrooz Ahmadi, Meysam Olfatifar, Leila Modarresnia, Anastasia Diakou, Mahdi Fakhar, Mehdi Pezeshgi Modarres, Kader Yildiz, Milad Badri","doi":"10.1007/s00436-026-08726-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00436-026-08726-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cystic echinococcosis (CE) remains a significant public health burden in Iran, with humans serving as accidental dead-end hosts. This study assesses historical CE prevalence trends and projects future human CE burden under targeted intervention scenarios using mathematical modeling. We developed a dynamic Susceptible-Exposed-Inected-Recovered (SEIR) transmission model of CE in Iran, calibrated to historical human prevalence data (1997-2023). Univariate and bivariate sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the influence of key parameters. Model projections to 2040 evaluated four intervention scenarios: a baseline scenario and three alternatives, targeting reductions in exposure rates and increases in case detection rates. Human CE prevalence declined from 3.90% (1997) to 2.20% (2023), representing a 43.49% reduction. Projected trends indicate further decline to 1.37% by 2040 (37.79% reduction from 2023). The 40% exposure reduction scenario achieved the lowest prevalence (1.16% in 2040; 47.31% reduction), while the combined 20% exposure reduction plus 20% detection rate increase scenario yielded 1.27% (42.54% reduction). Crucially, enhanced detection rate reduced long-term prevalence by shortening time-to-diagnosis (time from infection to diagnosis), accelerating case resolution without altering transmission dynamics. To accelerate Iran's successful CE control program toward timely elimination, a decisive strategy to reduce transmission at its source is paramount. Our modeling identifies a 40% reduction in the exposure rate as the most effective intervention to minimize prevalence by 2040. Enhancing early detection provides synergistic benefits, but targeted veterinary and environmental control must be the priority for a rapid and equitable outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13638755/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148423130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nemabiome metabarcoding reveals strongyle parasite diversity in wild deer in Victoria, Australia.","authors":"Jacqui Panozzo, Dhanasekaran Sakthivel, Robin B Gasser, Wendy Wright, Grant Rawlin, David Piedrafita","doi":"10.1007/s00436-026-08722-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00436-026-08722-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interactions between wild deer and domestic livestock are increasingly common in southeastern Australia, but contemporary information on gastrointestinal nematodes infecting wild deer remains limited. In this study, nemabiome metabarcoding of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) region of ribosomal DNA was used to characterise strongyle communities in wild deer from Victoria, Australia. A total of 194 faecal samples from three deer species - sambar (Rusa unicolor), fallow (Dama dama) and hog deer (Axis porcinus) - were analysed using Illumina amplicon sequencing. Strongyle DNA was detected in 104 samples, revealing eleven taxa. Eight species (Cooperia oncophora, Haemonchus spp., Ostertagia ostertagi, O. leptospicularis, O. radiatum, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis and T. vitrinus) are commonly associated with domestic ruminants, whereas the cervid-associated strongyle Spiculopteragia asymmetrica was the most frequently detected taxon. Deer sampled near farmland harboured significantly greater strongyle diversity than those from more remote locations. Overlapping parasite taxa were also detected in co-grazing deer and cattle. These findings indicate that wild deer in southeastern Australia harbour diverse strongyle communities and highlight the potential for overlapping parasite assemblages at the wildlife-livestock interface.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13630797/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148405345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validating a point-of-care test for Toxoplasma gondii infection in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis).","authors":"Ellis Song, Devinn Sinnott, Cara L Field, Michael Murray, Pádraig Duignan, Melissa Miller, Karen Shapiro","doi":"10.1007/s00436-026-08725-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00436-026-08725-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan parasite that infects a high proportion of threatened southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) and is an important cause of mortality in this host species. Recently, a point-of-care rapid antibody test (POCT) for T. gondii infection was developed for detection of IgG and IgM antibodies in human sera. We aimed to validate the POCT using southern sea otter sera against a gold standard state of infection, based on histopathology, immunohistochemistry, parasite isolation, and PCR. In this study, we hypothesized that the POCT rapid screening tool would offer both high sensitivity and specificity (> 90%) for screening T. gondii infection in archived serum samples from southern sea otters with known T. gondii infection status. We applied the POCT assay to sera from 109 sea otters (49 negative, 60 positive), and this assay demonstrated an overall sensitivity of 93.3% and specificity of 93.9%. These results indicate that the POCT may be a useful screening tool for T. gondii exposure in sea otters. Utilization of this test in wildlife rehabilitation centers would allow for rapid, on-site, and cost-efficient screening of T. gondii exposure that could aid in the diagnosis and clinical management of sea otters with suspected toxoplasmosis. Future efforts could target POCT validation in species such as Hawaiian monk seals and Hector's dolphins, for which T. gondii is listed as a threat to species survival.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13627161/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148397310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vector-borne pathogen evaluation and phylogenetic analysis in working K9 dogs in Iraq: implications for canine and public health.","authors":"Mustafa Alsarraf, Christina Kuchler, Mohammed Alsarraf, Anna Bajer, Dagmara Wężyk, Barbara Eigner, Sadeer Abdul Ameer Hamed, Hans-Peter Fuehrer","doi":"10.1007/s00436-026-08723-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00436-026-08723-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Canine (K9) units are essential in law enforcement and military operations; they are often at higher risk of vector-borne infections due to their working and kennel environments. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of vector-borne pathogens, including Babesia sp. and Mycoplasma spp., in military/police K9 dogs which visited the Adan veterinary hospital in Baghdad/Iraq in 2016-2017. 61 blood samples were collected on Whatman FTA cards and sent to the University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna, Austria where they were tested with specific PCRs to get a better understanding about epidemiological situation of these vector-borne pathogens in K9s in Iraq. Two dogs tested positive, one with Babesia sp. and one with Mycoplasma haemocanis, making the prevalence 1.6% (1/61; 95% CI: 0.04-8.8%) for each parasite, the isolates were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was done to confirm their lineage with other sequences from the GenBank. This is the first study on vector-borne pathogens in K9s in Iraq and the first molecular record of infection with M. haemocanis in K9s.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13616852/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two key Actinomycetota taxa in the human gut microbiota are associated with Schistosoma mansoni infection burden.","authors":"Francis Appiah-Twum, Lydia Okyere, Jeffrey Gabriel Sumboh, Dickson Osabutey, Rahmat Yusif, Yvonne Ashong, Michael Wilson, Jewelna Akorli","doi":"10.1007/s00436-026-08720-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00436-026-08720-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intestinal schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma mansoni, remains a persistent source of morbidity despite ongoing mass drug administration. While parasite egg deposition disrupts host gut homeostasis, the specific effects of varying infection burdens on this microbial ecosystem remain a critical knowledge gap. Understanding these intensity-dependent shifts is vital for elucidating mechanisms of chronic disease progression and potential treatment failures. To address this, the study aimed to identify key microbial taxa associated with gut dysbiosis during S. mansoni infection and to determine their association with helminth infection intensity. Stool samples from 20 infected and 20 uninfected individuals from an endemic rural community in Ghana were analysed. Using the Kato-Katz method, positive samples were stratified by infection intensity: low-moderate (< 400 eggs per gram [EPG], n = 15) and high (> 400 EPG, n = 5). Gut microbiota composition and diversity were assessed via 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing. While overall ß-diversity did not differ between infected and uninfected groups (PERMANOVA: R²=0.012, p = 0.723), Bifidobacterium abundance was increased in infected samples compared to negatives (p = 0.008). Further analyses revealed that Bifidobacterium (p = 0.003) and Collinsella (p = 0.029) were significantly elevated in low-moderate infections, whereas the Escherichia-Shigella genus was reduced (p = 0.0078). Our findings within our study population indicate that S. mansoni-induced gut dysbiosis is distinctly characterised by infection intensity, with Actinomycetota species assuming importance depending on the infection burden.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13461691/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148376677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gastrointestinal parasites circulating in wild boars from central Italy and molecular characterization of Balantioides coli, Blastocystis sp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi.","authors":"Serena Cavallero, Silvia Rondón, Ilaria Bellini, Isabel Guadano-Procesi, Claudia Chiovoloni, Benedetto Morandi, Stefano Gavaudan, Camilla Sangiovanni, Federica Berrilli, Stefano D'Amelio","doi":"10.1007/s00436-026-08718-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00436-026-08718-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The growing abundance and geographic spread of wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations in Europe have heightened concerns about their contribution to the transmission of parasites of zoonotic and veterinary importance. This study investigated the occurrence and zoonotic potential of gastrointestinal parasites in 46 wild boars sampled during the 2023 hunting season in Italy. Copromicroscopic analyses revealed that 47.8% of animals were positive for at least one parasite taxon, with frequent coinfections. Thirteen taxa were identified by microscopy, including protozoans (Entamoeba coli, Iodamoeba butschlii, Giardia duodenalis) chromists (Cystoisospora suis, Eimeria spp., Balantioides coli, Blastocystis sp.) and helminths (Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Ascaris spp., Trichuris sp., strongyliform larvae, gastrointestinal strongyle-type eggs, Metastrongylus spp.), some of zoonotic relevance. Molecular analyses confirmed the presence of Balantioides coli and identified Blastocystis subtype ST5. Additionally, Enterocytozoon bieneusi was molecularly detected in eight animals, representing the first evidence of this microsporidian in wild boars from Italy. Genotypes D, J, and I were identified, with genotype D clustering within the zoonotic Group 1. These findings emphasize the dual epidemiological role of wild boars as reservoirs and sentinel of potential zoonotic parasites and highlight the importance of integrated surveillance strategies within a One Health framework to better assess transmission risks at the wildlife-livestock-human interface.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13597627/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148376673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}