PharmacoEconomics Open最新文献

{"title":"Correction: Mapping the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) onto SF-6D Using Swedish General Population Data.","authors":"Anna Philipson, Lars Hagberg, Liselotte Hermansson, Jan Karlsson, Emma Ohlsson-Nevo, Linda Ryen","doi":"10.1007/s41669-024-00549-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41669-024-00549-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19770,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics Open","volume":" ","pages":"329"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11865374/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142952829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Clinical to Non-clinical Outcomes in the Treatment of HIV: An Economic and Organizational Impact Assessment.","authors":"Lucrezia Ferrario, Barbara Menzaghi, Giuliano Rizzardini, Alessandro Roccia, Elisabetta Garagiola, Daniele Bellavia, Fabrizio Schettini, Emanuela Foglia","doi":"10.1007/s41669-024-00542-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41669-024-00542-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to define the economic and organizational impacts related to a broader utilization of bictegravir/emtricitabine/alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) in Italian clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A budget impact analysis-representing the evolution of the Italian National Healthcare Service (NHS) healthcare expenditure over 3 years-was developed, considering the overall Italian population treated for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Model input variables were treatment history, therapeutic regimen, development of adverse events, achievement of an undetectable viral load and total direct healthcare costs. Besides the BIA, an organizational impact assessment was conducted to determine the impact on the use of healthcare resources, assessing the release of organizational hospital assets, focusing on the management of drug-related adverse events. Data were collected from scientific evidence, Italian national and regional legislations and healthcare professionals' reports. To verify the robustness of the economic and organizational impact assessment, sensitivity analyses were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results demonstrate economic savings of about 26 million euros in total health spending, assuming a higher penetration rate for BIC/FTC/TAF. This change in the current case mix would lead to a reduction in the specific costs related to adverse event management (0.9 million euros; - 2.09%) and in the medical management of patients (38 million euros; - 7.79%), with a positive impact on the achievement of virological control. From an organizational perspective, a wider use of BIC/FTC/TAF generates a reduction in the utilization of healthcare resources due to a decrease in adverse events and complications. The model estimated a 19.64% reduction in HIV-related inpatient days, which freed up healthcare professional time.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Capable of improving both economic and organizational sustainability for the entire HIV care continuum, BIC/FTC/TAF is an efficient therapeutic strategy for people with HIV.</p>","PeriodicalId":19770,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics Open","volume":" ","pages":"313-326"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11865414/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142625724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic Evaluation of Total Knee Replacement Compared with Non-Surgical Management for Knee Osteoarthritis in India.","authors":"Amatullah Sana Qadeer, Ananda Meher, Jennifer Rachel, Winnie Paulson, Abhilash Patra, Naline Gandhi, Nirupama Ay, Lipika Nanda, Sarit Kumar Rout, Ambarish Dutta","doi":"10.1007/s41669-024-00541-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41669-024-00541-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study is an economic evaluation of total knee replacement (TKR) in comparison with non-surgical management in India.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cost-utility analysis and budget impact analysis (BIA) were conducted on individuals aged ≥ 50 years with osteoarthritis of the knee (OA knee) Kellgren-Lawrence grades 2 and 3 using a provider's perspective. Three scenarios were considered, varying the age at which TKR is administered while assuming a 20-year lifespan for the implant. A Markov model was used to determine incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). Sensitivity analysis was conducted incorporating implant costs and other input parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Net quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained per OA knee treated with TKR were superior when performed at the age of 50, regardless of OA severity and across all scenarios. The lowest ICER was 36,107 Indian National Rupees (INR) (USD 482.9)/QALY gained, observed at 50 years, while the highest was INR 61,363 (USD 820.72)/QALY gained at 70 years for grade-2 severity. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the ICER was most sensitive to the cost of non-surgical management, health utility values gained in an improved state, and the cost of TKR across scenarios. For the BIA in Scenario 1, with 40% coverage for TKR, costs reach INR 5013 crores (cr) (USD 670,477,060) in 2023 and INR 8444 cr (USD 1,024,628,736) in 2028 (1% of government budgets). In Scenario 2 (full coverage), costs are INR 12,532 cr (USD 1,520,683,008) (2.7%) in 2023, declining to 2.4% in 2028. In Scenario 3, covering 40% under the National Health Mission (NHM), costs vary from 17% in 2023 to 25% in 2028.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study concludes that TKR is a cost-effective treatment option compared with non-surgical management for OA knee in India, irrespective of age, implant types, and severity.</p>","PeriodicalId":19770,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics Open","volume":" ","pages":"217-229"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11865410/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142771186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-Effectiveness of Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab versus Chemotherapy for Previously Untreated Metastatic NSCLC Using Mixture-Cure Survival Analysis Based on CheckMate 227 5-Year Data.","authors":"Alison D Griffiths, Robert O Young, Yong Yuan, Mohammad A Chaudhary, Adam Lee, Jason Gordon, Philip McEwan","doi":"10.1007/s41669-024-00545-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41669-024-00545-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study assessed the cost-effectiveness of nivolumab plus ipilimumab (NIVO+IPI) versus platinum-doublet chemotherapy (chemo) in untreated metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using mixture-cure modelling, an approach used to analyse immuno-oncology treatments due to their underlying methods depicting delayed but durable response in some patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A mixture-cure economic model was developed from a US third-party payer perspective to assess the lifetime costs and benefits of NIVO+IPI versus chemo using data from Part 1 of the phase III CheckMate 227 trial with 5 years of follow-up. The model consisted of four health states: progression-free without long-term response (non-LTR), progression-free with long-term response (LTR), post-progression, and death. The primary outcomes were the incremental cost per life-year (LY) and quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained for NIVO+IPI versus chemo over a patient's lifetime time horizon. Model uncertainty was evaluated using one-way sensitivity analyses and probabilistic sensitivity analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>NIVO+IPI treatment showed a significant improvement in overall survival versus chemo; mean gain 1.69 LYs and 1.42 QALYs. The majority of the 4.04 LYs accrued by NIVO+IPI were in the LTR state (2.27 years). The incremental cost of NIVO+IPI versus chemo was US$125,321, resulting in an incremental cost/QALY gained of US$88,219.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study suggests NIVO+IPI may be a cost-effective first-line treatment when compared with chemo in a US setting given a threshold of US$150,000 per QALY. The cost-effectiveness analysis used a mixture-cure approach, which may offer a more appropriate modelling method in immuno-oncology given LTR, by more accurately capturing the potential treatment benefit.</p>","PeriodicalId":19770,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics Open","volume":" ","pages":"247-257"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11865396/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142786431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing Different Implementation Strategies for Collaborative Dementia Care Management in Terms of Patients' Characteristics, Unmet Needs, and the Impact on Quality of Life and Costs in Germany.","authors":"Moritz Platen, Wolfgang Hoffmann, Bernhard Michalowsky","doi":"10.1007/s41669-024-00548-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41669-024-00548-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare the implementation of collaborative dementia care management (cDCM) across two settings regarding patients' characteristics, unmet needs, and the impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and costs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This analysis was based on data from the DCM:IMPact study, implementing cDCM in a physician network (n = 22 practices) and two day care centers (DCC) for community-dwelling persons with dementia over 6 months in Germany. Participants completed comprehensive assessments at baseline and 6 months after, soliciting sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, unmet needs, HRQoL and healthcare resource utilization. Patient characteristics and unmet needs were analyzed descriptively, and the impact of cDCM on costs and HRQoL was assessed using multivariable regression models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At baseline, patients from the physician network (n = 46) exhibited more pronounced neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPI mean score 14 versus 10, p = 0.075), were more frequently diagnosed with dementia (76% versus 56%, p = 0.040), were less likely assigned a care level by the long-term care insurance (63% versus 91%, p ≤ 0.001) to access formal care services and had more unmet needs (12.8 versus 11.0, p ≤ 0.001), especially for social care services than DCC patients (n = 57). After 6 months, the adjusted means indicated that cDCM implemented in the physician network was more effective [EQ-5D-5L utility score; 0.061; 95% confidence interval (CI) - 0.032 to 0.153] and less costly (- 5950€; 95% CI - 8415€ to - 3485€) than cDCM implemented in DCC.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Patients and the healthcare system may benefit more when cDCM is implemented in physician networks. However, patient characteristics indicated two samples with specific conditions and various unmet needs using different ways of accessing healthcare, demonstrating the need for cDCM in both settings, which must be considered when implementing cDCM to integrate the respective sectors efficiently.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>German Clinical Trials Register: DRKS00025074. Registered 16 April 2021-retrospectively registered.</p>","PeriodicalId":19770,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics Open","volume":" ","pages":"271-282"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11865390/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142824282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic Burden of Haemophilia from a Societal Perspective: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Amr A El-Sayed, Nancy S Bolous","doi":"10.1007/s41669-024-00540-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41669-024-00540-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Haemophilia is a rare genetic bleeding disorder that leads to musculoskeletal complications. The high cost of haemophilia treatment necessitates a thorough evaluation of its economic burden. However, due to the difficulty of estimating direct non-medical, indirect, and intangible costs, studies often underestimate the actual economic burden of haemophilia. This scoping review aims to summarise economic studies in haemophilia conducted from a societal perspective.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search across eight scholarly databases, grey literature, and reference lists until the 5^th of July 2023 was conducted to identify relevant studies. The inclusion criteria encompassed full-text, English-language publications of economic analyses in congenital haemophilia from a societal perspective. Model-based studies and those adopting a payer perspective were excluded. Costs were adjusted to international dollars (I$) and US dollars (US$) in 2022 for comparability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 2993 potential sources identified, 25 studies met the inclusion criteria, covering 7226 persons with haemophilia across 22 countries. All studies reported direct medical costs, with four excluding the cost of haemostatic therapy. Fifteen studies reported direct formal non-medical costs, while eight reported direct informal non-medical costs. All but one study reported the indirect costs. The average annual costs of haemophilia varied widely based on treatment modality, disease severity, geographical location, and included cost categories. When including the cost of clotting factor replacement therapy (CFRT), the total cost for severe haemophilia without inhibitors ranged from 1566 I$ to 700,070 I$ per person per year (lowest value reported in India and highest in the United States). CFRT represented up to 99.9% of the total cost for those receiving prophylaxis and up to 95.1% for episodic treatment. Haemostatic therapies accounted for 82% of the total cost in patients with inhibitors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is a significant heterogeneity in defining cost categories required for a comprehensive economic analysis from a societal perspective. While haemostatic therapies constitute a substantial portion of the overall cost, direct non-medical and indirect costs are crucial as they are often paid out-of-pocket and may impede access to treatment. It is essential for haematologists and economists to establish a standardised costing framework for future studies, particularly in the era of novel therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19770,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics Open","volume":" ","pages":"179-205"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11865401/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142638728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporating Resource Constraints in Health Economic Evaluations: Overview and Methodological Considerations.","authors":"Praveen Thokala, Henrique Duarte, Stuart Wright, Don Husereau, Isabelle Durand-Zaleski, Peter Lindgren, Roelien Postema, Gerardo Machnicki, Louis Garrison","doi":"10.1007/s41669-024-00537-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41669-024-00537-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is well known that healthcare resource constraints influence the capacity to deliver care, affecting both the costs and outcomes of medical interventions. If these constraints are not adequately accounted for in economic evaluations, there may be a lack of understanding regarding the full impact of implementing health technologies, leading to decisions being made with suboptimal information. This paper offers an overview of the types of healthcare resource constraints and their potential effects, and introduces a framework grounded in operations research and health economics principles, outlining the methodological considerations for incorporating resource constraints into economic evaluations. Drawing from a literature review and advisory group feedback, three categories of resource constraints were identified: single-use resource constraints, reusable resource constraints and patient throughput constraints. The proposed framework outlines a comprehensive set of steps necessary for effectively incorporating constraints into health economic evaluations and details specific approaches and methodological considerations for each stage to ensure a more accurate and realistic assessment of health interventions. This paper also aims to raise awareness among payers and decision-makers with regards to the limitations of technology evaluations in a resource-constrained health system. Specifically, it suggests that health technology assessment agencies ought to offer guidance on incorporating constraints into the submissions they receive. Moreover, it advocates for a more comprehensive economic evaluation in economic assessments to fully capture an intervention's value.</p>","PeriodicalId":19770,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics Open","volume":" ","pages":"161-178"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11865382/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142838640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: From Clinical to Non-clinical Outcomes in the Treatment of HIV: An Economic and Organizational Impact Assessment.","authors":"Lucrezia Ferrario, Barbara Menzaghi, Giuliano Rizzardini, Alessandro Roccia, Elisabetta Garagiola, Daniele Bellavia, Fabrizio Schettini, Emanuela Foglia","doi":"10.1007/s41669-025-00558-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41669-025-00558-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19770,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics Open","volume":" ","pages":"327"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11865381/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143033968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association between COVID-19 Status and Economic Costs in the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from a UK Symptom Surveillance Digital Survey.","authors":"Sung Wook Kim, Caterina Alacevich, Catia Nicodemo, Raphael Wittenberg, Simon de Lusignan, Stavros Petrou","doi":"10.1007/s41669-024-00544-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41669-024-00544-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In the absence of a vaccination programme, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had substantial impacts on population health and wellbeing and health care services. We explored the association between COVID-19 status, sociodemographic, socioeconomic and clinical factors and economic costs during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Data: </strong>The study used patient-reported digital survey and symptom surveillance data collected between July and December 2020, in collaboration with a primary care computerised medical record system supplier, EMIS Health, in the UK. The study included 11,534 participants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Generalised linear models (GLM) and two-part regression models were used to estimate factors associated with economic costs (£sterling, 2022 prices) estimated from two perspectives: (i) a UK National Health Service (NHS) and personal social services (PSS) perspective and (ii) a societal perspective.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Experience of the onset of COVID-19 symptoms started more than 3 months ago was associated with significantly higher NHS and PSS costs (GLM: £319.8, two-part: £171.7) (p < 0.001) and societal costs (GLM: £776.9, two-part: £675.6) (p < 0.001) in both models. A positive test result within the previous 14 days was associated with significantly higher NHS and PSS costs (two-part: £389.1) (p < 0.05) and societal costs (GLM: £470.7, two-part: £439.2) (p < 0.01). Age between 31 and 55 years was associated with significantly higher societal costs than age between 16 and 30 years.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study identifies and quantifies factors associated with the economic costs incurred during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. The results of our study can inform cross-country comparisons and other cost comparisons.</p>","PeriodicalId":19770,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics Open","volume":" ","pages":"231-245"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11865407/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142751371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Does Pharmaceutical 3D Printing Cost? A Framework and Case Study with Hydrocortisone for Adrenal Insufficiency.","authors":"Sejad Ayyoubi, Liesbeth Ruijgrok, Hugo van der Kuy, Renske Ten Ham, Frederick Thielen","doi":"10.1007/s41669-024-00551-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41669-024-00551-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pharmaceutical three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology offers an automated platform that can be utilized to manufacture personalized medicine, improving pharmacotherapy. Although 3D-printed products have entered clinical trials, no costing studies have been performed yet. Cost insights can aid researchers and industry in making informed decisions about the feasibility and scalability of 3DP.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this research was therefore to develop a framework that can be utilized to estimate the manufacturing cost of one 3D tablet in a hospital pharmacy setting.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To develop the costing framework, general manufacturing phases were identified, consisting of (i) pre-printing, (ii) printing, and (iii) post-printing. For each phase, cost categories were defined, including personnel, materials, equipment, facility, and quality assurance. The three phases combined with the categories formed the base of the costing framework. An earlier developed 3D-printed hydrocortisone formulation (M3DICORT) was used as a case study. Costs were expressed in 2022 euros (€). The framework was applied to M3DICORT in four scenarios: a base case scenario, worst-case scenario, best-case scenario, and a scaling scenario. In the scaling scenario, we assumed that 3D inks were mass produced.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Costs of manufacturing a single M3DICORT tablet were €1.97-3.11 (best-case-worst-case) and €1.58-2.26 for the scaling scenario.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Manufacturing costs of 3D-printed pharmaceuticals were thus far unknown. The framework is translated into an open-access costing tool to facilitate adoption by other parties, and is also applicable for other pharmaceutical 3DP techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":19770,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics Open","volume":" ","pages":"207-215"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11865368/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142910126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}