Optical Fiber TechnologyPub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2025-12-21DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104529
Muhammad Zain Siddiqui , Kohei Chiba , Yoshiaki Kanamori , Mustafa Ordu
{"title":"Terahertz waveguiding through 3D-Printed Bar-Nested Hollow-Core optical fibers","authors":"Muhammad Zain Siddiqui , Kohei Chiba , Yoshiaki Kanamori , Mustafa Ordu","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Terahertz (THz) frequencies, ranging from 0.1 to 10 THz, offer unique sensing, imaging, and high-speed communications applications. However, these electromagnetic radiations experience high attenuation in free-space transmission, emphasizing the need for a low-loss waveguiding solution, often limited by material absorption. Negative curvature hollow-core fibers offer a promising solution by confining the light within an air core region, further reducing material absorption losses. This study presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a simple bar-nested tubular hollow core fiber tailored for operation in the THz regime. The bar nested four-tube fiber design parameters are numerically optimized using finite element simulations. The cyclic olefin copolymer-based fiber is fabricated through fused deposition modeling in a 3D printer, enabling rapid prototyping and intricate fiber designs. The experimental results demonstrated a measured transmission loss of 7.6 dB/m for the fabricated fiber at 750 GHz with a bandwidth of 100 GHz. The differences observed between numerical and experimental losses are attributed to the fabrication imperfections, surface scattering losses, and coupling losses, highlighting the challenges and potential of 3D printing for THz waveguide development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104529"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical Fiber TechnologyPub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104524
Vasily Koltashev , Andrei Pushkin , Maxim Sukhanov , Aleksander Velmuzhov , Sergei Sverchkov , Boris Galagan , Boris Denker , Mikhail Frolov , Fedor Potemkin , Victor Plotnichenko
{"title":"100 mW mid-infrared Ce3+-doped chalcogenide fiber laser","authors":"Vasily Koltashev , Andrei Pushkin , Maxim Sukhanov , Aleksander Velmuzhov , Sergei Sverchkov , Boris Galagan , Boris Denker , Mikhail Frolov , Fedor Potemkin , Victor Plotnichenko","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104524","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104524","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mid-infrared Ce<sup>3+</sup>-doped chalcogenide glass fiber laser is presented. Continuous wave output power of 100 mW is an order of magnitude higher than the previously achieved level. The lasing spectra contain several lines within 5.0–5.2 μm band. The slope efficiency reaches 16 % with respect to incoming pump power of a 4.15 µm Fe<sup>2+</sup>:ZnSe laser.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104524"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical Fiber TechnologyPub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104557
Zhongxin Lin , Yuxiaoting Fan , Zihe Fan , Qi Zhao , Lang Sun , Shuangchen Ruan , Dalin Sun , Xintong Xu
{"title":"Stable mode-locking in extended cavities: A low-threshold EDFL empowered by AFI-zeolite-synthesized carbon nanotubes","authors":"Zhongxin Lin , Yuxiaoting Fan , Zihe Fan , Qi Zhao , Lang Sun , Shuangchen Ruan , Dalin Sun , Xintong Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultrafast erbium-doped fiber lasers (EDFLs) operating at 1.5 μm were essential for advanced photonic applications. Beyond merely pursuing the shortest pulse width, developing EDFLs with robust environmental adaptability and reliable operation under practical conditions has become a critical challenge for real-world deployment. We reported an erbium-doped fiber laser based on a novel carbon nanotube saturable absorber (CNT-SA), which achieved self-starting mode-locking at a pump power as low as 40 mW and, more importantly, exhibited exceptional robustness against cavity dispersion variations--a critical yet often overlooked attribute for practical ultrafast laser sources. The CNT-SA, engineered via hydrothermal synthesis using an AFI zeolite template, not only provided the laser with a low threshold advantage but, more importantly, its broadband response and ultrafast recovery dynamics enabled the laser to maintain stable mode-locked operation even when the cavity length was actively adjusted by over 40 m, with a spectral shift of less than 4 nm. This ability to combine low-power self-starting with superior dispersion tolerance had not been reported in previous studies, offering an ideal solution for applications requiring long cavities or environmental stability, such as distributed sensing and high-energy pulse accumulation systems. This work, therefore, prioritizes the balance among low threshold, high stability, and strong dispersion tolerance, aiming to bridge the gap between laboratory performance benchmarks and application-ready ultrafast sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104557"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical Fiber TechnologyPub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104550
Haoran Li, Xin Ma
{"title":"Micro-distance measurement based on multi-core fibers","authors":"Haoran Li, Xin Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104550","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104550","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optical fiber-based micro-distance measurement offers advantages such as non-contact operation and small probe size. This makes it widely applicable in high precision measurement. However, traditional optical fiber measurement techniques such as fiber bundles suffer from low integration and are vulnerable to external interferences such as light fluctuation. To address those issues, a micro-distance measurement method based on multi-core fibers (MCFs) is proposed in this study. First, the principles of the MCF-based micro-distance measurement system are introduced. Next, simulation analysis of the coupling efficiency of MCFs is performed. Finally, the experiment was conducted to demonstrate that our method can effectively overcome the adverse effects of factors such as light intensity fluctuations, reflectivity changes, and bending losses on measurement results. This measurement method offers higher measurement accuracy while featuring a more miniature probe. These two advantages make the technology possess broader application value.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104550"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145885421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical Fiber TechnologyPub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-15DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104558
Xuan Yu , Fei Yu , Cheng Lei , Du Wang
{"title":"Multi-layer terahertz fiber with a triangular core shape for low-loss propagation","authors":"Xuan Yu , Fei Yu , Cheng Lei , Du Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a systematic investigation into low-loss terahertz Bragg fibers, exploring a promising approach to mitigate the high propagation loss that hinders the practical use of hollow-core terahertz fibers. We introduce a novel triangular core design combined with a reduced-node-count structure, which significantly suppresses node-mode coupling by increasing the separation between the node layers and the spatial mode profile. An analytical model is developed, showing that material loss, characterized by dielectric thickness, core diameter, and extinction coefficient, defines the fundamental transmission limit regardless of the number of dielectric layers. This model is validated through numerical simulations, which confirm that the triangular core enhances node-mode separation while a two-layer dielectric configuration delivers optimal performance. Experimentally, we fabricate a custom-extruded fiber achieving a low loss of ∼ 3 dB/m around 2.86 THz, demonstrating its potential for short-range high-bandwidth intra-vehicle terahertz communication links.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104558"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical Fiber TechnologyPub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104527
Jinwoo Park, Joungmoon Lee, Sang-Kook Han
{"title":"Non-orthogonal digital–analog hybrid optical transmission using dispersion-induced power fading in multi-distance optical access network","authors":"Jinwoo Park, Joungmoon Lee, Sang-Kook Han","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes an optical transmission technique using a non-orthogonal digital–analog hybrid (NODAH) signal. The hybrid system is designed to take advantage of the mature digital transmission infrastructure and the inherently high spectral efficiency of analog transmission. The NODAH signal was modulated using an in-phase-quadrature modulator with an appropriate bias and driving voltage and transmitted through an optical fiber with chromatic dispersion characteristics. After the photodetection process, dispersion-induced power fading results in the mitigation of the analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog interference significantly. The proposed technique was analyzed mathematically based on optical transmission theory, and its performance in broadband communication was verified with experiments. Proof-of-concept experiments conducted using 25 and 50 km-long commercial optical fibers to transmit and receive the hybrid signals confirm that the proposed technique satisfies the error vector magnitude requirements of relevant communication standards under the experimental condition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104527"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145771924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical Fiber TechnologyPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104435
Z.L. Cheng, M.C. Chen, M.R. Tao, Z.T. Rong
{"title":"Experimental study on a new method for 3D deformation measurement of underground structure using optic fiber sensors","authors":"Z.L. Cheng, M.C. Chen, M.R. Tao, Z.T. Rong","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>FBG sensing technology has attracted attention due to high sensitivity and precision, corrosion resistance, and electro-magnetic interference immunity. This study used a newly designed thin-walled hollow tube to measure three-dimensional deformation, including estimating maximum deformation and its direction. Under the simple support condition, when loading was applied at the midpoint of the tube beam, the relative error was less than 4%, and when loading was applied to two-thirds of the length direction of the tube, the relative error was less than 8%. Under the cantilever condition, the relative error varied between 6.43% and 8.69%. Relative error between calculated loading direction using bending strain and measured value was around 4%. The results showed that this type of tube can measure the deformation and deformation direction with acceptable error, and it is feasible to use it for 3D deformation monitoring of underground engineering structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104435"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical Fiber TechnologyPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-06DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104516
Wenlei Li , Huiling Li , Guangyuan Duan , Guangwei Chen
{"title":"Switchable mode-locked fiber laser with multi-state operations based on Ti3C2TX saturable absorber","authors":"Wenlei Li , Huiling Li , Guangyuan Duan , Guangwei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article presents a passively mode-locked fiber laser system based on Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>X</sub> saturable absorber (SA). We successfully achieve diverse mode-locked outputs in the fiber laser, including single-wavelength conventional solitons, bound-state solitons, and dual-wavelength solitons with different mode locking state at each wavelength. Additionally, we observe a frequency division multiplexing phenomenon under single-wavelength mode-locking conditions. The fiber laser demonstrates four switchable operation states, indicating that Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>X</sub>-SA-based mode-locking technology is an effective approach for enhancing the performance of passively mode-locked fiber lasers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104516"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical Fiber TechnologyPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-07DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104521
Zhenbang Yang , Shaoguang Yang , Yu Qin
{"title":"A method to detect the capillary wall thickness","authors":"Zhenbang Yang , Shaoguang Yang , Yu Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The control of capillary wall thickness is becoming a critical requirement in the manufacturing process of anti-resonant hollow core fibers (ARHCFs). Variations in capillary wall thickness directly affect the characteristics of the anti-resonant region. For a specific operational wavelength, even minor changes in wall thickness can result in significant losses during electromagnetic wave transmission. In this manuscript, we propose an in situ frequency detection method based on string vibration to monitor changes in capillary wall thickness. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations demonstrate the feasibility of this approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104521"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical Fiber TechnologyPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104522
Haonan Sun , Yaojie Li , Cun Zhao , Taiji Dong , Chunlei Jiang , Xu Liu , Zhaotong Song , Dongao Li , Chao Feng , Chunlian Kang , Hang Pan
{"title":"A fiber–dielectric microsphere sensor for vibration metrology: fabrication via dual-wavelength in-fiber locate-and-cure and metrological performance evaluation","authors":"Haonan Sun , Yaojie Li , Cun Zhao , Taiji Dong , Chunlei Jiang , Xu Liu , Zhaotong Song , Dongao Li , Chao Feng , Chunlian Kang , Hang Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a dual-wavelength, in-fiber locate-and-cure process that bonds a dielectric microsphere coaxially to a single-mode fiber tip and yields a robust fiber-tip micro-optic. A 980 nm core-guided field provides self-alignment of the microsphere at the taper apex, while a 405 nm core-guided beam pre-gels and fully cures a low-fluorescence UV adhesive (NOA61), suppressing backflow, preserving taper geometry, and improving reproducibility. To our knowledge, this is the first process that integrates core-guided optical trapping with in-fiber UV curing for coaxial microsphere–fiber bonding, without free-space alignment, enabling rapid fabrication of compact, high-performance sensing heads. Finite-element simulations predict ∼12.5 % higher fundamental-mode overlap/coupling for a 0.5 µm sphere–taper design compared with a 2.5 µm design, Here, “overlap” is computed as the normalized mode-overlap integral evaluated at the fiber-core cross-section at 1550 nm using a full-vector FEM; see Sec. 2.3 for the setup. together with a 67 % reduction in efficiency degradation over 0–45° angular misalignment. Experiments confirm optical performance gains: power-meter measurements indicate ∼40 % higher coupling efficiency, and OTDR shows the return loss increased by 2.3 dB (back-reflection reduced). As an application example, under 0.1 nm pk–pk sinusoidal and triangular excitation at 5 and 10 Hz, the fabricated sensor exhibits a 110 % increase in fundamental response; time- and frequency-domain SNRs improve by 8.3 dB and 9.7 dB, respectively; and the coefficient of variation of the fundamental amplitude decreases from 6.5 % to 2.1 %. The approach eliminates free-space alignment, defines a clear power–time process window for capillary dispensing and core-coupled curing, and delivers reproducible fiber-tip micro-optics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104522"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}