Optical Fiber TechnologyPub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104525
Yanqi Feng , Anliang Feng , Mengmeng Zhao , Xiting Wang , Sixing Xi , Xiaolei Wang , Nana Yu
{"title":"A Dual-Channel optical fiber sensor based on sodium film for simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature","authors":"Yanqi Feng , Anliang Feng , Mengmeng Zhao , Xiting Wang , Sixing Xi , Xiaolei Wang , Nana Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel dual-channel optical fiber sensor based on sodium film is proposed for the simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature. In comparison to gold and silver films, sodium film-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors exhibit significant advantages in resonance wavelength tunability, full width at half maximum (FWHM), and intrinsic loss. Therefore, a dual-channel sensor structure employing a D-shaped no-core fiber coated with two sodium layers of different thicknesses has been designed. The proposed structure is not only simple and facile to fabricate but also exhibits performance that is highly robust to structural parameter variations. Furthermore, it delivers an ultra-wide sensing bandwidth ranging from 500 to 1600 nm. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the two channels operate independently: one channel, functionalized with a stable PMMA layer, is dedicated to refractive index sensing, achieving a maximum sensitivity of 10400 nm/RIU within the refractive index range of 1.33 to 1.42; the other channel, coated with a thermally sensitive PDMS layer, is designed for temperature sensing, exhibiting a sensitivity of 15.5 nm/°C over the range of 0 to 50°C. Owing to its extremely low inter-channel crosstalk and high sensitivity, this dual-channel optical fiber sensor demonstrates promising application potential in various fields such as food safety inspection, industrial process monitoring, and biomedical diagnostics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104525"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical Fiber TechnologyPub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104559
Ekaterina A. Evmenova , Ekaterina K. Kashirina , Kseniya V. Kolosova , Alexander V. Dostovalov , Sergey I. Kablukov
{"title":"978 nm Yb-doped fiber laser pumped by a Raman fiber laser","authors":"Ekaterina A. Evmenova , Ekaterina K. Kashirina , Kseniya V. Kolosova , Alexander V. Dostovalov , Sergey I. Kablukov","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of a 980 nm Yb-doped fiber laser with a single-mode pumping from a directly multimode-diode-pumped Raman fiber laser (RFL). A key advantage of this pump scheme is its compatibility with standard commercially available 10/125 µm ytterbium-doped fiber, which significantly simplifies the laser setup. The RFL wavelength was 954 nm, which is close to the absorption minimum of the ytterbium-doped fiber. Despite this, the laser achieved an output power of 2 W and a slope efficiency of up to 59%, a spectral linewidth of 25 pm, and a polarization extinction ratio of 8.5 dB. We observed that the intensity dynamics showed two-scale behavior: microsecond spikes caused by relaxation oscillations and 5-ns oscillations originating from longitudinal mode beating. Our results demonstrate a novel approach to design all-fiber Yb-doped fiber lasers operating near 980 nm using single-mode pumping.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104559"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical Fiber TechnologyPub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104555
Kaile Li , Sicong Xu , Yifan Chen , Jianyu Long , Jianjun Yu
{"title":"2 × 2 MIMO mm-wave wireless signal transmission based on a novel ROF architecture via dual hollow-core fibers","authors":"Kaile Li , Sicong Xu , Yifan Chen , Jianyu Long , Jianjun Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We propose a novel radio-over-fiber (ROF) architecture for base stations using dual hollow-core fibers, which relocates the local oscillator (LO) to the central office to enable a simplified, laser-source free base station design. Experimental demonstration of the system shows 25-GHz millimetre-wave (mm-wave) over-fiber multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission of quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). Employing polarization division multiplexing (PDM), we achieve 8G/16G-baud QPSK signal delivery over 4 km of dual hollow-core fiber and a 0.1-m MIMO wireless link, satisfying the hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8 × 10<sup>−3</sup>, corresponding to a net data rate of 16/32 Gbit/s. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration of 2 × 2 MIMO wireless signal transmission using dual hollow-core fibers in a central-office-driven simplified base station.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104555"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical Fiber TechnologyPub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104546
Ruchi Srivastava , Yatindra Nath Singh
{"title":"Multi-link weight metric-based routing approaches incorporating link length, resource availability, and penalization in MB-EONs","authors":"Ruchi Srivastava , Yatindra Nath Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In multi-band elastic optical networks (MB-EONs), efficient routing and spectrum allocation (RSA) are critical for reducing connection blocking. This paper first proposes a multi-metric routing scheme, Path Length + Spectrum Availability (PL+SA), which jointly incorporates normalized link length and link resource availability for improved path selection. We then extend this approach to a dynamically adaptive version, Path Length + Spectrum Availability with Weighted Penalty (PL+SA-wP), by introducing link penalization and de-penalization to enhance load balancing and even spectrum distribution. The proposed methods are evaluated against three existing schemes: Path Length (PL), Spectrum Availability (SA), and the Fragmentation-Aware RSA scheme (Frag). Simulation results on NSFNET and USNET topologies show that PL+SA-wP achieves the lowest blocking probability, and higher throughput. Additionally, analysis for PL+SA-wP conducted across multiple k-shortest paths demonstrates that k=5 offers a reduced blocking probability than k=1 and k=3.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104546"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical Fiber TechnologyPub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104530
Erping Song , Ziping Yao
{"title":"A bi-level model and evolution algorithm for virtual network functions deployment in inter-datacenters elastic optical networks","authors":"Erping Song , Ziping Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Virtual network function (VNF) service chains can be implemented in inter-datacenter (DC) elastic optical networks (EONs). However, when the placement of datacenters (including their quantity and locations) is uncertain, it becomes challenging to deploy DC resources, network paths, and VNFs for VNF service chains (VNF-SCs). To effectively address the aforementioned deployment issues, this paper establishes a bi-level optimization model and proposes a hybrid algorithm (HBiEA) by integrating the distributed estimation algorithm (DEA) and differential evolution (DE). Specifically, the upper-level objective functions take into account the costs of DCs and VNF deployment, while the lower-level objective functions focus on the spectrum allocation problem in EONs. Additionally, the correlation coefficient is employed to select excellent individuals from the lower level, thereby reducing computational costs.</div><div>This paper performs simulation experiments on two representative networks, namely NSFNET and US Backbone, in which the proposed HBiEA is employed to address the problems of data center (DC) placement and spectrum allocation. Comparative experiments against five classic evolutionary algorithms show that the proposed algorithm exhibits superior performance in achieving a more uniform distribution of network resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104530"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145885515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical Fiber TechnologyPub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-05DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104532
Abubakar Sani , Norita Mohd Yusoff , Rizal Ramli , Mohd Zul Hilmi Mayzan , Mohammed Thamer Alresheedi , Ahmad Rifqi Md Zain , Farah Diana Muhammad , Mohd Adzir Mahdi
{"title":"Graphene oxide-based microfiber coupler for Q-switched fiber lasers","authors":"Abubakar Sani , Norita Mohd Yusoff , Rizal Ramli , Mohd Zul Hilmi Mayzan , Mohammed Thamer Alresheedi , Ahmad Rifqi Md Zain , Farah Diana Muhammad , Mohd Adzir Mahdi","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We demonstrate a passively Q-switched fiber laser utilizing a dual-functional device: a microfiber coupler integrated with a graphene oxide/polydimethylsiloxane composite. This composite acts simultaneously as a saturable absorber and a power splitter. This fabricated device, which utilized evanescent-wave interaction within the 5 mm fused region, exhibited a 5.25% modulation depth and an 84/16 coupling ratio. A stable Q-switched fiber laser was achieved with a pump power range of 102.15 to 177.44 mW, producing an emission at a central wavelength of 1.53 μm. The laser’s pulse repetition rate was tunable from 27.78 to 54.85 kHz, with a minimum pulse width of 8.21 µs and a maximum pulse energy of 60.62 nJ. This work represents an advancement in compact and high-energy photonic devices for various practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104532"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical Fiber TechnologyPub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104556
Shuaidong Chen , Bo Liu , Jianxin Ren , Dongxu Zhu , Yaya Mao , Lei Zhu , Mengtong Yin , Guoqing Chen , Jianye Zhao , Haitao Zhao , Xiumin Song , Guang Han , Houyuan Zhang , Yongcan Han
{"title":"High security quantum noise-like stream cipher scheme with key accompanying transmission","authors":"Shuaidong Chen , Bo Liu , Jianxin Ren , Dongxu Zhu , Yaya Mao , Lei Zhu , Mengtong Yin , Guoqing Chen , Jianye Zhao , Haitao Zhao , Xiumin Song , Guang Han , Houyuan Zhang , Yongcan Han","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes a high security quantum noise-like stream cipher (QNLSC) scheme with key accompanying transmission. Chaotic sequences generated by a 4D chaotic model are utilized to perform bitwise XOR, elevate the constellation order, and perturb the frequency. The initial values of the chaotic model are employed as key basis state, replacing the basis states traditionally generated by the linear feedback shift registers in quantum noise stream cipher (QNSC). It effectively avoids the security problems caused by the exposure of the linear shift register and the key basis state can be synchronously transmitted with the QNLSC signals. A 4.7 Gb/s QNLSC scheme with key accompanying transmission experiment was successfully implemented in an intensity modulation direct detection (IMDD) system over 25 km of single-mode fiber (SMF). The masking signal power is consistent with the number of symbols at different received optical power levels, indicating that our signal achieves 100 % masking. The probability of erroneous detection for both the In-phase and Quadrature signals is above 0.999, and the detection error probability of the QAM signal is 1. Regardless of the number of key misalignments, the bit error rate (BER) for both In-phase and Quadrature signals remain around 0.49, and the BER of the 1024QAM signal is around 0.5. Moreover, the key masking degree for the In-phase, Quadrature, and QAM signals remain 38400, 38,400 and 57600, effectively ensuring the secure transmission of the key. QNLSC scheme is a potential method for future optical access systems due to its great performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104556"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical Fiber TechnologyPub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104531
Ruchi Srivastava , Yatindra Nath Singh
{"title":"Effect of average nodal degree and connection holding time on blocking probabilities and band usage distribution in multi-band EONs","authors":"Ruchi Srivastava , Yatindra Nath Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104531","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104531","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As optical networking technology evolves toward multi-band elastic optical networks (MB-EONs), efficient traffic assignment across all spectral bands has become a critical research focus. Band Usage Distribution (BUD) is employed as a key metric to assess the proportion of accepted connection requests across different bands. C-BUD, L-BUD, and S-BUD represent the usage distribution in the C-, L-, and S-bands, respectively. One of the key factors influencing BUD is the network topology. This paper explores how BUD is affected by variations in network topology, using average nodal degree (AND) as a representative measure. Topologies with higher AND generally provide greater routing diversity, which reduces blocking and results in a sequential band usage pattern at higher traffic loads. In the higher AND scenario, the prioritized C-band shows the highest BUD, followed by the L-band and then the S-band. However, lower-AND topologies often struggle to achieve a similar distribution due to limited path diversity and higher blocking. Simulations were performed on three network topologies: NSF-21, NSF-25, and NSF-28. The simulation results show that C-BUD consistently maintains the highest value, while the variations in L-BUD and S-BUD depend strongly on the average nodal degree of the topology. Specifically, NSF-21 (AND = 3) exhibits nearly equal distribution between L-BUD and S-BUD, NSF-25 (AND = 3.57) displays a moderate difference between L-BUD and S-BUD, and NSF-28 (AND = 4) reveals a pronounced difference, with L-BUD significantly higher than S-BUD at higher traffic load. Furthermore, in this work, we simulate NSF-21 under different average holding times, i.e., 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1 s, and the simulation results reveal that the lowest holding time (0.4 s) enables the lower-AND topology (NSF-21) to achieve a BUD distribution comparable to that of the higher-AND topology (NSF-28).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104531"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical Fiber TechnologyPub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104561
Shaojun Zhang , Ziyu Hu , Shaowa Lü , Xueyan Bi , Yanyang Lei
{"title":"An MFC-IIP functionalized SNMNS optical fiber sensor for Cd2+ detection","authors":"Shaojun Zhang , Ziyu Hu , Shaowa Lü , Xueyan Bi , Yanyang Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a novel optical fiber sensor based on a MoS<sub>2</sub>@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@CTS ion-imprinted polymer (MFC-IIP) functionalized single-mode fiber-no-core fiber-multi-mode fiber-no-core fiber-single-mode fiber (SNMNS) structure for the quantitative detection of trace cadmium ions (Cd<sup>2+</sup>) in solution. The MFC-IIP nanomaterial was coated onto the surface of the SNMNS fiber structure as a selective sensing membrane to enable highly sensitive and specific detection of Cd<sup>2+</sup>. The experimental results demonstrate that the sensor achieves a maximum detection sensitivity of 119.06 nm/μM for cadmium ions, with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.77 nM. This study introduces a novel detection approach applicable to real-time online water quality monitoring, early diagnosis of chronic cadmium poisoning, and the rapid analysis of heavy metal cadmium in complex traditional Chinese medicine matrices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104561"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical Fiber TechnologyPub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104549
Zijun Wang , Xinxiu Zhou , Zhan Ban , Wenxiang Xie , Zhaoyang Cao , Wenlei Zhao , Cong Cao
{"title":"A stable, single-frequency 1083 nm ytterbium-doped fiber laser with a singly-pumped DFB-MOPA architecture","authors":"Zijun Wang , Xinxiu Zhou , Zhan Ban , Wenxiang Xie , Zhaoyang Cao , Wenlei Zhao , Cong Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104549","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104549","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We demonstrate a single-frequency ytterbium-doped fiber laser operating at 1083 nm that employs a simplified master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) architecture based on a distributed feedback (DFB) seed laser. The system is uniquely powered by a single 976 nm laser diode, whose output is efficiently split to simultaneously pump both the DFB seed and MOPA stages, eliminating the need for multiple pump sources. A robust theoretical model predicts a three-stage power scaling behavior, which is experimentally validated. The system achieves a maximum continuous-wave output power of 62.98 mW. The output exhibits high stability, with a peak-to-peak power fluctuation below 0.058% over 600 s and frequency stability better than 20 MHz over 17 min. The output maintains high polarization purity with a polarization extinction ratio (PER) of <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span> 30.68 dB. This combination of simplified design, high stability, and robust performance highlights the system’s potential for applications in quantum technologies such as helium magnetometry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104549"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}