PharmacoEconomics Open最新文献

{"title":"Health and Economic Burden of Rabies in Northwest Ethiopia.","authors":"Workneh Wondimagegn Azalu, Wudu Temesgen Jemberu, Bihonegn Wodajnew Taye, Wassie Molla Abebe, Sefinew Alemu Mekonnen","doi":"10.1007/s41669-025-00601-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41669-025-00601-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rabies remains a significant threat to both public health and economic stability across many developing countries. The challenge of effectively managing and preventing rabies is compounded by insufficient quantitative data regarding its financial and health consequences. Despite Ethiopia being one of the most-affected countries in the world, data on the public health and economic burden of rabies are limited.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This research aimed to quantify both the health and economic burden of rabies in northwest Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Follow-up and recording of potential rabies cases were conducted for 18 months in seven districts of northwest Ethiopia. Data were collected from potential rabies cases using a pre-planned checklist. The health and economic burden were quantified using deterministic models. The study primarily adopted a household/patient perspective, focusing on the direct financial burdens faced by individuals and families.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the follow-up period, approximately 353 individuals were recorded as rabies victims. Among them, 126 households with suspected rabies cases were treated with traditional medicine, while 60 individuals from 59 households received post-exposure prophylaxis. The annual premature death rate due to rabies was estimated to be 3.14 per 100,000 population. The annual years of life lost due to premature death was estimated to be 90.69 per 100,000 population. Years lived with disability due to rabies illness, disability due to post-exposure vaccine, and traditional treatment were estimated to be 0.68 per 100,000 population. The annual health burden of rabies was estimated to be 91.34 disability-adjusted life years per 100,000 people. The total cost for rabies control measures in humans was estimated to be United States (US) $11,474.66. On average, each household spent US $40.55 on post-exposure prophylaxis, with an annual cost of US $27.03 per household. Regarding livestock, the losses due to rabies were estimated to be US $29,599.85 annually, which translates to an approximate loss of US $274.07 per household per year.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings emphasise the need for targeted interventions to mitigate rabies' disproportionate impact on vulnerable communities, aligning with global efforts to eliminate the disease by 2030. A One Health approach that integrates rabies control in human and animal health is suggested.</p>","PeriodicalId":19770,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics Open","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144963964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying Potential Gaps in Care for Patients with Higher-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes in a Large US Health System.","authors":"Kristin J Moore, Nicole M Engel-Nitz, Peter McMahon, Jason Beal, Teraneh Z Jhaveri, Mellissa Williamson, Kate Andrade, Christina Steiger, Cosmina Hogea","doi":"10.1007/s41669-025-00600-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41669-025-00600-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (HR-MDS) may be difficult to diagnose because patients present with nonspecific signs and symptoms. This can prolong diagnosis, even though disease progression can occur quickly in HR-MDS.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study identified places along the care journey where there are gaps in care in the identification, testing, diagnosis, and treatment of insured US patients with HR-MDS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study utilized nationally representative US administrative claims and linked socioeconomic and social determinants of health (SDoH) data to characterize newly diagnosed patients with HR-MDS between 1 January 2017 and 30 April 2022.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 1710 patients, of which a large proportion experienced some level of unmet need for modifiable SDoH characteristics. The median time between first sign or symptom and HR-MDS diagnosis was nearly the full look-back period of 12 months. Fewer than half of the patients received guideline-recommended treatment. Few patients had clinical trial participation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Opportunities to improve care include designing programs that support SDoH needs of patients (such as transportation access or social isolation), shortening the time between initial signs or symptoms and diagnosis and improving access to clinical trial participation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19770,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics Open","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144963957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Cost-Effectiveness of Vedolizumab as a First-Line Advanced Therapy Versus Adalimumab Treatment Sequences for Ulcerative Colitis in Italy.","authors":"Jonathan Salcedo, Daniel Hill-McManus, Chloë Hardern, Oyin Opeifa, Raffaella Viti, Ludovica Siviero, Antonio Saverio Roscini, Gennaro Di Martino","doi":"10.1007/s41669-025-00596-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41669-025-00596-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19770,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics Open","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144883402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment (as Prevention) Availability and Individuals' Behavior: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Cabotegravir Long-Acting Injectable PrEP.","authors":"J Felipe Montano-Campos, Blythe Adamson","doi":"10.1007/s41669-025-00599-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41669-025-00599-7","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved long-acting injectable agents for preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. These agents are urgently required to enhance both the available options and the efficacy in HIV prevention. Long-acting PrEP treatments offer a less frequent and more discreet alternative, potentially preferred by many individuals. These treatments address adherence issues commonly associated with traditional PrEP regimens and can provide increased effectiveness. Consequently, these benefits might alter individuals' risk perceptions, potentially influencing their behaviors, such as changes in condom use and the number of sexual partners. Such behavioral shifts can affect the treatment's overall value, encompassing its costs and benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;This paper aims to model this endogenous behavior concerning the availability of long-acting PrEP. Using this model, we then conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing long-acting PrEP (cabotegravir) with the standard daily oral pill treatment (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine [TDF/FTC], branded as Truvada).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We developed a conceptual framework using evolutionary game theory to model endogenous behavioral responses to long-acting PrEP among US-based individuals at an elevated risk for HIV, specifically cisgender men who have sex with men and transgender women. We defined two theoretical strategies-protective (P) and nonprotective (NP)-reflecting distinct behavioral responses in terms of condom use and number of sexual partners. These two behavioral groups were integrated as separate populations in a Markov health-state transition model. While the Markov model remains consistent across both populations, certain parameters vary to reflect the behavioral impacts on economic and health outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The endogenous model offers a stylized representation of how behavioral responses to long-acting PrEP may shape population distribution across two behavioral strategy types. Notably, if the entire population is protective, the long-acting PrEP is less likely to be cost-effective at US$109,769 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. In contrast, if everyone is nonprotective, the treatment is highly cost-effective at US$54,536 per QALY gained. Using a conservative estimate, where the population is evenly split between protective and nonprotective, the treatment is deemed cost-effective at US$85,152 per QALY gained. It is observed that the incremental costs of the long-acting PrEP, when compared with traditional PrEP, are marginally higher for the protective group than the nonprotective group. This is attributed to the lower mortality in the protective subgroup for both PrEP types, which results in higher overall costs due to increased survival rates. Despite a smaller population size at the end of the simulation,","PeriodicalId":19770,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics Open","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144822195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Generative Artificial Intelligence in Health Economics and Outcomes Research: A Primer on Techniques and Breakthroughs.","authors":"Tim Reason, Sven Klijn, Will Rawlinson, Emma Benbow, Julia Langham, Siguroli Teitsson, Kasper Johannesen, Bill Malcolm","doi":"10.1007/s41669-025-00580-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41669-025-00580-4","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The emergence of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) offers the potential to enhance health economics and outcomes research (HEOR) by streamlining traditionally time-consuming and labour-intensive tasks, such as literature reviews, data extraction, and economic modelling. To effectively navigate this evolving landscape, health economists need a foundational understanding of how GenAI can complement their work. This primer aims to introduce health economists to the essentials of using GenAI tools, particularly large language models (LLMs), in HEOR projects. For health economists new to GenAI technologies, chatbot interfaces like ChatGPT offer an accessible way to explore the potential of LLMs. For more complex projects, knowledge of application programming interfaces (APIs), which provide scalability and integration capabilities, and prompt engineering strategies, such as few-shot and chain-of-thought prompting, is necessary to ensure accurate and efficient data analysis, enhance model performance, and tailor outputs to specific HEOR needs. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) can further improve LLM performance by incorporating current external information. LLMs have significant potential in many common HEOR tasks, such as summarising medical literature, extracting structured data, drafting report sections, generating statistical code, answering specific questions, and reviewing materials to enhance quality. However, health economists must also be aware of ongoing limitations and challenges, such as the propensity of LLMs to produce inaccurate information ('hallucinate'), security concerns, issues with reproducibility, and the risk of bias. Implementing LLMs in HEOR requires robust security protocols to handle sensitive data in compliance with the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the United States' Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). Deployment options such as local hosting, secure API use, or cloud-hosted open-source models offer varying levels of control and cost, each with unique trade-offs in security, accessibility, and technical demands. Reproducibility and transparency also pose unique challenges. To ensure the credibility of LLM-generated content, explicit declarations of the model version, prompting techniques, and benchmarks against established standards are recommended. Given the 'black box' nature of LLMs, a clear reporting structure is essential to maintain transparency and validate outputs, enabling stakeholders to assess the reliability and accuracy of LLM-generated HEOR analyses. The ethical implications of using artificial intelligence (AI) in HEOR, including LLMs, are complex and multifaceted, requiring careful assessment of each use case to determine the necessary level of ethical scrutiny and transparency. Health economists must balance the potential benefits of AI adoption against the risks of maintaining current practices, while also considering issues such ","PeriodicalId":19770,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics Open","volume":" ","pages":"501-517"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12209483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144022846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-Effectiveness of Ultrasound Renal Denervation for Resistant Hypertension in Belgium, France and The Netherlands.","authors":"Rod S Taylor, Kaylie Metcalfe, Antoine Cremer, Sofie Brouwers, Joost Daemen, Sam Carter, Kieran Murphy, Marie-Claude Morice, Isabelle Durand-Zaleski, Linh Ngo, Michel Azizi, Ajay J Kirtane","doi":"10.1007/s41669-025-00574-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41669-025-00574-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Endovascular ultrasound renal denervation (uRDN) with the Paradise System has emerged as an adjunctive treatment option for the management of uncontrolled resistant hypertension (rHTN). This study assesses the cost-effectiveness of uRDN for rHTN across three European countries-Belgium, France and the Netherlands.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>On the basis of a previously developed state-transition Markov model, we projected costs, life years (LYs) and quality adjusted life years (QALYs) with the addition of uRDN to standard of care (SoC) compared with SoC alone over patient lifetime. Analyses were based on the RADIANCE-HTN TRIO trial, which demonstrated a mean reduction in office systolic blood pressure from a baseline of 8.5 mmHg at 2 months post-uRDN among patients with rHTN. Mortality and costs data were separately sourced and applied for each country independently. Country-specific discount rates were applied to both cost and outcomes. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the uncertainty surrounding the model inputs and sensitivity of the model results to changes in parameter inputs. Results were reported as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The base-case analyses of the models for all three countries show uRDN plus SoC results in improvement in both LYs and QALYs per patient and higher costs compared with SoC alone. The mean ICERs for each country model fall well below the respective country-specific willingness-to-pay thresholds (WTPs)-Belgium: WTP €40,000 and ICER €4426/QALY gained; France: WTP €50,000 and ICER €6261/QALY gained; and the Netherlands: WTP €20,000 and ICER €1654/QALY gained. Results were robust across scenarios and sensitivity analyses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The addition of endovascular uRDN offers clinicians and payers a cost-effective adjunctive treatment approach alongside hypertensive medication for the management of rHTN in the healthcare systems of Belgium, France and the Netherlands.</p>","PeriodicalId":19770,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics Open","volume":" ","pages":"585-595"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12209076/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143985994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematic Literature Review of the Economic and Healthcare Resource Utilization Burden of Relapsed/Refractory Follicular Lymphoma.","authors":"Bijal Shah, Mei Xue, Wesley Furnback, Erlene K Seymour, Jin Kim, Po-Ya Chuang, Madeline Dec, Keri Yang","doi":"10.1007/s41669-025-00577-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41669-025-00577-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To quantify the economic or healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) burden and examine the value of interventions for relapsed or refractory (R/R) follicular lymphoma (FL).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The PubMed and Embase databases were searched for full-text studies and conference abstracts published between 1 January 2019 and 31 December 2023 that reported either the economic or HCRU burden of R/R FL or reported the results of health economic models assessing interventions for R/R FL. A supplemental manual search was also undertaken to identify conference abstracts that may not have been indexed in the primary databases. A data extraction sheet was used to develop evidence tables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 30 records were included spanning 11 retrospective or prospective studies, 11 cost-effectiveness evaluations, and 8 other economic models. Costs and HCRU generally tended to increase as the line of therapy increased, reaching over US$400,000 annually in later lines. Costs associated with recently approved chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T) ranged from US$450,000 to over US$700,000 per patient. Economic models evaluating novel therapies, such as CAR-T, tazemetostat, and mosunetuzumab, estimated they would generally be cost-effective and have minimal budget impact or cost-savings. However, these models noted considerable assumptions regarding treatment duration and discontinuation. Real-world costs and resource use for newly approved therapies including CAR-Ts and bispecifics were limited.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The burden of R/R FL is substantial and increases as patients progress. Considerable gaps exist for the real-world impact of novel therapies, including CAR-Ts and bispecifics, on the economic burden and will need to be studied to properly assess their value.</p>","PeriodicalId":19770,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics Open","volume":" ","pages":"541-570"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12209080/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144034466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Enhancing Men's Awareness of Testicular diseases (E-MAT) Feasibility Trial: A Virtual Reality Experience to Increase Testicular Knowledge and Self-Examination among Male Athletes.","authors":"Aileen Murphy, Ann Kirby, Federica De Blasio, Megan McCarthy, Frances Shiely, Josephine Hegarty, Martin P Davoren, Janas M Harrington, Gillian W Shorter, David Murphy, Billy O'Mahony, Eoghan Cooke, Michael J Rovito, Steve Robertson, Serena FitzGerald, Alan O Connor, Mícheál O Riordan, Mohamad M Saab","doi":"10.1007/s41669-025-00571-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41669-025-00571-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Virtual reality (VR) is potentially effective in raising awareness of testicular diseases, promoting self-examination and early help-seeking among men. This paper presents an early economic evaluation exploring the potential cost-effectiveness of Enhancing Men's Awareness of Testicular diseases (E-MAT)_VR, a VR interactive experience compared with E-MAT_E, electronic information, among male athletes Results from this economic evaluation will inform and support the design of a future randomized controlled trial (RCT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Results from an Irish feasibility trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05146466) with 74 participants conducted in 2022 were employed. Benefits were measured in monetary units whereby the contingent valuation method was used to elicit participants' preferences through willingness-to-pay measures. A micro-cost analysis estimated the costs of the intervention and comparator and subsequent resource use. The costs and benefits of E-MAT_VR and E-MAT_E were compared to determine the net benefit. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Base case analysis suggests participants were willing to pay €21.88 for E-MAT_VR and €11.16 for E-MAT_E. The total cost of E-MAT_VR was €104.09 and of E-MAT_E was €22.75 per participant. These estimates include capital and delivery costs, of which delivery costs were €25.02 and €22.40 for E-MAT_VR and E-MAT_E, respectively. A negative net benefit indicates E-MAT_VR was not cost-beneficial as delivered in the feasibility trial. Scenario analyses demonstrated reducing costs via delivery modifications increased the probability of E-MAT_VR being considered cost-effective. The cost-benefit analysis was feasible, response rates were acceptable, and willingness-to-pay estimates were stable.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Economic evaluations alongside feasibility trials enable early economic evaluations, informing the design and conduct of a future RCT. E-MAT_VR had higher expected benefits (WTP) and costs than E-MAT_E, yielding a negative net benefit. Given the high cost of digital health interventions, investigating their cost-effectiveness early is important to inform and optimize resource allocation decisions. We present a series of scenarios to demonstrate how delivery modifications to reduce costs could improve the likelihood of E-MAT_VR being considered cost-effective.</p>","PeriodicalId":19770,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics Open","volume":" ","pages":"671-682"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12209056/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143664018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring the Socioeconomic Impact of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Standardized Assessment of Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) Instruments.","authors":"Phu Duy Pham, Jasper Ubels, Rachel Eckford, Michael Schlander","doi":"10.1007/s41669-025-00568-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41669-025-00568-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A number of instruments have been developed to measure the socioeconomic impact (SEI) of cancer. A standardized comparison of the quality and content validity of these instruments is lacking. This study aimed to (1) conduct a standardized assessment of the quality of SEI instruments and (2) assess the content validity of these instruments using the conceptual framework developed by the Organization of European Cancer Institutes (OECI) for SEI analysis.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We identified articles measuring the SEI of cancer with ad hoc and/or validated instruments from an existing database. These articles were the initial pearls in a systematic review of published articles that applied and validated these instruments using the pearl-growing search strategy in PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. The Evaluating the Measurement of Patient-Reported Outcomes (EMPRO) tool was utilized to provide quantitative assessment and comparison of the quality of identified instruments. To examine content validity, we allocated each instrument's items against the themes and sub-themes of the established conceptual framework for SEI analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified and investigated 21 validation studies using nine original instruments. The number of articles varied significantly among the identified instruments. The COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST) instrument was the most frequently used, validated in ten different settings, whereas some newer instruments have not been applied yet. This variation resulted in significant differences in EMPRO overall scores among these instruments. Regarding content validity, we found that not all themes of the OECI framework were covered by the content of the instruments.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The quality and the application of instruments measuring the SEI of cancer varied significantly. The content of the instruments seems not to cover all related themes of the applied OECI framework in this study. Further studies are warranted to confirm the quality and content validity of the instruments measuring the SEI of cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":19770,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics Open","volume":" ","pages":"519-539"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12209140/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143780613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Generic Entry on Market Shares and Prices of Originator Drugs: Evidence from Chinese Pharmaceutical Market.","authors":"Weimiao Li, Xiaoyu Li, Yaoguang He, Luwen Shi, Jing Chen","doi":"10.1007/s41669-025-00570-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41669-025-00570-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This article analyzes how market shares and prices for brand-name drugs are affected by generic competition in China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were collected for originator drugs that experienced initial generic entry between 2006 and 2016 from China Medicine Economic Information (CMEI), a large database of drug procurement records covering 699 tertiary hospitals across 28 provinces in mainland China. Quarterly utilization and expenditure data were collected. We compared the change of market share and price of originator drugs eight quarters after the first generic entry. General linear regression was performed to analyze the factors that influence the market share and price of originator drugs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 15 of 27 originator drugs maintained over 70% market share eight quarters after the first generic entry. In addition, 24 brand-name companies lowered prices with an average price decrease of 3% eight quarters after the first generic competitor appeared; prices for 3 drugs rose by an average of 0.62%. The median price ratio between originator and generic drugs was 1.76 when the first generic substitution entered, and the ratio became 2.00 eight quarters later. Regression showed that the number of generic manufacturers and time interval since the first generic entry exhibited a negative relation with the market share of originator drugs (P < 0.01; P < 0.01), and no relation with the prices of originator drugs (P = 0.61; P = 0.42).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Generic medicines in China had only modest market penetration and little effect on originator drugs' prices eight quarters after first generic entry.</p>","PeriodicalId":19770,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics Open","volume":" ","pages":"639-648"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12209137/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143664043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}