Pharmaceutics最新文献

{"title":"Antibacterial Resin Composites with Sustained Chlorhexidine Release: One-Year In Vitro Study.","authors":"Flávia Gonçalves, Larissa Sampaio Tavares Silva, Julia Noborikawa Roschel, Greca de Souza, Luiza de Paiva Mello Campos, Gustavo Henrique Varca, Duclerc Parra, Mirko Ayala Perez, Antonio Carlos Gordilho, William Cunha Brandt, Leticia Boaro","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091144","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091144","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The addition of chlorhexidine in dental restorative materials is a promising strategy to reduce the recurrence of tooth decay lesions. However, the main challenge is to develop materials with antimicrobial activity in the long term. <b>Objective:</b> This study analyses the effect of filler type and concentration of resin composites supplemented with chlorhexidine loaded in carrier montmorillonite particles (MMT/CHX) regarding their chemical, physical, and short- and long-term antimicrobial proprieties. <b>Materials:</b> Experimental composites were synthesized with 0, 30, or 60% filler in two ratios, 70/30 and 80/20, of barium glass/colloidal silica, respectively, and 5 wt% MMT/CHX. Conversion was measured using near Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry. Sorption and solubility were determined by specimen weight before and after drying and immersing in water. Flexural strength (FS) and elastic modulus (E) were determined by three bending tests using a universal test machine. Chlorhexidine release was monitored for 50 days. <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> UA159 was used in all microbiological assays. Inhibition halo assay was performed for 12 months and, also, biofilm growth for the specimens and colony-forming unit (CFU). Remineralization assay was used on restored teeth using measurements of microhardness Knoop and CFUs. <b>Results:</b> Conversion, sorption, and solubility were not affected by filler type and concentration. FS and E increase with the filler concentration, independent from filler type. Chlorhexidine was significantly released for 15 days for all experimental materials, and the increase in filler concentration decreased its release. Halo inhibition was observed for a longer time (12 months) in materials with 60 wt% filler at 70/30 proportion. Also, 60 wt% filler materials, independent from the filler ratio, reduced the CFU in relation to the control group from 8 to 12 months. In the remineralization assay, besides the absence of differences in hardness among the groups, after biofilm growth, the CFU was also significantly lower in materials with 60 wt% filler. <b>Conclusions:</b> Materials with 60% filler, preferentially with 70% barium glass and 30% silica, and 5% MMT/CHX particles demonstrated long-term antimicrobial activity, reaching 12 months of effectiveness. Also, this formulation was associated with higher mechanical properties and similar conversion, sorption, and solubility compared to the other materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473463/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microfluidic and Turbulent Mixing for mRNA LNP Vaccines.","authors":"Patrick L Ahl","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091148","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Using lipid nanocarriers to deliver the mRNA of a specific antigen to immune cells is a powerful innovative approach to rapidly develop new safe and effective vaccines. Understanding and optimizing the mixing process necessary for mRNA lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) is the focus of this review. The first objective is to review the fundamentals of microfluidic and turbulent fluid-mixing basics needed to understand the mixing process. The mRNA LNP self-assembly flash nanoprecipitation/self-assembly process will be discussed. Then, some important experimental nanoparticle studies which are the basis for the current understanding of microfluidic and turbulent mRNA LNP mixing process will be reviewed. Finally, the current commercially available LNP mixing technology will be summarized. There appears to be no universally \"best\" mixing process for formulating nanoparticles or mRNA LNPs. Both chaotic advection and turbulent flow microfluidic mixing devices, using the proper parameters for each device, will formulate similar mRNA LNP vaccines during development research. However, the low fluid output of microfluidic devices may not be practicable at higher fluid flow rates. Larger-scale turbulent mixing devices are more suitable for clinical-scale mRNA LNP production.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473834/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population PK Modeling of Denosumab Biosimilar MB09 and Reference Denosumab to Establish PK Similarity.","authors":"Sara Sánchez-Vidaurre, Alexandra Paravisini, Javier Queiruga-Parada","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091146","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: MB09 is a denosumab biosimilar to the reference products (RPs) Xgeva and Prolia. A population pharmacokinetic (popPK) meta-analysis was conducted to characterize the denosumab PK profile and to support MB09 biosimilarity. <b>Methods</b>: Pooled denosumab PK data from one phase I study [255 healthy adult men receiving a single 35 mg subcutaneous (SC) dose] and one phase III study (555 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis receiving two 60 mg SC doses, one every six months) were used. A one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination and parallel non-linear saturable clearance was used. Body weight was included on clearance as a structural covariate and treatment was tested as a covariate on all PK parameters. PK biosimilarity was assessed at 35 mg dose. <b>Results</b>: For a 70 kg subject, the apparent clearance and central volume of distribution for denosumab were 0.123 L/day [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.114, 0.132] and 9.33 L (95% CI: 9.11, 9.55), respectively. The Michaelis constant was 0.124 ng/mL and the maximum rate for the non-linear clearance was 0.139 ng/day. Model-based bioequivalence criteria were met for RP Xgeva, European and US-sourced, versus MB09 for a dose of 60 mg SC. The mean area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) resultant from the simulation of MB09 120 mg SC was similar to the published mean AUC observed for Xgeva 120 mg SC every four weeks. <b>Conclusions</b>: This analysis provides a valuable assessment of denosumab PK characteristics and elucidates in more detail how the MB09 PK profile compares to the denosumab RPs, supporting the totality of evidence on MB09 biosimilarity.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473923/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heparin-Based Growth Factor Delivery Platforms: A Review.","authors":"Ji-Feng Wang, Jeng-Shiung Jan, Jin-Jia Hu","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091145","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heparin-based delivery platforms have gained increasing attention in regenerative medicine due to their exceptional affinity for growth factors and versatility in structural and functional design. This review first introduces the molecular biosynthesis and physicochemical diversity of heparin, which underpin its binding selectivity and degradability. It then categorizes the delivery platforms into microspheres, nanofibers, and hydrogels, with detailed discussions on their fabrication techniques, biofunctional integration of heparin, and release kinetics. Special focus is given to stimuli-responsive systems-including pH-, enzyme-, redox-, thermal-, and ultrasound-sensitive designs-which allow spatiotemporal control over growth factor release. The platform applications are organized by tissue types, encompassing soft tissue regeneration, bone and cartilage repair, neuroregeneration, cardiovascular regeneration, wound healing, anti-fibrotic therapies, and cancer microenvironment modulation. Each section provides recent case studies demonstrating how heparin enhances the bioactivity, localization, and therapeutic efficacy of pro-regenerative or anti-pathologic growth factors. Collectively, these insights highlight heparin's dual role as both a carrier and modulator, positioning it as a pivotal component in next-generation, precision-targeted delivery systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472959/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State of the Art of Cyclic Lipopeptide-Membrane Interactions: Pore Formation and Bilayer Permeability.","authors":"Anastasiia A Zakharova, Svetlana S Efimova, Olga S Ostroumova","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091142","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to antibiotics poses a serious threat to public health and often leads to devastating consequences. In this context, one of the pressing challenges in pharmacochemistry is the search for new, effective antibiotics to combat severe human diseases. Cyclic lipopeptides have emerged as some of the most promising candidates and have been widely studied. These compounds are a class of microbial secondary metabolites produced by various microorganisms, and they possess significant medical and biotechnological importance. The defining structural feature of these compounds is the presence of both a hydrophobic fragment, primarily a hydrocarbon tail of varying length, and a hydrophilic cyclic peptide moiety. This hydrocarbon tail confers amphiphilic properties to the lipopeptides, which are essential for their broad spectrum of biological activities. Their mechanism of action involves disruption of the cell membrane, and in many cases, the formation of ion-permeable defects has also been shown. <b>Results</b>: This review summarizes the data on cyclic lipopeptides produced by <i>Pseudomonas</i> spp., <i>Streptomyces</i> spp., and <i>Bacillus</i> spp. that modify membrane permeability through the formation of ion channels. The main emphasis is on understanding how the structure of the CLP can be related to the probability and mode of pore formation. <b>Conclusions</b>: The findings can contribute to expanding the arsenal of effective antimicrobial agents with a mechanism of action that reduces the risk of developing resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473245/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marine Macroalgae in Topical Formulations: Bioactive Compounds, Variability, Analytical Challenges and Skin Benefits.","authors":"Cătălina Bogdan, Mara Molnar, Elena Ines Dima, Andreea Alexandra Olteanu, Diana Antonia Safta, Mirela-Liliana Moldovan","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091143","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Marine macroalgae, classified into three major groups, brown (Phaeophyceae), red (Rhodophyta), and green (Chlorophyta), represent a source of structurally diverse compounds relevant for topical applications. This narrative review of the peer-reviewed literature and regulatory databases targets macroalgae-derived active ingredients in cosmetic formulations and in wound-healing applications. It outlines major compound classes (polyphenols, sulfated polysaccharides, carotenoids, fatty acids, and peptides), along with their documented biological effects on skin (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, moisturizing, photoprotective, and anti-aging activity) and regulatory/safety aspects with formulation strategies. This review also addresses the variability in compound concentrations resulting from species, environmental conditions, and seasonal factors, which impacts reproducibility and standardization. Common extraction techniques like solvent extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and enzyme-assisted methods are described in relation to compound class and yield. Analytical methods used for the identification and quantification of these compounds, including HPLC, GC-MS, and FTIR, are then summarized. Additionally, recent in vitro and in vivo studies evaluating the bioactivity and safety of macroalgae-derived ingredients are discussed. This review compiles relevant evidence to inform formulation strategies and ingredient evaluation in the context of marine-based topical products.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473693/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Different Copovidone Grades as Carrier Materials in Hot Melt Extrusion of Amorphous Solid Dispersions.","authors":"Marvin Daalmann, Vincent Kimmel, Christian Muehlenfeld, Markus Thommes, Judith Winck","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091138","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Copovidone (polyvinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer, PVP/VA) is a widely used pharmaceutical excipient with various applications in drug formulation. In hot melt extrusion (HME), PVP/VA is an approved carrier material for the production of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) by embedding drugs on a molecular level. This study investigates the properties and processability of two copovidone grades-Plasdone™ S-630 (PS-630) and the novel Plasdone™ S-630 Ultra (PS-630U)-to assess their suitability as ASD carrier materials. <b>Methods:</b> The thermal and physicochemical characteristics of both polymers were evaluated, focusing on glass transition temperature and polymer melt rheology. The process performance in HME was investigated on small-scale as well as in production-scale extrusion. The two model drugs itraconazole and griseofulvin were used to examine drug dissolution and degradation during HME via in-line UV-vis spectroscopy. <b>Results:</b> When comparing both polymers, PS-630U offers various advantages due to the improved powder feeding behavior and reduced yellowing of extruded products while maintaining similar melt properties and drug compatibility compared to PS-630. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings support the use of PS-630U as an optimized copovidone grade for ASD manufacturing, facilitating improved processing characteristics and best product qualities without the requirement of significant formulation adjustments.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473365/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeted Development of an Optimised Formulation for 3D-Printing of a Sertraline Hydrochloride-Containing Drug Delivery System with Immediate-Release Characteristics Utilising a Mixture Design.","authors":"Mirco Bienhaus, Leif Neumann, Charlotte Müller, Frank E Runkel","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091137","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives:</b> Although 3D-printing has been identified as a promising technique for personalised medicine manufacturing, developing complex formulations that are suitable for the process can be challenging. This study evaluates the use of a mixture design for the targeted development of an optimised formulation designed for the 3D-printing of oral dosage forms containing the drug sertraline hydrochloride featuring immediate-release drug dissolution. <b>Methods:</b> The polymers Eudragit E PO, Kollidon 17 PF and hydroxypropyl cellulose were compared in simple screening experiments regarding their extrudability, printability and disintegration. A combination of Eudragit E PO and Kollidon 17 PF proved superior and therefore served as the basis for the mixture design. The resulting blends were processed via hot melt extrusion to produce filaments, which were then measured for bending stress using a 3-point-bending-test, and 3D-printed sample plates were used to determine the crystallinity index of sertraline hydrochloride using X-ray diffraction in a previously identified range with low interference from the other components. The formulation was optimised using statistically based models with the aim of minimising the bending stress to obtain flexible, process-robust filaments and simultaneously minimising the crystallinity index with the intention of improving the solubility of the drug by maximising its amorphous content. <b>Results:</b> The filaments made from the optimised formulation could be reliably printed, and the amorphous state of the active ingredient therein was confirmed. The oral dosage forms produced from these showed immediate release characteristics in an acidic medium. <b>Conclusions:</b> This study demonstrates the advantages of a mixture design for optimising complex formulations in a time- and resource-efficient way and could serve as a basis for other research groups to develop innovative, customisable drug delivery systems more effectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473626/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Approach to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases.","authors":"Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher, Aleksandra Kotlińska, Katarzyna Koszarska, David Aebisher","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091141","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiovascular diseases (CADs) have long been considered the domain of the elderly. However, the prevalence of modifiable risk factors has led to their increased diagnosis in younger people. Conventional treatment methods offer a wide range of drugs with different mechanisms of action, but their use brings only limited benefits. Often occurring, persistent adverse effects encourage the abandonment of regular drug administration and thus prevent effective therapy. Methods are sought that allow for targeted, more precise drug delivery that would eliminate their systemic and toxic effects. Therefore, one of the areas of particular interest in the field of cardiovascular diseases is the topic of drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology. We reviewed articles in the PubMed database focused on the latest reports of the use of nanotechnology in the treatment of CADs. Results: Nanoparticles (NCs) bring about many benefits compared to conventional preparations, which results from the possibility of carrying a larger amount of functional cargo and directing the therapy to individual cellular targets, as well as increasing the bioavailability of the transported drug. The introduction of NC to CAD treatment may allow for more effective therapy, but most importantly, it provides an opportunity for faster and more accurate diagnosis of developing disorders at a stage when they do not yet produce symptoms. Nanotechnology, thanks to the enormous variety of designed structures and functions, shows exceptional potential in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, its widespread implementation in clinical practice is a significant challenge. Further research is necessary to provide reliable data on the pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and long-term safety of nanocarriers. The development of industrial methods for the production of nanocarriers with controlled and repeatable physicochemical properties while maintaining economic profitability remains a key challenge. Fulfilling these conditions is necessary for introducing nanotechnology as a standard method in modern cardiovascular medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473839/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preformulation Study of Controlled-Release Galantamine Matrix Tablets Containing Polyethylene Oxide, Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, and Ethylcellulose.","authors":"Andres C Arana-Linares, Paola A Caicedo, María Francisca Villegas-Torres, Andrés F González-Barrios, Natalie Cortes, Edison H Osorio, Constain H Salamanca, Alvaro Barrera-Ocampo","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091139","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17091139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: The rational design of modified-release matrix tablets requires a thorough understanding of granulometric analysis, compaction behavior, and drug release profile. In this study, we evaluated the physicochemical, granulometric, and mechanical properties of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, polyethylene oxide, and ethylcellulose in galantamine matrix formulations. <b>Methods</b>: Spectroscopic (FTIR) and thermal (DSC) analyses demonstrated drug-polymer compatibility. We assessed flowability, cohesion, and aeration behavior through granulometric analysis and applied compressibility models (Kawakita, Heckel, Leuenberger) to characterize deformation mechanisms. <b>Results</b>: Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose showed superior compactability (T_max = 4.61 MPa) and sustained drug release (85.4% at 12 h, DE% = 62.2%), while polyethylene oxide enabled gradual erosion and consistent delivery (88.7% at 12 h, DE% = 57.5%). In contrast, ethylcellulose exhibited high cohesiveness but poor matrix integrity, leading to premature drug release (76.6% at 1 h, DE% = 73.7%). Only hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyethylene oxide formulations met USP criteria. <b>Conclusions</b>: These results demonstrate that polymer selection critically influences powder behavior and matrix performance, underscoring the need for integrated granulometric and mechanical evaluation in the development of robust controlled-release systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}