Pharmaceutics最新文献

{"title":"TDMQ20 as A Drug Candidate for Wilson's Disease: Comparison with D-Penicillamine, Trientine, and Tetrathiomolybdate In Vitro and In Mice.","authors":"Yingshan Zhu, Weiling Peng, Guangwei Liu, Longxin Li, Zikang Zhou, Michel Nguyen, Anne Robert, Yan Liu, Bernard Meunier","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091237","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091237","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: The lifelong treatment of Wilson's disease (WD) currently relies on copper chelators with relatively poor metal specificity, which frequently exhibit serious adverse effects. There is a real medical need for a specific copper chelator to regulate the copper excess efficiently, at lower doses than those used for penicillamine (DPA) or trientine (TETA), and with lower toxicity in long-term treatments. <b>Methods</b>: The efficiency of the specific Cu(II) chelator named TDMQ20 was evaluated by oral treatment of TX mice, used as a WD model, and compared with those of DPA, TETA, and also tetrathiomolybdate (bcTTM). We documented TDMQ20's ability to (i) decrease the hepatic copper load, (ii) increase the amount and ferroxidase activity of ceruloplasmin (CP), and (iii) regulate liver proteins that are impaired in WD mice. <b>Results</b>: Compared to the other copper chelators, TDMQ20 was the only one that efficiently mediated excretion of Cu and restoration of active ceruloplasmin levels at doses 8 times lower than DPA. Such efficacy is related to the design of this chelator, which specifically coordinates Cu(II) as a discrete and soluble complex. Conversely, DPA, TETA, and bcTTM give rise to various complexes with copper ions, often with oligomeric or cluster structures that can be retained in blood circulation or sequestered by proteins. <b>Conclusions</b>: Taking into consideration all the advantages of TDMQ20 compared to other ligands, including its lack of toxicity during long-term administration in mice, the drug candidate TDMQ20 appears to be a first-class challenger to the currently used treatments, i.e., DPA, TETA, and bcTTM.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473319/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Liposomal Formulations for 1,4-bis-L/L Methionine-Conjugated Mitoxantrone-Amino Acid Conjugates to Improve Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Efficacy.","authors":"Ting-Lun Yang, Tsai-Kun Li, Chin-Tin Chen","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091226","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091226","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> 1,4-bis-L/L methionine-conjugated mitoxantrone-amino acid conjugate (L/LMet-MAC) inhibits topoisomerase IIα and enhances tumor cytotoxicity, but its short half-life limits therapeutic application. <b>Objective:</b> To improve the pharmacokinetics and antitumor efficacy of L/LMet-MAC through liposomal encapsulation. <b>Methods:</b> PEGylated DSPC liposomes containing EPG or prepared via the ammonium sulfate gradient method were employed to encapsulate L/LMet-MAC. Encapsulation efficiency, drug-to-lipid ratio, and serum stability were assessed. Pharmacokinetics, antitumor efficacy, and systemic safety were further evaluated in vivo. <b>Results:</b> L/LMet-MAC encapsulated in PEGylated DSPC liposomes containing EPG or prepared using the ammonium sulfate gradient method has high encapsulation efficiency. Further studies show that PEGylated DSPC liposomes prepared with the ammonium sulfate gradient approach display an efficient D/L ratio and serum stability as well as improved pharmacokinetics and enhanced antitumor efficacy while mitigating the side effects of L/LMet-MAC. <b>Conclusions:</b> PEGylated DSPC liposomes prepared using an ammonium sulfate gradient showed favorable performance for delivering L/LMet-MAC.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473440/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precision Adjuvant Strategies in Vaccine Development for Substance Use Disorders: Variability and Mechanistic Insights.","authors":"Yuanzhi Bian, Qiaoqiao Ci, Xin M Luo, Chenming Zhang","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091223","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091223","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Substance use disorders (SUDs) remain a major global health challenge with limited treatment options and high relapse rates. Vaccines that induce drug-sequestering antibodies have shown promise, but their efficacy is hindered by the poor immunogenicity of small-molecule haptens. Adjuvants, substances that enhance immune responses, are critical for overcoming this limitation and improving vaccine efficacy. This review synthesizes over two decades of preclinical and clinical research to guide rational adjuvant design for SUD vaccines. Five major adjuvant classes are examined: aluminum-salt adjuvants, emulsion adjuvants, toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, protein immunopotentiators, and cytokine modulators. Their physicochemical properties, innate immune activation profiles, and applications in nicotine, stimulant, and opioid vaccines are discussed. Comparative analyses reveal pronounced drug-specific and carrier-specific variability. Case studies illustrate the superior performance of a complementary TLR-agonist pair in a nicotine nanovaccine versus its limited effect in oxycodone vaccines. They also reveal the differential efficacy of an oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant across antigen types. Four principles emerge: (i) no adjuvant is universally optimal; (ii) drug pharmacology influences immune signaling; (iii) adjuvant-carrier compatibility is important; (iv) complementary adjuvant pairings often outperform single agents. These insights support a precision-vaccinology paradigm that tailors adjuvant strategies to each drug class and the delivery vehicle, advancing the development of next-generation SUD vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473433/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Processing and Stabilizer Selection on Microstructure, Stability and Rheology of Emulsion-Based Semisolid Formulations.","authors":"Ruochen Yang, Xin Yi Tee, Sendhil Kumar Poornachary, Elena Simone, Pui Shan Chow","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091221","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Emulsion-based semisolid formulations are important delivery systems for many applications, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food. The manufacturing process for such formulations typically involves a series of heating, cooling, mixing and emulsification steps. Stabilizing agents are usually included in such formulations, as emulsions are intrinsically unstable and are prone to various destabilization mechanisms. Precise control of each processing parameter and the selection of an appropriate stabilizing agent are essential for delivering products with long-term stability and the desired properties. In this study, the effects of emulsification temperature and the selection of the stabilizing agent on key product attributes were investigated to enable improved design and optimization of both the formulation and manufacturing process. <b>Methods</b>: Model emulsion systems containing propylene glycol (PG) as the dispersed phase and mineral oil as the continuous phase were prepared at different emulsification temperatures to cover both pre-crystallization and post-crystallization regimes. Three stabilizing agents, namely mono-and-diglyceride (MDG), neat monoglyceride (MG) and neat diglyceride (DG), were studied. Their crystallization behavior was first examined to determine crystallization temperatures and crystal morphologies. The resulting emulsion samples were then characterized in terms of their microstructure, physical stability and rheological properties. <b>Results</b>: The emulsions prepared under post-crystallization conditions exhibited better physical stability, higher rheological parameters (crossover stress and viscosity) and a more rigid microstructure compared to those formed under pre-crystallization conditions, regardless of the stabilizer used. Rheological properties were found to corelate well with physical stability. In the pre-crystallization regime, poor stability could partially be mitigated by lowering the emulsification temperature. MG was generally more effective than DG in stabilizing the emulsions and led to higher rheological properties, despite both crystallizing into the same polymorph within the system. This difference in performance was attributed to variations in the crystal morphology and spatial distribution within the emulsion. Notably, the MG-stabilized emulsions also displayed a self-hardening effect during storage. <b>Conclusions</b>: The selection of the appropriate stabilizing agents and processing conditions tailored to the specific system is critical for the successful manufacture of emulsion-based semisolid products with an optimized performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Optical Coherence Tomography and X-Ray Computed Tomography to Measure Tablet Film Coat Thickness.","authors":"Emily Sanchez, Trent Eastman, Jennifer Potter, Robert Meyer","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091225","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091225","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objective:</b> Film coatings are vital components of many pharmaceutical products consumed orally in solid dosage form, and the optimization of the film coating unit operation is critical to the success of these products. It is essential to maintain adequate film coat thickness on tablets to ensure the elegance, mechanical integrity, and controlled-release functionality of active pharmaceutical ingredients. We aim to evaluate techniques for measuring the film coat thickness of tablets in the pharmaceutical drug product development space as current research primarily focuses on in-line methods at the manufacturing scale. <b>Methods:</b> A total of four tablet types, varying in size, shape, and coating thickness were assessed using Optical Coherence Tomography and X-ray Computed Tomography. The data was then compared to baseline reference values gathered by examining tablets with a Confocal Microscope. A second trial was performed using an alternative Optical Coherence Tomography instrument to verify the accuracy of the data. The methods were also evaluated on additional criteria utilizing a Pugh Matrix. <b>Results</b>: The initial Optical Coherence Tomography yielded measurements that were inconsistent with the values provided by the control for three of the four tablet types; however, the follow-up study provided values within an acceptable range. The X-ray Computed Tomography also provided accurate measurements but presented challenges for precision in relation to the instrument's resolution capabilities. Based on the assessment of selected criteria, Optical Coherence Tomography is ideal for all clear-coated tablets, while X-ray Computed Tomography is better suited for small tablets with either opaque or clear coats. <b>Conclusions:</b> Optical Coherence Tomography, X-ray Computed Tomography, and the use of a Confocal Microscope are all viable methods for measuring the film coat thickness of tablets. Method selection is not absolute and depends on factors such as safety, ease of use, adaptability, and tablet characteristics. The results of this study will help provide guidance for selecting the most appropriate method for measuring the film coat thickness of a specific tablet.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473543/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Framework of Ofloxacin: Predicting Disposition in Renal Impairment.","authors":"Ammara Zamir, Muhammad Fawad Rasool, Iltaf Hussain, Sary Alsanea, Samiah A Alhabardi, Faleh Alqahtani","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091224","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091224","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: In the last several years, \"physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling\" has gathered significant emphasis in the modeling of drug absorption, disposition, and metabolism. This research study aims to elaborate the plasma/serum concentration-time profiles and pharmacokinetics (PK) of ofloxacin by establishing a PBPK model in healthy subjects and those suffering from renal impairment (RI). <b>Methods</b>: A comprehensive literature analysis was conducted to screen out all the systemic PK profiles and parameters specific to ofloxacin, followed by their implementation in PK-Sim^® version 12 software. This model-driven approach begins by developing the model in healthy populations using both intravenous (IV) and per-oral (PO) routes and then extrapolating it to the diseased population. The model evaluation was then strengthened for different PK variables such as the maximal plasma/serum concentration (C_max), the area under the curve from 0 to t (AUC_0-t), and plasma/serum clearance (CL) by employing various metrics such as predicted/observed ratios (R_pre/obs), visual predictive checks, the average fold error (AFE), root mean squared error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). <b>Results</b>: The AFE, RSME, and MAE for C_max in RI were 1.10, 0.22, and 0.16, respectively, which fell within the acceptable simulated error range. Furthermore, dosage adjustments for individuals with mild, moderate, and severe RI were presented by box-whisker plots to compare their systemic exposure with that of the healthy population. <b>Conclusions</b>: These model predictions have confirmed the PK variations in ofloxacin, which may assist the clinicians in optimizing dosage schedules in healthy and various categories of RI populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473801/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating In Vitro BE Checker with In Silico Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling to Predict the Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Oral Drug Products.","authors":"Takuto Niino, Takato Masada, Toshihide Takagi, Makoto Kataoka, Hiroyuki Yoshida, Shinji Yamashita, Atsushi Kambayashi","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091222","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091222","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective</b>: The objective of this study was to develop a Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling (PBBM) framework that can predict PK profiles in humans based on data generated from the BE Checker. <b>Methods</b>: Metoprolol and dipyridamole were selected as model drugs. A mathematical model was developed to describe drug dissolution, membrane permeation, and dynamic changes in pH and fluid volume within the BE Checker system. Using data generated under various experimental conditions, dissolution rate constants were estimated. For dipyridamole, the precipitation rate constant was also estimated, assuming simultaneous dissolution and precipitation processes. The estimated parameters were subsequently incorporated into the human PBBM to simulate PK profiles. Finally, the predictive accuracy of PK parameters such as Cmax and AUC was assessed. <b>Results</b>: For metoprolol, the PK profiles using the paddle revolution rates of 100 and 200 rpm closely matched the observed human data, particularly for Cmax and AUC, a key indicator of BE. In the case of dipyridamole, accurate predictions of the mean human PK profile were achieved when using BE Checker data obtained under high paddle speed (200 rpm) and longer pre-FaSSIF infusion times (20-30 min). Conversely, simulations based on lower paddle speed (50 rpm) and shorter pre-FaSSIF infusion time (10 min) underestimated plasma concentrations in humans. <b>Conclusions</b>: These findings suggest that the combination of BE Checker data acquired under high agitation conditions and the in silico mathematical model developed in this study enables accurate prediction of average human PK profiles.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473486/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pinostilbene as a Potential Cytotoxic Agent in Cancer Cell Lines: Improvement of Solubility and Stability by Cyclodextrin Encapsulation.","authors":"Irene Conesa, Silvia Navarro-Orcajada, Francisco José Vidal-Sánchez, Elena Torralba-Antón, Marta Carrión-Espinosa, Adrián Matencio, José Manuel López-Nicolás","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091219","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091219","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Pinostilbene is a naturally occurring methoxylated stilbene with many beneficial health properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial and neuroprotective activities. This stilbene has also been shown to possess anticancer or cytotoxic activity in some cancers. As in the case of other stilbenes, pinostilbene is very labile, degrades rapidly under stress conditions and is poorly water-soluble, which poses a drawback to its use as a drug. This work aims to provide further insights into its cytotoxicity activity in a colon cancer cell line and to overcome its physicochemical limitations by encapsulating the molecule in cyclodextrins. <b>Methods:</b> The anticancer activity was evaluated in vitro in Caco-2 colorectal cells using the neutral red assay. Subsequently, a screening of cyclodextrins was carried out to determine the one with the highest encapsulation constant, as well as the encapsulation stoichiometry, using fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular docking predictions. The formation of the inclusion complexes was checked by differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The protective effect of cyclodextrins on pinostilbene release was monitored through spectrophotometric measurements over time. <b>Results:</b> Pinostilbene showed in vitro cytotoxicity activity in Caco-2 colorectal cells by the neutral red assay. This study revealed that the cyclodextrin with the highest encapsulation constant was the hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (K_F = 10,074.45 ± 503.72 M^-1), and the encapsulation stoichiometry was 1:1. DSC and SEM assays confirmed the formation of these inclusion complexes. Cyclodextrins were able to satisfactorily reduce pinostilbene degradation from 31% to less than 15% after 3 months, as well as increase its water solubility up to 10 times and enhance its release as a function of the pH of the medium. <b>Conclusions:</b> Pinostilbene is a promising drug candidate with strong in vitro antiproliferative activity. Many of its physicochemical limitations can be overcome with cyclodextrins, which opens the door to its future use in the pharmaceutical and food industries.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473721/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Strategies for Androgenetic Alopecia Therapy: Integrating Multifunctional Plant Extracts with Nanotechnology for Advanced Cutaneous Drug Delivery.","authors":"Ruohan Diao, Meiqi Sun, Ningxin Zhang, Xinqian Liu, Ping Song","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091220","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091220","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), the most common form of hair loss, imposes considerable psychosocial and medical burdens. Current topical treatments are limited by suboptimal efficacy, slow onset, side effects, and poor patient adherence. Although numerous reviews have explored natural plant-based strategies for managing AGA, most offer fragmented evidence with limited systematic correlation between mechanistic studies and clinical outcomes concerning single plant constituents. This review critically synthesizes recent pharmaceutical advances in AGA therapy, with a focus on the synergistic potential of multifunctional plant extracts integrated with nanotechnology enhanced cutaneous delivery systems. We begin by examining the mechanistic basis of AGA pathogenesis and the limitations of existing treatments to identify unmet therapeutic needs. Next, we systematically evaluate plant extracts supported by robust in vitro, in vivo, and clinical evidence for their anti-androgenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anti-apoptotic properties. Finally, we address key biopharmaceutical challenges in transdermal delivery for AGA and discuss how nanocarriers can overcome these barriers to improve local drug bioavailability and target specificity. By bridging phytochemistry and nanomedicine, this review provides novel insights and a pharmaceutics-oriented framework aimed at developing safer, more effective, and patient-compliant topical therapies for AGA.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473314/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoformulation-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery: A Paradigm Shift in Antiparasitic Therapy for Zoonotic Diseases.","authors":"Yuan Zhao, Ruoxuan Xiu, Chengxiang Wang, Junqi Wang, Dawei Guo, Wanhe Luo, Shanxiang Jiang, Zhiyi Ge, Xiuge Gao","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091216","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091216","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanoparticle-based transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) have emerged as a revolutionary approach for antiparasitic therapy, addressing key challenges such as poor bioavailability, systemic toxicity, and drug resistance. This review highlights the advancements in nanotechnology-driven TDDS for combating zoonotic parasitic diseases, including leishmaniasis, malaria, and infections treated by broad-spectrum drugs like ivermectin and albendazole. By leveraging nanocarriers such as liposomes, nanoemulsions, and microneedles, which enhance skin permeation, enable controlled drug release, and improve targeting specificity. For instance, deformable transfersomes and ethosomes achieve high transdermal efficiency without chemical adjuvants, while microneedle arrays physically bypass the stratum corneum for precise delivery. Furthermore, sustained-release hydrogels and stimuli-responsive nanoparticles optimize therapeutic efficacy and reduce adverse effects. Despite promising results, clinical translation faces challenges in manufacturing scalability, long-term safety, and accessibility in resource-limited settings. Future directions include bioinspired nanocarriers, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven design, and integration with global health initiatives like \"One Health\", all aimed at ensuring equitable implementation. This review highlights the transformative potential of nanotechnology in achieving sustainable antiparasitic solutions for zoonotic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473851/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}