Perceptual and Motor Skills最新文献

{"title":"Exploring the Role of AI-Supported Motor-Skill Language Learning Tools in EFL Learners' Willingness to Communicate: The Mediating Roles of Grit and Enjoyment.","authors":"Juan Long, Qin Yang, Yina Peng, Lei Pan","doi":"10.1177/00315125261487804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125261487804","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is widely known that artificial intelligence (AI) offers creative opportunities for enhancing English language students' performance. Nevertheless, there is little information regarding the effect of AI-based tools on students' willingness to communicate (WTC). In addition, emotional variables like grit and enjoyment can affect the EFL students' WTC. Thus, the present research investigated the effect of AI on the learners' WTC by taking into account the mediating effect of enjoyment and grit. To this end, 240 English as a foreign language learners in China participated in this research and were assigned to two groups, namely the experimental group and the control group. The former got engaged in communicative tasks with an AI-based tool; however, the other one got engaged in traditional communicative tasks. After the eight-week intervention, both groups completed the questionnaires. A parallel mediation analysis was run, and the results revealed that both groups showed improvement in WTC, while the improvement in the experimental group was greater. The results also revealed that both grit and enjoyment were significant mediators in this effect. Grit uniquely accounted for 9.72% of the effect, and enjoyment accounted for 13.31% of it. In addition, the results can direct future research on embedding AI-based tools into language teaching, spreading supportive and inclusive settings. Suggestions are also provided for FL teachers.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"315125261487804"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148990891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Brain Responses to Short-Duration Light Physical Activity in Children: Insights From Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.","authors":"Tanja Petrušič, Brigita Mieziene, Dario Novak","doi":"10.1177/00315125261485790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125261485790","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Light-intensity physical activity (LPA) (a low level of effort with a slight increase in heart rate and breathing) supports children's cognitive development, particularly in brain regions responsible for attention and executive functions. This study investigated the effects of short-term LPA on prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Thirty-three children aged 10 to 14 years completed seated, light-intensity exercises involving coordination and balance. Hemodynamic changes in oxygenated hemoglobin were recorded in three subregions of the PFC. A significant increase was observed during complex tasks, with mean Z-score changes of 0.68 in the middle PFC and 0.87 in the left PFC (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between 10- and 20-s durations, suggesting that movement complexity - rather than duration - determines neural activation. These findings indicate that short, structured light-intensity motor tasks elicit measurable prefrontal cortex activation in children. Incorporating brief bouts of light-intensity physical activity into the school day may promote neural engagement of prefrontal regions, although future studies are needed to directly link these neural responses to cognitive performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"315125261485790"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148906775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motor Performance Phenotypes and Balance-Coordination Characteristics Identified by Unsupervised Clustering in Nigerian School-Age Children.","authors":"Obaje Godwin Sunday, Uche Judith Ibe, Thi Xuyen Vu, Thi Hong Hanh Nguyen","doi":"10.1177/00315125261486691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125261486691","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Motor competence shapes childhood health, but its heterogeneity in low- and middle-income countries remains unclear. <b>Purpose:</b> This study used unsupervised clustering to identify distinct motor performance profiles among Nigerian school-age children.<b>Research Design:</b> A cross-sectional study.<b>Study Sample:</b> The study included a convenience sample of 200 school-age children aged 6-16 years from five schools in Ebonyi State, Nigeria.<b>Data Collection and Analysis:</b> Motor performance was assessed using 15 motor tasks. K-means and hierarchical clustering were applied to 17 features, including motor tasks, age, and sex, with cluster validity assessed using internal validation indices and between-cluster differences examined using the Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> test or Kruskal-Wallis <i>H</i> test, as appropriate. A Bernoulli mixture model (BMM) was applied as a model-based validation approach specifically designed for binary data.<b>Results:</b> Across clustering approaches, approximately 31-36% of children were classified within a motor-delayed performance phenotype characterized by an age-performance mismatch: despite being chronologically oldest (median age 14.0 years in k-means and 12.0 years in hierarchical clustering), this group demonstrated selectively reduced coordination and balance performance. Team balance on beam consistently emerged as the strongest task-level discriminator, showing the largest performance gap in k-means clustering (54.2% vs. 86.6-86.9%, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and robust separation in hierarchical clustering (35.4% vs. 94.0%, <i>p</i> < 0.001). The BMM corroborated this two-profile structure (BIC-optimal two-class solution; ∼31% lower-performing), with perfect classification stability (ARI = 1.0). The motor-delayed group also exhibited higher prevalence of reported disabilities (16.9-19.4%), prior therapy exposure (15.4-19.4%), and lower sports participation compared with higher-performing groups. Hierarchical clustering demonstrated stronger between-cluster discrimination in total motor score than k-means (<math><mrow><msubsup><mi>η</mi><mi>H</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></math> = 0.745 vs. 0.059) and identified one small outlier cluster (<i>n</i> = 2), while cluster composition did not differ significantly by sex.<b>Conclusions:</b> These findings indicate that unsupervised clustering can reveal distinct motor performance phenotypes in school-age children and highlight the value of balance-related tasks for differentiating coordination and motor control profiles during childhood.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"315125261486691"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148913100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Complexity of Motor Skills Could be Positively Associated With Cognitive Development in Zambian Preschool Children.","authors":"Chipo Malambo, Susan Chungu, Adam Provazník, J Anitha Menon, Petr Bob, Martin Musálek","doi":"10.1177/00315125261475240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125261475240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Higher motor competence and fundamental motor skill levels have been linked to stronger executive and attentional functions in early childhood. Still, this evidence base is drawn almost entirely from high-income, so-called WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, Democratic) settings. In sub-Saharan African contexts, developmental opportunities are often shaped instead by informal outdoor play, household activity, active commuting, and uneven access to structured physical education. Therefore, it is unclear whether motor-cognitive associations described in WEIRD samples extend to this setting in the sub-Saharan African children's population. This exploratory cross-sectional study examined associations between motor performance and seven cognitive functions in 56 Zambian preschool children (mean age 4.80 ± 0.57 years; 22 boys, 34 girls) recruited from three government preschools in Lusaka. Motor performance was assessed with the Standing Long Jump, 4 × 5 m Shuttle Run, Lateral Jumps, Shifting Platforms, Right- and Left-Hand overarm throws, and the 20 m shuttle run(BEEP) test; cognition was assessed with the seven subtests of the Intelligence and Development Scales - Preschool (IDS-P). Linear regression models, stratified by age group (3-4.9 and 5-6.9 years) and adjusted for age and sex, identified six motor-cognitive associations that reached nominal significance, most consistently between faster Shuttle Run performance and higher Selective Attention scores in both age groups (older group: standardised β = -0.56, <i>p</i> = .003, R² = .37) and between Standing Long Jump and Visual Processing in the older group (β = 0.55, <i>p</i> = .003, R² = .32). None of these associations remained significant after false discovery rate (FDR) correction. The findings should be interpreted as preliminary, hypothesis-generating signals rather than confirmatory evidence of specific motor-cognitive pathways. Larger longitudinal and intervention studies that measure nutritional status, parental education, socioeconomic circumstances, home stimulation, habitual physical activity, sleep quality, and preschool context are needed in sub-Saharan African preschool populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"315125261475240"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148875521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationships Between Fundamental Motor Skills and Executive Functions in Children from Different Perceived Motor Competence Clusters.","authors":"Janielle de Oliveira Albuquerque, Morgana Alves Correia da Silva, Samara Belo da Silva, Mabliny Thuany Gonzaga Santos, Paulo Felipe Ribeiro Bandeira","doi":"10.1177/00315125261480429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125261480429","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early childhood is characterized as a period of extensive development. It is during this period that children begin to develop Fundamental Motor Skills, Executive Functions, and the perception of motor competence.Background/ObjectivesThe aim of this research is to identify the relationship between Fundamental Motor Skills and Executive Functions in children from different clusters of Motor Competence Perception.MethodsThis study is a quasi-experimental, quantitative research with a cross-sectional design of descriptive and associative nature. 190 children aged 3 to 5 years from the city of Juazeiro do Norte participated, who met the inclusion criteria.ResultsThe results showed reasonably well-defined clusters, where Motor Competence Perception appeared in distinct forms between the groups. The network topology showed differences between the 3 clusters: cluster 1 had median connections, cluster 2 was the most disconnected and had the variable 'number' that did not connect to any other, and cluster 3 had the most connections. The highest values of expected influence were inhibitory control in clusters 1 and 2, and locomotion in cluster 3. This means that these variables have a greater tendency to modify the network, so a targeted intervention is important to improve the development of skills in these children.ConclusionsThese analyses are necessary because they provide more information about child development that can be useful for physical education professionals during classes, to intervene effectively in children's needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"315125261480429"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148851135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Integrated, Time-Based Assessment of Motor Performance in Young Adults: Test-Retest Reliability and Group Differences in HOLMOT.","authors":"José Carlos Cabrera Linares, Antonio José Cardona-Linares, Pedro Ángel Latorre Román, Juan Antonio Párraga Montilla","doi":"10.1177/00315125261480453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125261480453","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> The objective of this study was to analyze the test-retest reliability of the Holistic Motor Competence Test (HOLMOT) and examine sex- and age-related differences in HOLMOT section and total completion times in young adults. <b>Methods:</b> A total of 333 participants, aged 18-29 years, completed HOLMOT, which integrates cognitive-motor, locomotor, and manipulative tasks. Section completion times and overall test time were recorded. A subsample of 198 participants completed the test twice with a one-week interval to assess reliability. <b>Results:</b> Men exhibited significantly shorter completion times than women in all HOLMOT sections and in Total Time (all <i>p</i> < .001). No statistically significant age-group differences were detected, although the small 24-29-year group (<i>n</i> = 40) limits interpretation. Test-retest reliability was good to excellent (ICC = 0.806-0.906), despite significant learning effects in the Cognitive-Motor and Manipulative sections and Total Time, suggesting that a separate familiarization session is required for accurate baseline measurement. Bland-Altman analyses revealed small mean biases, although heteroscedasticity in the Locomotor Section indicated greater test-retest variability among faster performers. <b>Conclusion:</b> These findings provide initial evidence for the test-retest reliability of HOLMOT and support its feasibility for assessing integrated, time-based motor performance, although its broader validity remains to be established.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"315125261480453"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148831220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-Term Training Improves the Sense of Force in a Hand Muscle.","authors":"Alp Eşrefoğlu, Stéphane Baudry","doi":"10.1177/00315125261475432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125261475432","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The sense of force can be defined as the awareness of the force produced by the neuromuscular system. Compared with other modalities, sense of force has been less studied, and whether it can be trained remains an open question. This study investigated whether short-term training can improve force sense and whether such gain is force-level specific and transferable to the contralateral untrained limb. The sense of force was assessed in thirteen healthy adults with a force-reproduction task performed with the first dorsal interosseous muscle at 5% and 20% of their maximal force (MVC). The study design involved a 3-week control period followed by a 3-week training program (nine sessions) consisting of performing force-matching tasks at submaximal intensities (from 2.5 to 22.5% MVC). Absolute error (AE) and signed error (SE) were assessed before and after the two periods (control and training). No change was observed after the control period, regardless of the contraction intensity and hand. In contrast, training significantly reduced AE [before: 36 (16)%; after: 19 (14)%, <i>p</i> = 0.002] and SE [before: 35 (20)%; after: 13 (19)%, <i>p</i> = 0.022] at 5% MVC in the trained hand, with a trend for improvement in AE at 20% MVC. No change was observed in the contralateral hand, regardless of the contraction intensity. This study is the first to show that the sense of force is trainable, with improvements mainly confined to low-force conditions and specific to the trained effector. These findings open promising avenues for future research into its application in rehabilitation settings.Significance statementThis study shows, for the first time, that short-term training can improve the sense of force, revealing intensity and effector specificity.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"315125261475432"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148762127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ankle Proprioception, Dual-Task Balance Performance, and Ageing: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Max T Koch, Jodie L Marquez, Chris J W Kang, Sarah J Blyton, Gordon Waddington, Suzanne J Snodgrass","doi":"10.1177/00315125261477353","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00315125261477353","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Balance is reliant on key sensory information to maintain postural control. Proprioception is one of the key sensory inputs that influence postural control during static balance tasks. Poor proprioception can lead to impaired balance, which may be amplified under dual-task balance conditions. This study investigates this relationship between proprioception and dual-task balance performance and how it may be affected by age. Proprioception was measured for each ankle using Active Movement Extent Discrimination Assessment (AMEDA), a protocol which determines ankle kinaesthesia acuity through active, weight-bearing ankle inversion movements. Participants completed 12 static dual-task balance conditions (feet together, tandem stance) paired with a cognitive task (control task, digit span forward, and backward). Balance performance was measured by centre of pressure trajectories. Relationships between ankle kinaesthesia and dual-task balance were analysed with linear mixed effects models accounting for age, balance condition and cognitive task. Thirty participants (mean age 52.4, SD 16.4) were recruited. Mixed effects models showed significantly greater sway with tandem foot position (compared to feet together, p < .001) in all models. Higher AMEDA score was associated with lower body sway area (p = .025). AMEDA score was not related to mediolateral or anteroposterior sway range. Older age was associated with greater maximum sway range in the mediolateral (p = .019) and anteroposterior directions (p = .032) and approached significance for body sway area (p = .058). Superior mean ankle kinaesthesia is associated with less body sway area under dual-task conditions, while older age is associated with a greater sway range. Findings suggest proprioception influences dual-task balance performance, such that the ability to control body sway is greater when ankle kinaesthesia is greater. Future studies should consider incorporating single leg stance under dual-task conditions to investigate if the influence of proprioception varies for individual ankle kinaesthesia and limb dominance.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"315125261477353"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148727742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Handedness Influences Subjective Memory Ratings but not Objective Memory Performance in Older Adults.","authors":"Annukka K Lindell","doi":"10.1177/00315125261475579","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00315125261475579","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Handedness affects cognitive processing strengths. Consistent with the predominant right hemisphere motor control of the left hand, left-handed older adults have superior immediate and delayed visuospatial memory in comparison with right-handers. Investigations of handedness effects on verbal memory in older adults are, however, scarce and the findings inconsistent. The present study thus examined whether left-handed, right-handed and ambidextrous older adults differ in their subjective and objective verbal memory performance. Data were drawn from Wave 9 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), including measures of handedness, self-rated memory, immediate verbal recall, and delayed verbal recall from 51,206 older adults (Females = 28,461, Males = 22,745; <i>M</i> age = 72.1, <i>SD =</i> 7.3, range 60-102). General linear modelling examined the effects of handedness and gender on subjective and objective memory, using age as a covariate. Handedness influenced self-rated memory, with ambidextrous participants rating their memory ability higher than right-handers; however, handedness had no effect on either immediate or delayed recall scores. In contrast gender predicted objective memory performance, with females scoring higher than males for both recall tasks, though not for self-rated memory. Overall, these results suggest that while ambidextrous people are more optimistic about their own memory, handedness does not influence verbal memory performance in older adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"315125261475579"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148721489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phase-Specific Kinematic Characteristics of the Stride-Stop Jump Shot Across Different Skill Levels in Basketball.","authors":"Feng Li, Mingxiang Zhang, Pierpaolo Sansone, Mateja Očić, Francisco J Barrera-Domínguez, Scott Talpey","doi":"10.1177/00315125261476198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125261476198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>PurposeThis study extends previous basketball shooting research by providing a comprehensive phase-specific kinematic analysis of the stride-stop jump shot (SJS) across different skill levels, addressing a critical gap in understanding how movement coordination varies with expertise. Specifically, the aims were to (i) identify phase-related kinematic differences among players of varying skill levels and (ii) determine key biomechanical features associated with higher-level SJS performance.MethodsThirty-six male basketball players were categorized into high-level (HLG), mid-level (MLG), and low-level (LLG) groups. Each participant performed five successful SJS trials while wearing a full-body inertial motion capture system. Phase durations, temporal coordination parameters, ball-release characteristics, and joint angles were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models with Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc comparisons.ResultsGroup effects were observed for catch-preparation, stabilization, release-phase, and follow-through durations (<i>p</i> = 0.001-0.042). The largest between-group difference in phase duration was observed during catch preparation, with LLG exceeding MLG by 0.103 s. HLG spent 0.033 s longer in stabilization and 0.013 s longer in follow-through than LLG. For temporal coordination, T₁ was 0.075 s shorter in HLG and 0.067 s shorter in MLG than in LLG (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.024), whereas T₄ showed an overall group effect without significant pairwise differences. Shooting-hand release height was 0.223 m higher in HLG and 0.165 m higher in MLG than in LLG, and spin rate was 0.360 and 0.434 rev/s higher, respectively (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.035). Key HLG-LLG joint-angle differences ranged from 8.48° to 14.34° across hip, shoulder, trunk, and wrist variables.ConclusionHigh-level players showed shorter bilateral landing intervals than low-level players, longer stabilization and follow-through phases, higher shooting-hand release height and ball spin rate, and distinct phase-specific joint-angle characteristics during the SJS. These findings describe temporal and kinematic patterns associated with higher skill levels and may provide potential reference values for technique analysis, skill development, and inform talent identification and player selection practices. Practitioners may consider these descriptive features when evaluating footwork synchronization, shooting-hand release height, and upper-limb coordination in developing athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"315125261476198"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148701780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}