Open Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Specific inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome by a Smurf1 inhibitor <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>.","authors":"Lifeng Meng, Hongmei Xuan, Ping Zhou, Weifeng Xu, Wei Bian, Yunxiao Lin, Ying Guan","doi":"10.1515/med-2026-1397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2026-1397","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Abnormal activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is associated with various inflammatory diseases, making it a potential therapeutic target. A01 is an inhibitor of Smurf1, its effect on the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is still unclear and needs further study.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Caspase-1 and IL-1β were detected by immunoblotting and ELISA, and (lactate dehydrogenase) LDH release was measured via a specific kit. Immunoprecipitation was used to explore the interaction between NLRP3 and ASC. In a mouse model of alum-induced peritonitis, PECs were collected and analyzed by flow cytometry. In the high-fat diet (HFD) model, blood glucose was measured with a glucometer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A01 inhibited the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages without affecting the activation of AIM2 or NLRC4 inflammasomes. Mechanistically, A01 suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation by disrupting the NLRP3-ASC interaction. Moreover, A01 demonstrated protective effects in mouse models of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated diseases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A01 specifically suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. A01 disrupts the association of NLRP3 and ASC. These findings suggest that A01 is a specific NLRP3 inhibitor and may be a promising candidate for treating NLRP3 inflammasome-related diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":19715,"journal":{"name":"Open Medicine","volume":"21 1","pages":"20261397"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13068877/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147675711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunoinformatics and molecular modeling approaches to design a multi-epitope vaccine against Tibrovirus Congo.","authors":"Muhammad Naveed, Muhammad Asim, Tariq Aziz, Sonia Amjad, Parveen Qadir, Hafiz Muzzammel Rehman, Ayaz Ali Khan, Manal F Elkhadragy, Ashwag Shami, Maher S Alwethaynani, Fakhria A Al-Joufi, Deema Fallatah","doi":"10.1515/med-2026-1388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2026-1388","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The objective of this study was to design and evaluate a computationally optimized multi-epitope vaccine targeting the G protein and nucleoprotein of Tibrovirus Congo using immunoinformatics and molecular simulation approaches.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>B-cell and T-cell epitopes were predicted, screened for antigenicity, allergenicity, and toxicity, and linked with GPGPG, AAY, and KK linkers. A β-defensin-3 adjuvant and a PADRE sequence were incorporated, generating a 224-amino acid vaccine construct. Population coverage was analyzed globally. The tertiary structure was modeled, refined, and validated using Ramachandran plot analysis and ERRAT scoring. Molecular docking was performed with TLR2 and TLR4 receptors, followed by 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuations (RMSF),radius of gyration, dynamic cross-correlation matrix (DCCM), principal component analysis (PCA), and free energy landscape (FEL) analyses were applied to assess stability and motion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The vaccine construct was predicted to be highly antigenic, non-allergenic, and stable, with 91.81 % global population coverage, highest in Europe and North America. The refined 3D model achieved a Ramachandran favored-region score of 96.3 % and an ERRAT score of 99.63. Docking revealed strong affinity toward TLR2 (-1,665.5, 16 hydrogen bonds) compared to TLR4 (-1,227.8). MD simulations confirmed stable binding, with an average RMSD of 6 Å, a radius of gyration of around 19.8 Å, and RMSF between 1 and 4 Å. DCCM and PCA indicated positive residue correlations and stable conformational dynamics. Immune simulations predicted robust humoral and cellular responses, including elevated IgG, IgM, IL-2, and IFN-γ levels, and long-term memory cell formation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The designed vaccine construct demonstrates promising immunogenic and structural properties, suggesting potential efficacy against Tibrovirus Congo. Further <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> validation is required to confirm safety and effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":19715,"journal":{"name":"Open Medicine","volume":"21 1","pages":"20261388"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13065483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147675758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of EECP combined with individualized cardiac exercise rehabilitation on lipoprotein(a) levels in patients with coronary heart disease.","authors":"Guangyun Cao, Xuemei Zhang, Chunqiao Liu","doi":"10.1515/med-2026-1398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2026-1398","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of combining enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) with individualized cardiac exercise rehabilitation training on lipoprotein(a) levels in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective analysis included 122 patients with CHD who received treatment at the hospital between January 2023 and September 2023. 61 patients were assigned to the study group, receiving EECP therapy plus individualized cardiac exercise rehabilitation, while another 61 in the control group were given standard mattress therapy combined with the same exercise rehabilitation. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated over a 6-month period and compared between groups. In addition, changes in blood lipid parameters were assessed before treatment and 30 days after treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After treatment, no statistically significant changes were observed in total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p>0.05). In contrast, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lipoprotein(a) levels decreased compared with pretreatment values. During follow-up, the total effective treatment rate in the study group reached 93.83 % at 6 months.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The combination of EECP and individualized cardiac exercise rehabilitation training was associated with a reduction in lipoprotein(a) levels and improved overall cardiovascular status in patients with CHD.</p>","PeriodicalId":19715,"journal":{"name":"Open Medicine","volume":"21 1","pages":"20261398"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13065464/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147675625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial medicine in obesity: a scoping review.","authors":"Amedeo Lonardo, Ralf Weiskirchen","doi":"10.1515/med-2026-1407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2026-1407","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Mitochondrial dysfunction connects obesity and metabolic dysfunction. We conducted a scoping review on mitochondria in obesity to (i) describe morpho-functional mitochondrial abnormalities across tissues and (ii) summarize mitochondria-directed lifestyle and pharmacological strategies and their metabolic effects.</p><p><strong>Content: </strong>PubMed and Web of Science were searched, using relevant keywords. English-language original studies, clinical trials, and systematic reviews were qualitatively synthesized in a scoping review conducted in accordance with the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews and prospectively registered in the Open Science Framework.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Sixty primary articles and cross-references describe nutrient overload-induced oxidative stress, disturbed mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy, and maladaptive endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria contacts across various organ tissues and cancer. These changes are associated with insulin resistance, steatotic liver disease, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular dysfunction, impaired fertility, and tumor progression. Reported interventions include mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α activators, modulators of ER-mitochondria coupling, microbiota-directed approaches, and lifestyle changes. Common mitochondrial signatures, excess reactive species, impaired quality control, and altered organelle crosstalk, underlie systemic metabolic derangement, supporting mitochondria as a unifying therapeutic target.</p><p><strong>Outlook: </strong>Obesity involves widespread mitochondrial changes in various organs. Approaches that improve mitochondrial health through lifestyle and medication may help manage obesity complications and need thorough clinical testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":19715,"journal":{"name":"Open Medicine","volume":"21 1","pages":"20261407"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13068878/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147675713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation analysis of coagulation factor level and chronic low-grade inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with ischemic stroke.","authors":"Li Weng, Yan Wang, Dejuan Li","doi":"10.1515/med-2025-1275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2025-1275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To analyze differences in coagulation function and plasma inflammatory factors between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with and without ischemic stroke (IS), and explore related mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>50 patients with T2DM complicated with IS (experimental group, EG) and 50 patients with simple T2DM (control group, CG) were retrospectively included, while 30 healthy volunteers served as the blank group (BG). The expression levels of plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the EG were significantly elevated as against the CG and the BG (p<0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>As against the CG and the BG, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) levels were significantly reduced, while the plasma fibrinogen (FIB) and D-Dimer (DD) levels were significantly elevated in the EG; The incidence of postoperative complications in the EG (13.46 %) was significantly reduced as against the CG (21.15 %) (p<0.05). IL-6 was notably negatively correlated with APTT (p<i>=</i>0.002, <i>r=</i>-0.432); it was extremely significantly negatively correlated with PT (p<i>=</i>0.000, <i>r=</i>-0.536); it was notably positively correlated with plasma FIB content (p<i>=</i>0.001, <i>r=</i>0.445).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The coagulation function and peripheral blood inflammatory markers in patients with T2DM complicated by IS were significantly different compared to those in patients with T2DM alone and healthy volunteers. The correlation between inflammatory markers and coagulation indicators (<i>e.g.,</i> the negative correlation between IL-6 and APTT/PT) identified in this study holds important clinical significance. It provides new insights for thrombosis risk stratification and personalized antithrombotic treatment in T2DM patients. Monitoring the levels of inflammatory markers may optimize thrombosis prevention strategies and enhance the precision of clinical diagnosis and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":19715,"journal":{"name":"Open Medicine","volume":"21 1","pages":"20251275"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13001991/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147499684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systolic propulsion of the eyeballs in severe tricuspid regurgitation: a case series and review of the literature.","authors":"Hadi Beaini, Jessica Qiu, Corbin Foster, Anas Jawaid, E Ashley Hardin, Maryjane Farr, Faris G Araj","doi":"10.1515/med-2026-1395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2026-1395","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) can be a phenotypic manifestation of an underlying disease process that is the primary driver of patient prognosis. Associated clinical signs such as small vein pulsations are similarly prognostic. Systolic propulsion of the eyeballs is an extreme manifestation of severe TR with only seven reported cases in the literature. We herein report two additional cases, review the available literature, and discuss prognostic implications of this phenomenon.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>Two patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation and systolic propulsion of the eyeballs are described in a comprehensive manner. Unlike previous reports, we include contemporary high-quality images and video of the phenomenon in addition to the most in-depth review of the literature on this subject to date.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Systolic propulsion of the eyeballs is a manifestation of severe tricuspid regurgitation in the background of profound right ventricular dysfunction. We believe this is a rare clinical sign that carries ominous prognostic implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19715,"journal":{"name":"Open Medicine","volume":"21 1","pages":"20261395"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13001992/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147499746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"B cell-derived exosomal miR-34a-5p mediates radiation-induced bystander effect through ferroptosis.","authors":"Wenshan Zhou, Jie Yu, Kui Ma, Fang Wang, Jun Deng, Gangtao Sun","doi":"10.1515/med-2026-1375","DOIUrl":"10.1515/med-2026-1375","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) is a destructive reaction that occurs in non-irradiated cells. Exosomes, as an important intercellular information carrier, are considered potential mediators of RIBE, but their role in B cells remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>B cell line IM-9 cells were irradiated to obtain exosomes for small RNA sequencing, and cell assays were used to assess the key miRNA's role in non-irradiated B cell ferroptosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Exosomes isolated from irradiated and non-irradiated B cells were well characterized, displaying typical cup-shaped morphology (50-150 nm) and expressing exosomal markers ALIX and TSG101. miR-34a-5p was identified to be a key miRNA in regulating ferroptosis, and significantly upregulated in irradiated B cell derived exosomes (IR-exo). IR-exo remarkedly promoted ferroptosis of non-irradiated IM-9 cells, as evident by enhanced lactate dehydrogenase activity and lipid peroxidation, and reduced SLC7A11, GPX4 and FTH1 expression. However, miR-34a-5p silencing in IR-exo reversed IR-exo-induced ferroptosis in non-irradiated B cells. Moreover, CDKN1A inhibition partially counteracted the suppressive effect of miR-34a-5p knockdown on non-irradiated B cell ferroptosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings suggest that irradiated exosomal miR-34a-5p promotes non-irradiated B cell ferroptosis through CDKN1A, uncovering a novel mechanism for RIBE and offering a new therapeutic target for radioprotection.</p>","PeriodicalId":19715,"journal":{"name":"Open Medicine","volume":"21 1","pages":"20261375"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13007560/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147513731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of physical activity and basal metabolic rate as mediators of years since menopause on sarcopenia in elderly women.","authors":"Xinying Dong, Lihan Zhou, Li Wang, Xinying Liu, Shugang Li","doi":"10.1515/med-2026-1390","DOIUrl":"10.1515/med-2026-1390","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study examined the mediating effects of physical activity (PA) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) on the relationship between years since menopause and sarcopenia in community-dwelling elderly women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Based on AWGS 2019 criteria, 718 women aged ≥65 were classified into sarcopenia, possible sarcopenia, and control groups. Multiple logistic regression and mediator models were used to assess associations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>BMR correlated with grip strength (r=0.292), ASMI (r=0.750), and years since menopause (r=-0.246). Years since menopause negatively correlated with grip strength and SPPB (r=-0.315, -0.381; p<0.05). It was a risk factor for possible sarcopenia (OR=1.05; 95 % CI: 1.03-1.08). Low BMR and medium PA (vs. high) increased sarcopenia risk (OR=0.95 and 2.72, respectively). Direct effect of years since menopause was β=-0.010 (p=0.001); total mediating effect was 0.019 (p<0.001), mainly through BMR (0.007) and PA (0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PA and BMR mediate the effect of years since menopause on sarcopenia risk. Longer duration since menopause decreases PA and BMR, elevating sarcopenia risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":19715,"journal":{"name":"Open Medicine","volume":"21 1","pages":"20261390"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13007559/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147513699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fast track hip and knee arthroplasty: impact of different hospital care levels.","authors":"Martin Betz, Jürgen Konradi, Felix Wunderlich, Roman Paul, Michael Clarius, Manfred Krieger, Philipp Drees, Ulrich Betz","doi":"10.1515/med-2026-1391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2026-1391","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Total knee and hip replacements are among the most common surgical procedures. Optimization of the treatment process is of great relevance and requires verification of effectiveness in different settings. The PROMISE study was carried out to achieve this.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An optimized treatment process was implemented in 3 German hospitals with different levels of care. A total of 1,887 patients were included. The WOMAC Score was established as the outcome parameter at 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. A mixed model for repeated measurements was used to estimate site-specific effects as well as the limits of the corresponding confidence intervals. To demonstrate homogeneous results across all sites, these outcomes needed to fall within a range defined by the overall effect ± the minimally clinically important difference (MCID), using a 95 % confidence interval.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All site-specific results ranged from (points [CI-limits]) -29.2 [-29.7; -28.7] to -24.4 [-24.5; -24.3] and were therefore within the range defined by the overall treatment effect and the MCID (25.4 ± 10).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We could demonstrate homogeneous site-specific effects of the optimized process in the three most different settings of the German healthcare system. Therefore, an essential prerequisite for a system-wide rollout has been met.</p>","PeriodicalId":19715,"journal":{"name":"Open Medicine","volume":"21 1","pages":"20261391"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12995390/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147481203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational design of a multiepitope vaccine targeting VP1 and VP2 capsid proteins of simian virus 40 (SV40) for enhanced immune activation.","authors":"Muhammad Naveed, Muhammad Asim, Tariq Aziz, Sonia Amjad, Muhammad Nouman Majeed, Syed Babar Jamal, Rania Ali El Hadi Mohamed, Maher S Alwethaynani, Fakhria A Al-Joufi, Deema Fallatah, Shaza N Alkhatib","doi":"10.1515/med-2025-1284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2025-1284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to design and evaluate a computationally constructed multiepitope vaccine targeting Simian Virus 40 (SV40) by predicting and selecting immunogenic B-cell and T-cell epitopes derived from the VP1 and VP2 capsid proteins using bioinformatics approaches.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>B and T-cell epitopes from VP1 and VP2 were predicted and screened for antigenicity, non-allergenicity, and non-toxicity. Structural modeling and validation were performed using PSIPRED, trRosetta, and a Ramachandran plot. Population coverage was assessed using the IEDB. Molecular docking with TLR3 and TLR5, immune simulations, <i>in silico</i> cloning, and molecular dynamics simulations were used to evaluate binding, expression, and structural stability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Molecular docking with human receptors TLR3 and TLR5, revealing strong binding affinities of -1,008.3 kcal/mol and -1,309.2, and further validated using MD simulation analysis. The <i>in silico</i> expression analysis, performed using the SnapGene tool, indicated high expression levels in the pBR322 vector. The immune simulation analysis showed that the vaccine has a high capacity to induce an immune response in the host.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The designed vaccine demonstrated high immunogenic potential; further <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies are needed to verify the antigenic potential and safety of the designed vaccine.</p>","PeriodicalId":19715,"journal":{"name":"Open Medicine","volume":"21 1","pages":"20251284"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12995359/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147481215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}